PVM Large anaimal
PYGMY GOATS
Also known as Cameroon Dwarf; miniature breed from West Africa Primary purpose: meat, pets Appearance: tend to be shaggy; males have abundant beards; short, stocky, and frequently wide, may be mal-proportioned; brown eyes Notable traits: mischievous, friendly
Twenty-Eight Hour Law
Animals must be unloaded and given access to food and water every 28 hours
No: Must include federal tag if traveling Only on farm or for pigs heading to slaugher
Are ear tattoos an acceptable ID?
Grower (grow yards)
Are generally confinement, growing ration for period of time
No: Ear notch is to test for BVDV ( bovine viral siarrhea)
Are these ID tags official? What is the ear notch for?
Hereford
Beef cow?
Belgian Blue
Belgium: originally a dual purpose breed • known for muscling, dystocias
Tamworth
"Bacon-type breed"
Criating
Camelid birth
Yes: The USDA has approved certain manufacturers to produce chips with the 840 series of numbers Some breed associations will accept small animal chips (e.g. AVID) Since sheep are at higher risk for scrapie than goats, they usually require scrapie program ID in order to cross state lines
Can small ruminate get microchipped?
You SHOULD!
Can you do this ?
Gelding
Castrated Male camelid
Braford
Composite breed
KATAHDIN SHEEP
Composite hair sheep breed developed in the US Rams average 200# Primary purpose: meat Appearance: highly variable, multiple colors seen although white is common; medium sized Notable traits: greater heat and parasite tolerance, "easy care"; good carcass quality for hair sheep
ALPINE GOATS
Continental dairy breed Primary purpose: dairy Appearance: upright ears; variable color patterns (black with white points, tricolor, spotted) Notable traits: highest average milk volume of the dairy breeds; feisty
Brangus
Crossbred animal is generally better suited to its purpose than either of the parent breeds (Has led to the development of numerous "composite breeds")
ANGLO-NUBIAN GOATS
Developed by crossing British, African, and Indian goat breeds Primary purpose: dairy, hide Appearance: large angular frame, very long lop ears, Roman nose; variable color patterns Notable traits: highest butterfat/components in milk; thought to be "moody"; extended breeding season, heat tolerant
young female goat
Doeling / doe kid
What are the common hair sheep?
Dorper Barbados blackbelly, St. Croix Masai Katahdin (composite)
Diestrus - in luteal phase Closed cervix, uterus soft on palpation
During the estrous cycle when is the CL palpable on the ovary?
Animal Welfare Act
Enforced by the USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)
Humane Methods of Slaughter Act
Enforced by the USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS)
MERINO SHEEP
Fine wool continental breed, improved in Australia (Booroola Merino) Rams 210-230# Primary purpose: fiber Appearance: prominent neck folds; wool covers entire body Notable traits: most desirable wool; slow growth, relatively hardy; Booroola have improved fertility and fecundity
The whole rumen is filled with froth or foam. Microscopic bubbles coalesce in the rumen and form a foam Can be caused by legumes, wheat pasture
Frothy Bloat
assess the risk of milk fever Adapt to a lactation diet
2-3 weeks before calving why would you test the Urine pH?
AIN (animal ID number)
3 digit country code (840 for USA) plus a series of 12 numbers
Once the pigs complete that stage, the entire facility is emptied, steam-cleaned, & disinfected
ALL OUT =
Sow
Adult femal pig
Hembra
Adult female camelid
Macho
Adult intact male camelid
pigs of a given age are brought into a particular unit (e.g. nursery, finishing barn, or farrowing barn) as a group
All IN =
is a common practice in most swine herds.
All-in, all-out (AIAO) facility use
What are the Traditional meat breeds of sheep?
Hampshire, Suffolk, Texel, Cheviot, and Southdown
SPANISH GOATS
Hardy meat goats descended from European stock Any scrappy goat of indeterminate heritage might be termed "Spanish" or "brush" goat in the US Primary purpose: meat Appearance: variable; lop ears, horns (both sexes), small udder; not as bulky as most meat breeds Notable traits: very hardy, developed through natural selection; often wild or semi-wild; parasite and heat resistant
confinement housing • Large groups • Raised flooring • Artificial lighting • +/- climate control • Piglets • Sows - small groups or farrowing crates
How are commerical pigs housed?
Weaned at birth • Initial management - colostrum, navel • Housing - hutches, calf barns, group housing Feeding - bottle, 10% BW minimum, - Milk replace, waste or hospital milk (pasteurized) - Offered water ad lib and grain early to encourage consumption
How are dairy calve different then beef cattle?
Indoor pin or outdoor pin Established by owner
How are pet pigs housed?
• Contain >>> restrain ** stressed very easily • Small pen • Chute • Halter and lead • Camelid bracelet/hug • Neck wrap
How can should you hand a camelid?
Pressing on the withers - normal reflex If painful will resist movement Reluctance to sink down, holding of breathe until you release the pinch or grunting is a possible sign of hardware, chest cavity infection (pleuritis) or infection around the heart (pericarditis).
How can you check for pain in a cow?
Pedometers - walking more • Pressure patches • Marking harness • Teaser males • Androgenized female • Visual monitoring
How can you detect estrus?
Reduce pathogen transmission - Segregate young from older calves Decrease pathogen dose-load and contact time - Move remaining pregnant cows to another pasture after 10-14 days of the calving period Ensure passive transfer of immunity - Consumption of good quality colostrum
How can you prevent neonatal mortality?
Pinch, lift and slightly twist the skin over the neck. Cattle have loose attachment of the skin to the underlying muscle. In normally hydrated animals the "tented" skin will return to its original flat state in less than a second. Dehydration can be estimated by the excessive length of time for the skin to return to normal. Animals that take 3 seconds are severely dehydrated and in need of IV and/or oral fluids.
How do you check for hydration status?
1. Collect final feed 2. Collect components, use a core sampler 3. Perform proximate analysis or NIR on each, compare results 4. Measure Dry Matter on each component and on Final blend using a microwave oven 5. Measure sodium, potassium, sulfur and chloride, calculate Strong ion difference
How do you evaluated nutritional problems on a farm within feed measurement?
Hunger - Appetite - Smell - Taste - Sight Body weight Physiological state • Lactation increases • Pregnancy decreases (Last trimester) • Temperature stress (Cold increases and Heat decreases) • Body composition (Increased fat decreases intake) • Hormones - brain (Leptin & Ghrelin) Fill of digestive tract Energy balance
What Animal Factors Related to Feed Intake?
Alfalfa hay Corn silage Steam-flaked corn Soybean meal Fish meal Minerals Vitamins
WHat is in a dairy cows diet?
castrated male sheep /goat
Wether
BCS of 6 And 65% mature body weight
What % should a heifer be for breeding time?
Fresh grass grazers • Buffalo, cattle, gnus Roughage grazers • Hartebeests, topis Dry region grazers • Camels, antelope, oryxes *Most advanced to foregut utilization*
What Grass/roughage species?
small ruminants
What animals are seasonal short-day breeders with spontaneous ovulation?
• Provide energy from fibrous material. • Microbes synthesized provide amino acids. • Microbial fermentation provides B-complex vitamins • More effective use of fermentation end-products including: • Volatile fatty acids, microbial protein, B vitamins • Ability to detoxify some poisonous compounds • Oxalates, cyanide, alkaloids • Decrease in handling undigested residues • In wild animals, it allows animals to eat and run
What are Advantages of pregastric fermentation?
Fermentation is inefficient Ruminants are susceptible to acidosis and ketosis Ruminants are susceptible to toxins produced by rumen microbes
What are Disadvantages of pregastric fermentation?
Soluble fiber, berries, fruit Eat highly lignified plant tissues to extract cell solubles • Deer, giraffes, kudus • Protozoal activity minimal or absent
What do Concentrate selectors feed on?
• Charolais • Limousin • Salers • Braunvieh • Simmental • Gelbvieh • Belgian Blue
What are the Primary Continental (or Exotic) breeds considered in US?
Convert unusable substances to human food • Graze ground that can't be farmed • Make use of numerous by-products • Do not have to compete directly with humans for grain
What are the advantages of beef production?
Huacaya, suri
What are the breeds for fiber for alpaca?
Classic, wooly, suri or silky
What are the breeds for fiber for llamas?
• Population growth/increasing demand • Food Costs and availability • Changing consumer preferences - Organic/Natural production - "Sustainable agriculture" • Animal welfare issues • Environmental concerns - Climate change/Global warming - What role does livestock production play? Increase gasses • Animal rights/Anti-agriculture activists
What are the challenges of cattle production?
1. Overuse of fats for energy in ruminants 2. Incorporation of non-palatable commodities 3. Substitution of commodities (owner cheats) 4. Failure to match numbers of cows per pen to with tonnage of feed 5. Failure to compensate for poorly fermented silages 6. Failure to compensate for large numbers of obese cows or animals with twins 7. Too much concentrate, inadequate fiber 8. Undetected poor forage quality
What are the common problem with nutritionists?
Alpine, Anglo-Nubian, Toggenburg, Saanen, Nigerian Dwarf, and Oberhasli
What are the dairy breeds of goats?
Goats: Estrus duration 24-48hrs, mature does longer than doelings Sheep: Estrus duration 30-36hrs, wool breeds longer than meat breeds
What are the estrus duration in sheep and goats?
• Low feed costs • Select the right cows • Increase feed efficiency • Decrease morbidity and mortality • Maintain cleanliness • Maintain good record keeping • Produce good quality of milk • Follow the food safety regulations
What are the keys to profit in dariy farming?
Maintain high level of biosecurity - Environmental management - Disease prevention and control - All In- All Out Good management - Breeding - Nutrition - Crushing/Injuries Low feed costs High market prices
What are the keys to profit in swine prodcution?
•Buy low • Sell high • Keep them alive • Make them gain
What are the keys to profit?
Lactation starts at calving - termed "Freshening" Early lactation - Peak lactation occurs about 6 weeks after freshenings Mid lactation - 100-200 days, Goal is to maintain plateau Late lactation - 200—305 days, Decreasing milk yield, Cow gains weight Dry off 60 days before calving
What are the lactating stages?
Pork is the most widely consumed meat in the world. Pigs provide several useful by-products, such as insulin, replacement heart valves, suede, and gelatin. Swine by-products are also used in the manufacture of water filters, insulation, rubber, antifreeze, certain plastics, floor waxes, crayons, chalk, adhesives and fertilizer
What are the main reasons for swine prodcution?
Feed Labor Health
What are the major expenses?
Mastitis, Reproduction, Lameness
What are the major health issues of lactating cows?
Boer, Kiko, Spanish, and Savannah
What are the meat breeds of goats?
Grade A milk meets the sanitary standards for use in fluid milk products and can be used for any dairy product. Grade B, or manufacturing grade meets slightly lower standards and can be used only for manufactured dairy products.
What are the milk quality standards?
ear notching and RFID tags Can be microchipped - pet pigs
What are the most common methods of ID for swine?
kept for milk, meat, show, fiber, and brush control
What are the most common uses for goats?
Water Energy Proteins Minerals • Milk does not provide enough iron • Iron supplementation (IM) at birth
What are the nutritional reqirements for swine?
Is placed in the right ear at an angle at the time a heifer is vaccinated for brucellosis (Bang's disease) It is also referred to as "calfhoodvaccination" or "Bang's vaccination" Heifers must be between 4-12mo of age to receive the vx
What are the orange tags for and where are they placed?
More fiber components and adaptable to both concentrates and low-quality feeds Prefer browsing • Moose, goats, elands Prefer grazing • Sheep, impalas
What do Intermediate selectors feed on?
Right ear = Litter number Left ear = Pig number
What does Right ear and Left ear count?
TMR feeding provides better performance in milk and meat production than does component or slug feeding because of rumen environment consistency
What does Total mixed rations do in a dairy cows diet?
Checking for displaced abomasum. A ringing, metallic sound caused by percussion of the finger over a gas pocket lying over a fluid mass is the classical ping of a DA.
What does checking for pinging do?
This reduces the role of the environment as a reservoir for pathogens on pig farms.
What does the All-in, all-out (AIAO) method do?
Poor or proper bedding/ housing
What does the knee lesion indicate?
Hot night - Most effect - decreased intake Rain storm, deep mud - increase intake Cool night - increased intake Dry, minimum mud - decreased intake Will eat more when its cold to keep themselves warm
What envrionmental effect have on feed intake?
all livestock moving across state or tribal boundaries must have official identification and be accompanied by a certificate of veterinary inspection (CVI) Beef cattle under 18 mo of age who are moving for slaughter or to a feedlot are exempt; they have separate regulations for identification
What forms of IF is acceptable for interstate movement?
Relaxed cervix, hyperemic mucosal membranes, taut or turgid uterus Characterized by increased movement, vocalization, mounting other cows, and standing to be mounted
What happens during estrus?
- Sold immediately - Veal - Disposal
What happens to bull calves born in dairy?
Left sided ping- Left displaced abomasum (LDA)
What has happened if there is a ping in the Red zone?
Right Sided Ping: Right displaced abomasum Abomasal volvulus
What has happened if there is a ping in the Red zone?
subcutaneous
What injections can you do in A?
intramuscular
What injections can you do in B?
AKA Aberrant Behavior syndrome Personality difference: • Timid owner & precocious animals Signs: • Biting at clothes • Nose-to-nose • Rubbing against people • Rearing
What is Berserk syndrome?
National research council They provide the needs for animal - requirements for feeding.
What is NRC?
A sow gives birth in a pen or farrowing crate - Protect the piglets from crushing
What is a farrowing crate used for?
high pitched "sneeze"
What is a goat alarm signal?
Necessary for head manipulation Jugular access • Fixed piece over the nosebridge • For standing surgery of the flank tie the head towards the side of the incision
What is a halter used for in cattle?
snorting, stamping
What is a sheep alarm signal?
Term used when a female does not demonstrate outward signs of estrus as she goes through that stage of her cycle • Usually due to a lack of P4 priming • Transition • Puberty • Post-partum anestrus
What is a silent heat?
• Weaned cattle Can be located at any of these types lots: • Graze forage : pasture • Grow diets: confinement operations (growers, grow yards) • Low cost gains - harvest
What is a stocker operation?
Stereotypies - Repetitive behavior develops in response to stress • Excessive water drinking, bar biting, sham chewing Piglet savaging -Gilts • Increased risk if dam is • Stressed, • Prevented from nesting • Poorly lit environments Tail Biting Aggression • Primary reason for abandonment/relinquishment
What is abnormal behavior in pigs?
Salers
beef, milk production (cheese), & work • horned, polled, red, & black = good for crossbreeding programs • referred to as the "Balanced Breed"
Hair sheep are better at what climates?
better adapted for warmer climates, with increased heat and parasite tolerance
young intact male goat
buckling/ buck kid
Barrow
castrated male pig
Traditional wooled sheep are used for?
meat, fine wool, long wool, and dairy breeds ** Must be sheered**
Shorthorn
noted for good milk producers, lay down fat with feed
Texas longhorn
originally from Spanish to Mexico
intact male sheep
ram
young intact male sheep
ram lamb
Simmental
rapid growth, milk production (butter, cheese), draft
Charolais
used for meat, milk, & work (draft) • selected for rapid growth, large for draft
Dairy cows > beef cattle (tend to be more aggressive) Castrated males and females generally mild or docile in temperament Bulls tend to be aggressive *All cattle can gore and kick - OUCH!
what cattle are Generally accustomed to handling?
- Wheat pasture - small grain - Native pasture - prairie grasses - Improved pastures - Fescue, Bermuda, Timothy and Orchard Grass
what type of pastues can stocker operations have?
Gilt
young (maiden) female pig
Vi etnamese Potbellied Pig
• Primary purpose: pets • Appearance: • Small upright ears • Pendulous belly • Swayback
Poland China
• Purpose: meat • Appearance: • Black body with white feet, face, and tail • Floppy ears
Braunvieh
Means Brown Cattle (German) Europe = milk production foundation for American Brown Swiss
Not being able to treat animals with proper medications Can lead to poor animal welfare
What is the downside of organic farming?
12-14 hours
What is the duration of estrus in cows?
Piglet
baby pig
SAANEN GOATS
Swiss origin dairy breed Primary purpose: dairy Appearance: large white goat with upright ears, straight muzzle Notable traits: docile, prefers temperate climate
DORPER SHEEP
Medium sized breed originating South Africa Rams average 240# Primary purpose: meat, pelt Appearance: either pure white, or white with black head and neck Notable traits: fast growth, carcass quality, year-round breeding, high quality pelt, very hardy, "easy care"
TEXEL SHEEP
Medium sized continental breed Rams average 220# Primary purpose: meat, show Appearance: white all over with bare face and limbs; face is unique (short and wide with upright ears) Notable traits: fast growth, good feed efficiency, superior carcass yield, very lean
Part 1: top left - middle = bottom right (make pos) A Sum bottom left - middle = top right (make pos) B Sum Part 2: Add the two feeds to get the total. C Total Part 3: divide A/C = %feed B/C = %feed
KNOW Pearson's SQUARE!!!
Suffolk sheep
Large breed originating in the British Isles Rams 250-350# Primary purpose: meat, show; most common breed in the US Appearance: thick white wool with bald black face, ears, and limbs Notable traits: very fast growth, good feed efficiency, carcass quality
LINCOLN SHEEP
Large long wool breed originating the British Isles Rams average 300# Primary purpose: fiber Appearance: long wool with spirals; prominent forelock; can be white or shaded gray to brown; bare nose but wooled limbs Notable traits: heaviest long-wool fleece
Polled Hereford
Made from few calves born naturally without horns (mutation)
1. palatability and smell of feed 2. Available feed should yield 5% ORTS (ORT is feed remaining at the end of the day, it is replaced with fresh feed at each feeding time) 3. Sorting 4. Check for refermentation 5. Check scale 6. Compare feeders weights to nutritional printout 7. Check augers on feed grinders • Penn State Shaker Box Analysis for effective fiber. The optimal result is 8 to 10% of feed retained in top shaker <50% on bottom. No more than 15 minutes of grinding in the mixer wagon 8. Watch feed blending and feeding methods
How do you evaluated nutritional problems on a farm within feeding methods?
1. Quality of surface 2. Hygiene 3. Cover 4. Crowding (counting animals, count feeding places), compare to nutritional printout
How do you evaluated nutritional problems on a farm within feeds troughs?
1. Body condition score animals 2. Consider energy problems if more than 10% are off midrange 3. Walk pastures and identify plants, measure height of grass 4. Take pasture samples for DM and Analysis 5. Count animals, measure acreage, estimate time on pasture 6. Evaluate nutrient density on pasture 7. For beef cattle that are being fed supplemental hay, account for20% waste on ground
How do you evaluated nutritional problems on a farm within the pasture?
(High) Prime, Choice, Select, Standard (low)
How do you grade beef?
Belly scratches • Pig boards • Covering their heads —> backing up • Show pigs - respond to tapping • Small pigs hold under the neck and tail (not between the legs)
How do you handle pigs?
flight zone applies to all ruminants Slow, calm movements reduce stress of capture and handling Small enclosures with solid sides are best SR can be caught with a shepherd's crook, by hand, or by the horns (goats only) Either species can be backed into a corner, straddled, and restrained by placing a hand under each side of the mandible Can also position like a dog in lateral recumbency Hold with the head up, especially sheep
How do you handle, catch small ruminants?
First or second intercoccygeal space place needle perpendicular to skin not to the ground Pop in with enough force to space; prepare the for them to jump or kick ground Used for: -Dystocia - C-section - Rectal prolapse - Vaginal prolapse - Uterine Prolapse - PU - urolithiasis
How do you perform this block and what is it used for?
Missed heats Poor cycling
How dose lameness effect the dairy cattle?
- Lactation standardized to 305 days - Milk sold by weight or by components - NO RESIDUES
How is lactating cows production measured?
Colostrum at birth • 10% Body Weight (BW) within 24 hrs • At least half within 3 hrs of birth Cow milk • 10% Body Weight (BW) per day provides slightly more energy than is required Milk replacer • 10-13% per day Grain (Calf Starter) • Start first or second week • Calves weaned when they eat 0.5 to 1 lbs of calf starter per day
How much do you feed a dairy calve?
Location based number plus herd mgmt. number
Includes both premise ID (PIN) and location ID, which is assigned by the state or tribal gov't
Backgrounder or preconditioning yard
Is generally dry lot, "straighten" cattle from health standpoint
Mom - Mom drives the car Chorionic = fetus
Is the caruncle tissue fetal or maternal tissue?
Yes: It has The US shield symbol, along with "unlawful to remove" AIN (animal ID number)
Is this an official ear tag?
No: Is a cow with ruminal bloat
Is this normal if you find this on a PE?
East Friesian Sheep
Medium sized continental breed Rams average 250# Primary purpose: dairy Appearance: thick white wool with bald face, ears, and limbs Notable traits: best milker of the traditional breeds, docile; not very hardy
NIGERIAN DWARF GOATS
Miniature dairy breed from West Africa Ideal weight 75# (does) Primary purpose: dairy, pets Appearance: normal proportions like full-size dairy breeds; upright ears, variable eye and coat colors Notable traits: friendly, good milk production for their size
Yorkshire
Most common breed worldwide, • Purpose: meat • Appearance: • White • Upright ears
BOER GOATS
Most common meat breed, originated in South Africa Bucks average 270# Primary purpose: meat Appearance: stocky white goat with either red or black capelet and points; solid red or black permitted; lop ears, Roman nose Notable traits: rapid growth, good carcass quality; high fecundity; heat tolerant but poor parasite resistance
Cria
Neonate camelid
ANGORA GOATS
Originated in Asia Minor, best adapted to arid climates Bucks average 200# Primary purpose: fiber (mohair) Appearance: finely built; fiber ranges from ringlets (preferred type) to wavy; lop ears; both sexes have horns Notable traits: delicate breed, not prolific
Severe thiamin deficiency. • Thiamin is normally synthesized by rumen bacteria. • Both destruction of existing thiamin and reduced synthesis likely occur. • Occurs following ruminal acidosis.
Polioencephalomalacia
Hampshire sheep
Primary purpose: meat, show Appearance: thick white wool with unbroken woolcap; black face, ears, and limbs; some wool on limbs permitted Notable traits: fast growth, good feed efficiency, carcass quality
KuneKune
Primary purpose: pets • Appearance: • Short snout • Straight back • Upright or Floppy ears • Colorful
Juliana
Primary purpose: pets • Appearance: • Spotted • Long snout • Straight back and abdomen
• Cud-chewing animals which have three compartments and feet which resemble pads more than hooves (e.g., camels, llamas, and their relatives). • First two stomachs (C1 & C2) resemble the reticulum and rumen in terms of size and function. • The third compartment (C3) has glandular tissue similar to the ruminant's abomasum. These animals do ruminate.
Pseudoruminants
Landrace
Purpose: meat • Appearance: • All white • Large floppy ears may cover eyes
Hampshire
Purpose: meat • Appearance: • Upright ears • Black body with white band
Duroc
Purpose: meat, lard Appearance: • Dark red • Partially droopy ears
• Excessive highly fermentable carbohydrate is the major cause of lactic acidosis. • Rapid lactic acid production. • Rate of production exceed utilization. • Lactic acid accumulation
Ruminal Lactic Acidosis
NUES (national uniform eartagging system)
Series of numbers that include a postal code or tribal number plus a combination of letters and numbers.
NAVAJO-CHURRO SHEEP
Small sized breed brought to the US in the 1500s Rams average 150# Primary purpose: meat, fiber; heritage breed Appearance: brown, black, white, or gray fiber, long outer coat with very fine inner coat; dramatic horns; bare legs Notable traits: very hardy; males frequently have 2 pairs of horns
TOGGENBURG GOATS
Small to medium sized Swiss breed; oldest known dairy breed Primary purpose: dairy Appearance: wide head, tan to brown with white markings, upright ears Notable traits: high milk yield, relatively hardy but prefer temperate climates
Flock based number plus herd mgmt. number
State postal code plus unique flock # plus herd #
Feeds • Accessibility to feed • Method of presentation • Frequency of feeding Environment • Stress • Handling and care • Housing conditions • Day length Other • Social interactions • Hormone implants • Ionophores
What are Management Factors Related to Feed Intake?
Commerical: Federal ear tag (840, USDA, NUES) Ear notching plus federal tag Ear notching plus premise identification tattoo Slaughter swine must have USDA backtags POTBELLY OR MINIPIGS: Microchip or 840 implant plus premise ID listed on the health certificate
What are Swine ID requirements for entry into Arizona?
• Listless ear/tail carriage • Lethargy • Huddled behavior (piglets) • Changes in appetite • Respiratory changes • Presence of absence of abnormal vocalization
What are abnormal illness behaviors?
• Insufficient BCS or dietary intake • Not enough body fat to support pregnancy and lactation • Metritis, pyometra, other uterine pathology • Abnormalities of sexual differentiation or development • POOR ESTRUS DETECTION...false anestrus, or potentially silent heat • If you're not looking carefully (or at all) you won't spot them in estrus
What are abnormal reasons for anestrus?
Old issues • Lameness • Down cows • Tail docking • General handling New issues • Stanchion housing • Tiestall housing • Separating calves from dams at birth
What are animal welfare issue in dairy farming?
- identification of sick animals - proper processing procedures including handling of products (BQA) - preventive health programs - nutrition
What are areas that a veterinarian can make an impact in cattle prodcution?
A: Jersey B: Brown Swiss C: Holstein
What are breed are these cows?
• Vaccination and deworming • Shearing • Hoof trimming • Dental
What are camelids routine care?
1. Sorting 2. Headgate competition 3. Loss of palatability 4. Refermentation 5. Water damage 6. Fecal urine contamination 7. Contamination on the delivery trucks
What are common problems that can happen to rations that animals eat?
• Animal have to be unconscious before they are bled -Captive bolt -Fire arm -Electrical stunning -Carbon dioxide •Ritual slaughter is exempted from this requirement :(
What are human slaugher methods?
Scrapie BSE (bovine spongiform encephalopathy) Pseudorabies (SHV-1) Brucellosis (both swine and cattle) Tuberculosis Tritrichomonas foetus
What are important regulated diseases?
Companion • Livestock guardian • Fiber • Show • Pack animals • Breeding • Live nativity
What are llamas and alpacs used for?
• Herd animals • Wary of people • Females: Quite and docile • Males: Te r r i t o r i a l a n d l o u d • Distance
What are normal behaviors for camelids?
• Seasonal anestrus in small ruminants (and horses) • Post-partum • Pregnancy • Lactational - suckling by the dam's own calf ≥ 2x per day will inhibit cycling
What are normal reasons for anestrus?
T:
What are normal vital signs for cattle?
• Companion • Meat • Research
What are pigs purpose?
- Group housing - Pasture rearing - Genetic selection
What are potential solutions for farrowing crates?
1. Poor weight control 2. Inaccurate scales 3. Inconsistent feeding times 4. Overgrinding
What are problems that can occur during ration preparation?
1. Passed for slaughter -Get certified and slaughtered 2. Suspect -Provided with suspect tags -Observed -Passed or condemned 3. Condemned -Provided with condemned tags -Euthanized -Carcass disposed of by means of on-site rendering or off-site disposal
What are the 3 outcomes of an inspection?
1. Membrane slip -(most useful between 30-90d) • Edge of the chorioallantois feels like a thin cord between your fingers 2. Amniotic vesicle - d30 to d75 • Fluid-filled vesicle slips between your fingers - be very careful, can rupture 3. Placentomes - develop after d70, not usually palpable until after d90 or so • Small disk-shaped placentomes • Size can help determine age of the pregnancy (placentomes nearest the cervix) 4. Fetus - after d65 • Not usually palpable between 5-7 months
What are the 4 cardinal signs of pregancy in cattle?
1. The ration that is formulated by nutritionist and is represented on paper 2. The ration that is put together by the workers on the farm 3. The ration that the animals eat 4. The ration that the animals digest
What are the 4 rations that must be evaluated?
CA, WI, NY, ID, PA,
What are the 5 top milk production states?
Nutrition Environment Management Health Transportation Slaughter
What are the Components that make up welfare standards?
Ear tags Federal tags - orange or silver RFID Farm identification - not a form of official ID Brucella or registration tattoos Brands
What are the ID methods for cattle?
Safety Animal well-being/welfare • Cortisol is immunosuppressive • Stress alters behavior of animals • May mask clinical signs of disease • May become aggressive if they can't move away when you get into their space. Production • Stress decreases production Beef Quality Assurance Programs • Consumer preferences
What are the reasons for human handling of live stock?
General examination of the reproductive tract •Pregnancy diagnosis • Gestational aging • Cycle staging • Diagnosis of pathological conditions (pyometra, segmental aplasia, cysts, etc.) • Breeding soundness exam Medical examination - palpation of the bladder, caudal GIT, internal lnn
What are the reasons you would palpate a cow?
Same as cattle • Develop a breeding program • Develop a health program • Investigate changes in production parameters including morbidities and mortalities • Consult on nutrition • Consult on regulations • Highly lucrative for those who want to get into this field!
What are the roles of veterinarian in swine production?
White (plastic) or silver (metal) indicate normal, low-risk animals Blue: slaughter only/meat tags Red: positive for scrapie (SCR printed on back) Yellow: permanently restricted high risk animal (HR or EX)
What are the scrapie tags?
• Increased movement • Vocalization • Standing to be mounted • Some will mount other cows • Mucus string (bull string)
What are the signs of estrus in Cattle?
• Increased movement • Tail wagging • Vocalization (does) • Vulvar swelling Mucus string, usually cloudy • Increased urination
What are the signs of estrus in small ruminats?
• Fremitus in the middle uterine artery/ies - beginning around 150d • Fluctuant, fluid-filled uterus • Presence of a CL on the ovary • Mammary development • Abdominal enlargement
What are the signs suggestive/supportive of pregnancy (but not definitive!)
Silver metal tags are provided to accredited veterinarians for permanent identification of cattle or large cervids Also called "brite" tags May be given directly to producers at the discretion of the state or tribal agriculture authority These can be used for all cattle not receiving the brucella vaccine who still require official ID
What are the sliver tags
Electronic implant (microchip) Official ear tag (scrapie tag) Official breed registry tattoo with registration papers (goats only) Premise ID or scrapie tag required for all non-registered animals Animals going directly to slaughter must have either USDA or premise ID backtags
What are the small ruminate ID requirements for AZ entry?
Stage I: up to 12 hours Stage II: 1-2 hours • Should be no more than 30min between each kid/lamb Stage III: 12 hours • Some overlapWhat are the stages for partruition for Small Ruminants? with S.II due to litters
What are the stages for partruition for Small Ruminants?
Stage I: 2-8 hours Stage II: • Heifers 4 hours • Mature cows 2 hours Stage III: 12 hours • Some overlap with S.II due to litters Stage III: 12 hours
What are the stages for partruition for cattle?
1.Animal Welfare Approved - most strict for welfare 2.Certified Humane 3.Global Animal Partnership 4.American Humane Certified
What are the third party certification labels?
TMR • 80%-90% concentrates • 10-20% fiber Should eat between 1.5 and 3.5% of BW of dry matter intake each day Broiler litter is added in some parts of the country Biurate or urea is usually added Trace mineral supplements added
What are the total mixed rations for a feeding a feedlot cow?
• Farrow to finish • Farrow to wean/nursery • Farrow to grower • Grow to finish
What are the types of swine production in the US?
- Limitation to expression of normal behavior - Pressure sores and arthritis from confinement - New guideline for rubber padding
What are the welfare concerns with farrowing crates?
• Holstein/Holstein-Friesian • Jersey (high butter fat, low maintenance) • Brown Swiss (high butter fat, hardy) • Guernsey (high butter fat & beta carotene)
What are they US dairy cattle breeds?
Commercial yards Custom yards Farmer -feeder
What are types of feedlots?
• Litter • Lighting • Space allowance • Beak trimming • euthanasia
What are welfare standards for chickens?
• Ventilation • Farrowing crates/system • Aggressive behavior • Flooring • Piglet euthanasia • Grouping of animals • Tail docking
What are welfare standards for pigs?
Shearing Tail docking Use of dogs/guard animals
What are welfare standards for small runinants?
Lameness, musculoskeletal injury, increased ambient temperature • Poor footing, individual housing • Very low BCS, systemic illness • Pen mates who aren't cycling (pregnant, anestrus, peri-pubertal)
What can affect estrous behavior?
Casting -burley : to get cow to ground Does not endager genital organs or mammary vessel.
What casting is this?
Casting-rope squeeze - half hitch To get cow to lie down
What casting is this?
Cows/heifers: orange Bangs tag or federal ear tag if >18mo Dairy breed females must have Bangs tattoo plus a federal tag no matter their age Bulls: federal ear tag if >18mo Steers: federal ear tag Calves (dairy breed): federal ear tag Animals moving directly to slaughter can have just a USDA backtag
What cattle IDs are required for entry into AZ?
• Quality • Protein & butter fat • Regulations • Supply and demand
What determines the price of milke?
animal that lags behind or separates itself should be examined Failure to come up for food Inappetance Prolonged recumbency Lethargy Depression Colic, abnormal stance Stretched out, kicking at belly, looking at flank repeatedly, constant tail flicking ( goats) Abnormal respiration (open mouth breathing,tachypnea, noise) Nostril flaring Bruxism Vocalizing *note that goats are very vocal during breeding season*
What is abnormal small ruminate behavior ?
Selection of breeding stock based on genetic merit • Rate of gain • Conformation • Number of nipples
What is breeding selections for pigs?
For injured animals Not for sick animals • Not for Cattle
What is emergency slaughter for?
Native grass Protein supplement Mineral supplement
What is fed to cow-calf?
Steam-flaked corn Roughage source Soybean meal Urea Fat Molasses Minerals Vitamins Ionophores
What is in a feedlot steer diet?
1 = any hair loss then a quater, as long as there is no lesions or swelling 2= Hair loss at least the size of a quarter, no swelling 3 = severe swelling and/or abrasions through the hide. Lesions may have been purulent or bleeding
What is knee lesion score?
Goats are more independent and inquisitive (and naughty) Can be hard to contain, they are excellent climbers - fences should be "pig strong and goat smart" Even adult goats can be playful, and will benefit from environmental enrichment If only to keep them out of trouble
What is normal goat behavior? How do you help with their behavior?
Anterior( cranial) dorsal-sacral Forelimbs extended, head and neck extended, flexion of any joints
What is normal oreintation during parturition?
Strong inquisitive nature • Rooting • Social hierarchy • Vocalization • Tails wagging • Piloerection
What is normal pig behavior?
Small ruminants are prey animals and will display herd and flocking instincts Sheep are much more herd-bound overall and will tend to stick with the flock, reluctant to be separated under normal circumstances
What is normal small ruminate behavior?
Tails docked: • Prevent biting • Heated cautery iron Needle teeth clipped: • Prevent damage to teats and other piglets Tusk trimming/ dental Hoof trimming
What is routine care for pigs?
the nutrient supply for the host
What is ruminal fermentations major impact on the host?
• Fetus (or fetuses) are repositioning themselves, moving into the proper orientation for delivery (lambing, kidding, calving) • Dam will be restless, may separate herself from the herd • Decreased appetite, signs of colic, lifting the tailhead • Cervix begins to dilate and there are intermittent uterine contractions
What is stage I of parturtion?
Begins with fetal expulsion, ends when placenta is passed • Note that stages II and III may overlap in litter bearing species If the placenta is not passed after 12hrs (in ruminants) it is considered retained
What is stage II of parturition?
• Officially begins when you see the water bag break (chorioallantoic chamber) • Coordinated, propagative contractions of the uterus in response to systemic release of oxytocin (Ferguson reflex) in response to pressure on the cervix • Fetus must be in proper alignment in order to progress through the vaginal canal
What is stage II of parturition?
Feed!! Can help producer try and save money
What is the 40-60% cost of total production cost of cow production?
is an area surrounding an animal; a distance an animal will keep for feeling safe from predators or potential danger
What is the Flight zone?
Free access to feed and water Adequate nutrition Proper body condition Colostrum for calves Feeding of calves Age of weaning Clean feeding equipment
What is the Nutrition welfare standard?
• Health/vaccine protocols • Having a veterinarian • Health monitoring • Biosecurity • Castration/dehorning • Tail docking • Parasite/predator control • Euthanasia
What is the animal health welfare standard?
21 days
What is the average duration of estrous cycle?
280 days Range is 270-292 days The placenta takes over maintenance of pregnancy after about 5-6 months, but in the last month or so the CL is again required to assist with maintenance
What is the average pregancy for cattle?
Sheep: 145-150 days (150) • CL dependent for first 50 days
What is the average pregnacy for sheep?
Goats: 147-155 days (150) • CL dependent
What is the average pregnancy for goat?
200lbs or under
What is the average size of a "mini" pig?
• 7-9-11 - Protein requirements are 7, 9, 11% in mid gestation, late pregnancy, and lactation respectively • 14-12-10 - Protein requirements for feeder calves are 14% in 550-800 lbs calves, 12% in the 800 to 1000 lbs, 10% in the 1000lbs to finish range
What is the beef cow rule of thumb?
Sheep should never be held by the wool or horns Can be placed on rump, and they usually give up and stay put
What is the best way to hold a sheep?
Ears Size Fiber!!! Llama on left/ alpac on right
What is the between alpaca and Llamas?
1-9
What is the body condition score for beef cattle?
1-5
What is the body condition score for dairy cattle?
• Proper handling facilities • Good air quality/ventilation • Protection from the environment • Available lying areas/space allowance • Clean • Use of calf hutches
What is the envrionment welfare standard?
Standing heat AM - breed PM Standing heat PM - Breed AM
What is the estrus rule for AI in cow?
• Get animal ready for harvest • Adjustment time - acclimate to new environment • Feed concentrate diet (grain based) and by products
What is the feelot/finishing?
3 months, 3 weeks, and 3 days
What is the gestation period for swine?
40-60 lb. pigs are fed ad lib to 120-270 pounds. - Also termed "feeder pigs" - No difference in management of growers and finishers
What is the grower stage of pig production?
1- 4 Clean to nasty poop splatters 90% is the goal 2 or less
What is the hygiene score?
At least 7 calves
What is the lifetime goal for a breeding cow?
Foot health 1-3 Sound to severely lame 95% is the goal with a 2 or lower
What is the locomotion scale?
Crushing within the first 4 days
What is the major cause of death to piglets?
• Adequate record keeping • Training of employees • Proper handling of animals • Identification • Equipment • Use of dogs/other animals
What is the management welfare standard?
Total mixed ration - will vary due to location Bypass protein should be 40 to 50% of protein content of high producing cows • Hay and silage should comprise 40% of a high lactational ration, and 60% of low lactational ration • 70% of NDF should be provided as forage Distillery products may be supplemented up to 20% of dry matter intake NDF of lactating diets should range between 25 and 28% (~1 bale of alfalfa hay per 3 cows daily) Do not exceed 40 lbs of grain daily
What is the most appropriate feed type for mid-lactaction dairy cow?
T: 101.5-103 P: 90-140 RR : 30-60 No rumen contactions
What is the normal TPR for a calf?
T: 100.5 - 102.5 HR: 50-80 RR: 12-36 Rum contractions: 3 per 2 mins
What is the normal values for vital signs in cattle?
• Seedstock • Cow/Calf - weaned at 6-7 month •Backgrounder- 45-60 days •Stocker 3-4 months (time) • Feeder/Finish - 3-4 months (time) • Packer/Processor • Retailer • Consumer
What is the order of operation for the US beef industry?
• Aesthetics • Prehension—> grass • Fighting teeth Check for abcesses
What is the purpose of dentals?
is to permit rapid traceback of animals in the event of a disease occurrence
What is the purpose of national identifcation system?
- Food Production - Economic impact - Rural Development - Leather/Fiber - Lifestyle - Labor
What is the role of animal agriculture?
Increase weight of cattle (light weight cattle) Increase age of cattle Improves quality of cattle Balance seasonal production of cattle, forage, or grain • Contributes to the long run economic balance between cattle, forage, & grain markets
What is the role of the stocker industry?
Bottom line- Help to keep the cows happy and make money for the producer • Individual animal medicine is no longer the mainstay of Dairy practice
What is the role of the veterinarian in dairy farming?
- Help maintain records - Develop breeding program - Implement a herd health and biosecurity program - Implement a beef quality assurance program • Animal handling and well-being protocol • Drug administration sites and withdrawal times • Animal nutrition - Treat individual animals
What is the role of the veterinarin in the cow-calf operation?
• Loading facilities • Personnel • Pre feeding/water • Transport time
What is the transportation welfare standard?
38-4 Right ear = 1+1 + 9 + 27 = 38 Left ear = 1+ 3 = 4
What is this pigs number?
87- 12 Right. = 3+3+81 = 87 Left = 3+9 = 12
What is this pigs number?
It pairs with the orange tags for brucellosis vaccine The state vet office provides both the tags and the tattoo equipment - only a federally accredited veterinarian is authorized to have the shield tattoo symbol and to administer the vaccine R= RB51 Veterinary shield Last number it was administered in
What is this tattoo used for?
Lifting legs
What is this used for?
Tail jack - Prevents the animal from kicking
What is this used for?
Udder cinch Prevents the animal from kicking Performs a similar function as tail jacking
What is this used for?
Conjugated Linoleic Acid = CLA Isomer (trans-10, Cis-12-18:2) = feeding too much grain
What isomer is inhibitory to milk fat synthesis?
Dromedary
What kind of camel?
Bactrain
What kinda of camel?
The US shield symbol is what tells you this is a form of official ID, along with "unlawful to remove"
What makes it an offical ID tag?
Meat and poultry
What makes up the laregest segment of US agriculture?
Dehorning/disbudding: All dairy goats must be dehorned in order to be shown (most are even if not being shown) Performed by cauterizing the horn bud with a hot iron Note that goats have relatively thin skulls, can cause thermal necrosis of underlying brain if held too long Usually done on-farm with no analgesia - lidocaine is strongly recommended
What must all dairy goats need?
• Always check for bloat (they can't eructate when they are in lateral recumbency) • Prevent aspiration by elevating the larynx above the nose • Prevent radial nerve damage by putting a cushion and stretching the bottom front leg forward
What must you do when placing a cow in later recumbency?
GATES!! Must be closed And walk the chutes
What should be set ever time before you move cattle?
Step 1: Exam from behind - temp, MM, abdomen shape, UA collection, fecal, tail pulse Step 2 - Exam on the Left Side - Heart, lungs, Rumen largest on this side, hydration Step 3: Exam on right side - heart, lung whithers test, udder, treacha, jugular, brisket Step 4 - Exam of the Head- ears, eyes, nose, mouth/throat.
What should be your steps of a PE in a cow?
as needed lot easier to keep up with it than to deal with overgrown hooves and resultant structural problems; recommended to check twice per year Animals on rough terrain may not need trimming, hooves will wear down naturally
What should hoof trimming take place for small ruminiates?
Sweet and sour Very strong rejection for bitter
What tastes do cows like?
Yes: RFID tags (radio frequency identification device)
What type of ear tag is this? Is it offical?
When they are 40-60 lbs
When are piglets move to grow-fishing phase?
should only be used as a last resort to encourage few individual cattle to get into or out of chute (It is considered inhumane to use electrical probes to move a herd/group of cattle)
When can you use electrical probes?
Proestrus Begins to show receptive behavior, may mount other cow
When does the uterus become edematous but feels toned on palapation?
Seasonal anestrus runs from late winter to late summer in most breeds • Transition begins in July and August, with most females cycling regularly by late September Peak breeding season in North America is October to December (location dependajnt)
When is small ruminants anestrus?
Reduce noise Reduce color contrast Reduce shadows • Cattle have poor perception of depth No whipping of animals Can use flags
When moving cattle how should the enviroment be?
Should be performed prior to 1 wk of age unless using an anesthetic agent Banding or hot-docking Generally performed for cosmetic reasons (it looksnice in the show ring, stays away from the milker)
When should tail docking take place?
When you need to keep the tail out of the way for a procdure
When would you use a tail tie?
- Pasture, dry-lot, freestall, stanchion barn, combination - Cow comfort
Where are lacating cows housed?
The vulva Catch urine while your back there ;)
Where can you check Mucas membrane color?
implanted at the base of the left ear rather than between shoulders
Where is a pet pig microchip placed?
- Cooperatives - Individual retailers - Processed on farm
Where is milk sold?
Tattooed along the underside of the tail They have no ears for tags.
Where is the idenifcation for laMancha goats?
The COW or halter NO chute or pole- risk degloving or tail amputation
Where should you ALWAYS tie the tail tie to?
Between rib 5 cranially and 11 caudally Both sides of the chest
Where should you aucultate the lungs?
Best heard cranially to the caudal boarder of the triceps muscle. Count S1 ( lub) S2 (dub) as ONE heart beat. Different then small animal
Where should you auscultate the heart?
In a chute, the safest
Where should you do your physical exam of a cow?
This can be felt and heard by holding a stethoscope over the hollow behind the last rib and in front of the cows hook or hip bone. It normally has a dough-like consistency if you push your fist into this area. The dimple formed will disappear quickly after removing the fist. Resistance to fist pressure or a soft, splashy feel are both abnormal. Normal is 2-3 cycles per min
Where should you hear the rumen?
Moving at postion B will move the cow And position A will stop the cow from moving
Where should you stand to get cattle to move in a forward motion?
Concentrate selectors
Who has to handle a wider range of plant toxins and/or defense factors (e.g., tannins).
either by an FSIS PHV or a Food Inspector under veterinary supervision.
Who performs the Antemortem inspection?
USDA's FSIS (food safety inspection service
Who takes over the point of slaughter to ensure integrity of the food supply?
Newborn piglets require about 90-95° F • Heated floors and heat lamps to piglet creep areas Sow requires 65-75° F • Use fans and water drip lines
Why is environment control import in swine prodcutions?
It's the right thing to do Improves production (to a point) Better public perception It's the law
Why is livestock welfare so important?
Specific fear memories • Long memories • Attached to certain objects
Why should you not use fear to move cattle?
• Dystocia • Assisting vaginal delivery (right lateral recumbency) • C-section when the fetus is emphysematous (dorsal recumbency and paramedian. approach) • Correcting a uterine torsion • Field surgery of the feet when there is no tilting chute • Correcting a left displaced abomasum by toggling
Why would you cast a cow? V
Brahman
adapted to harsh tropical climate
adult female goat
doe
adult female sheep
ewe
young female sheep
ewe lamb
Stocker
forage based growth, cheap gains hopefully
Boar
intact male pig
parturition goat
kidding
Farrowing
labor process of swine
parturition Sheep
lambing
