PY-221-01 -- Exam 1 & Exam 2

When Jared ate too much cake one day, he became quite sick. Afterwards, he could no longer eat cake. The act of eating too much cake obviously functioned as a(n) _____ with respect to the subsequent likelihood of again eating cake. --establishing response --dependent variable --establishing operation --extraneous operation

The correct answer is: establishing operation

Depriving an animal of food is an example of a(n) --stimulus operation. --functional operation. --establishing response. --establishing operation.

The correct answer is: establishing operation.

Kandis loves Aunt Edna's desserts and salivates more than normal when she visits her. This is an example of _____ conditioning. Kandis salivates less than normal when her health-conscious sister is present, since Aunt Edna never serves dessert at those times. This is an example of _____ conditioning. Select one: --excitatory; inhibitory --inhibitory; excitatory --appetitive; excitatory --appetitive; aversive

The correct answer is: excitatory; inhibitory

Jessica whines for extra helpings when she is given dessert at the dinner table. In order to put an end to the whining, her mom decides to stop giving her extra dessert when she whines for it. Her mom is attempting to use a(n) ______ procedure. Select one: --positive punishment -- negative punishment --negative reinforcement --extinction

The correct answer is: extinction

The withdrawal of reinforcement for a behavior is called --inhibition. --negative punishment. --extinction. --dishabituation.

The correct answer is: extinction.

Neobehaviorism utilizes intervening variables, usually in the form of hypothesized _____, to help explain behavior. --physiological processes --fixed action patterns --cognitive processes --unconscious conflicts

The correct answer is: physiological processes

Jim compliments his secretary on her sexy new outfit when she offers to bring him coffee one morning. She never again offers to bring him coffee. Out of the following, this is an example of which type of process? --negative punishment --positive punishment --positive reinforcement --negative reinforcement

The correct answer is: positive punishment

When Amir teased his sister, she hugged him. He never again teased her. This seems to be an example of what process? --negative reinforcement --positive reinforcement --positive punishment --negative punishment

The correct answer is: positive punishment

Kyle's mother tells him: "If you don't clean your room, you won't get to watch television." This can be classified as what type of contingency? --positive reinforcement --extinction --positive punishment --negative reinforcement

The correct answer is: positive reinforcement

Paula laughs at her child when he breaks a dish. As result, he breaks dishes even more frequently. This is an example of --negative reinforcement. --positive reinforcement. --negative punishment. --positive punishment

The correct answer is: positive reinforcement.

Events that are innately reinforcing are called --secondary reinforcers. --primary reinforcers. --extrinsic reinforcers. --generalized reinforcers.

The correct answer is: primary reinforcers.

According to Skinner, thoughts and feelings are --impossible to study. --reflexes more than operants. --the ultimate causes of behavior. --private behaviors that also require explanation.

The correct answer is: private behaviors that also require explanation.

According to the conditioned suppression theory of punishment, punishment does not weaken a behavior but instead Select one: --produces an emotional response that interferes with its occurrence. --produces a strong suppression of emotions. --results in strong inhibitory conditioning. --weakens other similar behaviors.

The correct answer is: produces an emotional response that interferes with its occurrence.

If a mother kisses her child whenever he breaks a dish and, as a result, he breaks fewer dishes in the future, the kissing would by definition be a --reinforcer. --punisher. --punishment. --reinforcement.

The correct answer is: punisher.

A useful device for measuring the _____ of a behavior is a cumulative recorder. --topography --intensity --latency --rate

The correct answer is: rate

Classical conditioning is to _____ behavior as operant conditioning is to ______ behavior. --voluntary; reflexive --novel; voluntary --reflexive; novel --reflexive; voluntary

The correct answer is: reflexive; voluntary

Your parrot often squawks for hours at a time. A stimulus control procedure for eliminating this tendency is to Select one: --reinforce squawking only when you provide a signal for the bird to do so. --reinforce squawking on a CRF schedule. --reinforce squawking on an intermittent schedule. --ignore the bird for several days, whether it squawks or not.

The correct answer is: reinforce squawking only when you provide a signal for the bird to do so.

The term ____ refers to a process or procedure. --reinforcement --reinforcer --both reinforcer and punisher --punisher

The correct answer is: reinforcement

According to the text, learning is a _____ in behavior that results from some type of experience. --conscious change --relatively permanent change --permanent change --change

The correct answer is: relatively permanent change

The reappearance during extinction of other behaviors that had previously been effective in attaining reinforcement is known as Select one: --spontaneous recovery. --resurgence. --response induction. --extinction induction.

The correct answer is: resurgence.

For a reversal design to clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of a certain treatment, the behavior must --remain at the treatment level during the second baseline phase. --both b and c --return to its original baseline level during the second baseline phase. --remain at the baseline level during the treatment phase.

The correct answer is: return to its original baseline level during the second baseline phase.

The original law of effect stated that behaviors leading to a(n) ____ are ____. --unconditioned stimulus; stamped out --positive reinforcer; strengthened --satisfactory state of affairs; stamped in --reinforcer; stamped in

The correct answer is: satisfactory state of affairs; stamped in

Becoming increasingly irritated during a play because the person next to you keeps sniffling is most similar to the process of Select one: --habituation. --sensitization. --classical conditioning. --disinhibition.

The correct answer is: sensitization.

A reflex arc consists of the activation of a(n) _____ (in that order). Select one: --sensory neuron, interneuron, and motor neuron --motor neuron, interneuron, and sensory neuron --sensory neuron, motor neuron, and interneuron --interneuron, sensory neuron, and motor neuron

The correct answer is: sensory neuron, interneuron, and motor neuron

Reinforcers and punishers are entirely defined by --the manner in which they influence behavior. --the extent to which they are appetitive or aversive. --their hedonic value. --both their hedonic value and the extent to which they are appetitive or aversive.

The correct answer is: the manner in which they influence behavior.

Making a child sit in a corner for being too noisy is an attempted ______ procedure, while turning off the television for being too noisy is an attempted ______ procedure. Select one: --response cost; time-out --time-out; response cost --negative punishment; positive punishment --positive punishment; negative punishment

The correct answer is: time-out; response cost

The offset of the NS precedes the onset of the US. This statement describes a _____ conditioning procedure. Select one: --trace --delayed --simultaneous --backward

The correct answer is: trace

A dog is given a treat each time it comes when called, and as a result no longer comes when called. The ______ is an example of ______. --treat; a punisher --treat; negative reinforcement --decrease in behavior; a punisher --treat; punishment

The correct answer is: treat; a punisher

Allen (who was bullied as a child) feels anxious whenever he sees a gang of teenagers walking toward him, and as a result usually crosses the street to avoid them. As worded, this example seems to fit well with the ______ of avoidance. Select one: --Premack principle --two-process theory of avoidance --one-process theory --species-specific defense reaction theory

The correct answer is: two-process theory of avoidance

Seema once received a shock while plugging in her toaster and is now quite anxious each time she uses it. In this example, the shock was a(n) _____ stimulus. Select one: --neutral --unconditioned --conditioned --prepared

The correct answer is: unconditioned

Errorless discrimination training as a training tool for education should probably be restricted to subject matter that is Select one: --abstract rather than concrete. --qualitative rather than quantitative. --quantitative rather than qualitative. --unlikely to be modified at a later point in time.

The correct answer is: unlikely to be modified at a later point in time.

The pigeon must turn circles continuously for an average of 10 seconds in order to earn access to food. This is an example of a _____ schedule. Select one: --variable time --variable interval --variable ratio --variable duration

The correct answer is: variable duration

This schedule produces a moderate, steady rate of response with little or no post-reinforcement pause. Select one: --fixed ratio --fixed interval --variable ratio --variable interval

The correct answer is: variable interval

This schedule generally produces a high rate of response with little or no postreinforcement pause. Select one: --fixed ratio --fixed interval --variable ratio --variable interval

The correct answer is: variable ratio

Extrinsic rewards are less likely to damage intrinsic interest when they are --verbal. --expected. --all of these --delivered contingent upon mere performance of the activity.

The correct answer is: verbal.

According to the text, the word "behavior" refers to any activity of an organism that can be --both a and b --indirectly observed. --directly observed. --precisely measured.

The correct answers are: directly observed., indirectly observed., precisely measured., both a and b

Julie finds that by focusing on the strangely dressed man in the front aisle, her stage fright is somewhat alleviated. The is best described as an example of Select one: --disinhibition --dishabituation --external inhibition --external habituation

The correct answers are: disinhibition, dishabituation, external inhibition, external habituation

The problem with a simple comparison design is that --both a and b --it is insufficient for demonstrating a clear functional relationship. --it doesn't fully control for the influence of other variables. --the independent variable cannot be manipulated.

The correct answers are: it doesn't fully control for the influence of other variables., it is insufficient for demonstrating a clear functional relationship., the independent variable cannot be manipulated., both a and b

In Pavlov's basic classical conditioning procedure, salivating in response to the sound of a metronome is a(n) --unconditioned stimulus --unconditioned response --conditioned stimulus --conditioned response

The correct answer is: conditioned response

In a suppression ratio, a value of _____ indicates _____. Select one: --.5; total suppression --1; no suppression --0; total suppression --.5; partial suppression

The correct answer is: 0; total suppression

Which of the following schedules would produce the longest pause after each reinforcement? Select one: --FR 40 --VR 30 --VR 60 --FR 10

The correct answer is: FR 40

The bus arrives every 30 minutes sharp. This is most similar to a(n) ______ schedule of reinforcement. Select one: --FT --FR --FI --DRL

The correct answer is: FT

Which of the following behaviorists would be most interested in manipulating the degree to which a rat has been food deprived? --Bandura --Hull --Watson --Tolman

The correct answer is: Hull

When Leena finished her homework, her mother gave her some apple pie. This is obviously an example of --positive punishment. -negative reinforcement. --positive reinforcement. --It is impossible to know given the information provided.

The correct answer is: It is impossible to know given the information provided.

According to the peak shift effect, the peak of a generalization gradient shifts from the _____ to a stimulus that is further removed from the _____. Select one: --SR; SD --SD; SR --SD; S∆ --S∆; SD

The correct answer is: SD; S∆

When Battu is practicing piano, his mother rewards him by occasionally giving him a hug. This is best described as an example of a _____ schedule. Select one: --VT --VI --VD --VR

The correct answer is: VD

Shazia wishes to stop her 5 year-old daughter from pulling the cat's tail. To do so most effectively, she should Select one: --start with a very mild reprimand and then gradually increase its severity. --accompany the reprimand with an explanation. --leave the child alone when she sees her treating the cat well. --all of these

The correct answer is: accompany the reprimand with an explanation.

Jumper, the Betta splendens that Russ has in his office, first learned to approach the toothpick in order to get food. Once this was accomplished, it then had to tap it with its snout to get food. This is an example of a(n) _____ schedule of reinforcement. Select one: --DRH --multiple --adjusting --conjunctive

The correct answer is: adjusting

Problems with using punishment include Select one: --it does not directly strengthen more appropriate behavior. --strong emotional reactions may interfere with learning. --the use of punishment is often immediately reinforced. --all of these

The correct answer is: all of these

The basic components of the operant conditioning process include --a response that produces a certain consequence. --a consequence that strengthens or weakens the response. --all of these --a preceding stimulus that signals the availability of the consequence.

The correct answer is: all of these

In correct order, the three-term contingency consists of --antecedent, consequence, and behavior. --behavior, antecedent, and consequence. --antecedent, behavior, and consequence. --consequence; behavior, and antecedent.

The correct answer is: antecedent, behavior, and consequence.

The maximum amount of conditioning that can take place in a given setting is known as the ____ of conditioning. Select one: --asymmetry --asymptote --assignment --maximal assignment

The correct answer is: asymptote

For most children, a bee sting is to _____ as candy is to _____. --adversive; imperative --aversive; appetitive --appetitive; aversive --adversive; appetitive

The correct answer is: aversive; appetitive

A(n) ____ response occurs before the aversive stimulus is presented and thereby prevents its delivery. --escape --reflexive --avoidance --primary

The correct answer is: avoidance

According to the ______ theory of punishment, the underlying process in punishment is actually ______. Select one: --avoidance; positive reinforcement --conditioned suppression; negative reinforcement --conditioned suppression; the Premack principle --avoidance; negative reinforcement

The correct answer is: avoidance; negative reinforcement

I feel a bite and then see the dog that bit me. This is an example of a _____ conditioning procedure which is _____ to be effective. Select one: --backward; likely --delayed; unlikely --delayed; likely --backward; unlikely

The correct answer is: backward; likely

Whenever possible, Borislav likes to work four hours in the morning and then play golf four hours in the afternoon. This distribution of behavior represents his ____ point for these two behaviors. Select one: --behavioral bliss --Premack --response deprivation --incentive maximization

The correct answer is: behavioral bliss

The advantages of using a click or whistle as a secondary reinforcer during shaping include --both a and b --the animal will not satiate upon it. --neither a nor b --it can be delivered immediately following the correct behavior.

The correct answer is: both a and b

According to the opponent-process theory, in an abusive relationship, the "honeymoon phase" that often follows a period of intense abuse Select one: --is representative of the a-process. --is representative of the b-process. --will grow stronger with repeated instances of abuse. --both b and c

The correct answer is: both b and c

The strength of conditioning increases more rapidly during the Select one: --middle conditioning trials. --later conditioning trials. --earlier conditioning trials. --both a and b

The correct answer is: earlier conditioning trials.

Aristotle was a(n) _____ while Plato was a(n) _____. --functionalist; structuralist --structuralist; functionalist --empiricist; nativist --nativist; empiricist

The correct answer is: empiricist; nativist

A(n) ____ response results in the termination of an aversive stimulus. --avoidance --escape --reflexive --primary

The correct answer is: escape

An SD is a stimulus that --both increases the probability of a certain behavior and signals that a reinforcers is now available for the behavior. --increases the probability of a certain behavior. --decreases the probability of a behavior. --signals that a reinforcer is now available for the behavior.

The correct answer is: both increases the probability of a certain behavior and signals that a reinforcers is now available for the behavior.

An SD is a stimulus that. --both increases the probability of a certain behavior and signals that a reinforcers is now available for the behavior. --increases the probability of a certain behavior. --signals that a reinforcer is now available for the behavior. --decreases the probability of a behavior.

The correct answer is: both increases the probability of a certain behavior and signals that a reinforcers is now available for the behavior.

For punishment to be maximally effective, it should be Select one: --intermittent. --delayed. --accompanied by an explanation. --both intermittent and accompanied by an explanatio

The correct answer is: both intermittent and accompanied by an explanation.

Roberto was severely chastised by Ms. Veneka for asking inappropriate questions in class. Problems that might arise from this include the possibility that Roberto might Select one: --avoid Ms. Veneka whenever possible. --refuse to say anything in class. --both of these --neither of these

The correct answer is: both of these

A reinforcer that has been deliberately arranged to modify a behavior and is not a common aspect of a certain situation is called a(n) ______ reinforcer. --secondary --contrived --both secondary and contrived --natural

The correct answer is: both secondary and contrived

If the intent of your program is to gradually increase the amount of weight you lift each day, the most appropriate design for measuring your improvement would probably be a _____ design. --multiple-baseline --reversal --simple comparison --changing-criterion

The correct answer is: changing-criterion

Behaviorists have found it useful to define operant behaviors as a(n) --unconditioned stimulus. --covert stimulus. --class of responses. --specific response.

The correct answer is: class of responses.

According to two-process theory, the first step in the development of an avoidance response is creation of a(n) Select one: --intermittently reinforced escape response. --classically conditioned escape response. --intermittently reinforced fear response. --classically conditioned fear response.

The correct answer is: classically conditioned fear response.

The pigeon has to peck the key 10 times and step on the treadle, not necessarily in that order, in order to earn food. This is an example of a(n) _____ schedule. Select one: --chained --adjusting --multiple --conjunctive

The correct answer is: conjunctive

The dream I had last night is best described as an example of a(n) --establishing operation. --overt behavior. --covert behavior. --extraneous behavior.

The correct answer is: covert behavior.

Which type of NS-US arrangement is most likely to result in effective conditioning? Select one: --delayed --trace --backward --simultaneous

The correct answer is: delayed

It is difficult to study on the weekend because the reinforcers for studying are often ____, while the reinforcers for having fun are ____. --primary; secondary --delayed; immediate --immediate; delayed --secondary; primary

The correct answer is: delayed; immediate

During the exam, Vinita eventually stopped noticing that the student next to her was repeatedly sniffling. At one point, however, the lights in the room went off, after which she again noticed the sniffling. The reappearance of her reaction to the sniffling is best described as an example of Select one: --sensitization. --habituation. --dishabituation. --disinhibition.

The correct answer is: dishabituation.

The number of hours that I clean house each week is a _____ measure of behavior, while the length of time that I procrastinate before starting to clean house on a particular evening is a _____ measure of behavior. --duration; speed --latency; speed --duration; latency --speed; latency

The correct answer is: duration; latency

Theresa and Max are each attempting to eliminate the behavior whining for attention in their daughters. Theresa ignores her daughter when she is whining. Max responds to whining with the statement "I'll talk to you when you can speak to me politely." He then ignores any subsequent whining. Theresa is using a(n) ____________ procedure while Max is using _____________________. Select one: --extinction; systematic correction --punishment; extinction --extinction; functional communication training --DRI; functional communication training

The correct answer is: extinction; functional communication training

No longer getting a cookie is to _____ as removal of a cookie is to _____. Select one: --extinction; negative punishment --extinction; positive punishment --positive punishment; negative punishment --negative punishment; positive punishment

The correct answer is: extinction; negative punishment

According to the response deprivation hypothesis, nail biting can be used as a reinforcer if it Select one: --falls below its baseline level of occurrence. --rises above its baseline level of occurrence. --occurs less frequently than the target behavior. --occurs more frequently than the target behavior.

The correct answer is: falls below its baseline level of occurrence.

Earning $10 for every five people you sign up to a new Internet sales club is an example of what kind of schedule? Select one: --variable ratio --fixed interval --fixed ratio --variable interval

The correct answer is: fixed ratio

This type of schedule produces a high rate of responding, often accompanied by postreinforcement pauses. Select one: --fixed interval --fixed ratio --variable ratio --variable interval

The correct answer is: fixed ratio

Ideally, a time-out procedure should be Select one: --followed by positive reinforcement of appropriate behavior. --fairly long. --combined with a response cost procedure. --all of these

The correct answer is: followed by positive reinforcement of appropriate behavior.

In general, when we are confronted with an aversive situation, the development of avoidance behavior ______ the development of escape behavior. Select one: --precedes --follows --occurs more quickly than --is more certain than

The correct answer is: follows

Thorndike found that cats learned to escape from a puzzle box --both suddenly and with insight --suddenly. --with insight. --gradually.

The correct answer is: gradually.

In general, the more ____ the reinforcer, the stronger its effect on behavior. --negative --positive --delayed --immediate

The correct answer is: immediate

The use of punishment can be quite seductive in that its delivery is often followed by ____ for the person who delivered it. --immediate negative reinforcement --delayed negative punishment --immediate positive reinforcement --delayed positive punishment

The correct answer is: immediate negative reinforcement

In the opponent-process theory, if the a-process tends to decrease body temperature, then the b-process will attempt to Select one: --also decrease body temperature. --first increase and then decrease body temperature. --first decrease and then increase body temperature. --increase body temperature.

The correct answer is: increase body temperature.

At the end of every 30 minute period, Sarah records whether her baby had cried at least once during that 30 minute period. She is using the method of _____ to assess the baby's tendency to cry. Select one: --duration recording --interval recording --time sample recording --latency recording

The correct answer is: interval recording

The term ______ refers to a decrement in learning ability that results from exposure to uncontrollable aversive events. Select one: --experimental neurosis --neurotic helplessness --posttraumatic stress disorder --learned helplessness

The correct answer is: learned helplessness

The famous psychoanalyst, Alfred Adler, was sickly as a small child but worked hard and overcame his weaknesses. Research on learned helplessness suggests that later in life, Adler would have been ______ vulnerable to depression than a child who ______ overcome adversity in childhood. Select one: --more; had never --less; had never --just as; had never --more; had

The correct answer is: less; had never

"Daydreams cannot be scientifically investigated." This statement would most likely come from a --cognitive behaviorist. --neobehaviorist. --radical behaviorist. --methodological behaviorist.

The correct answer is: methodological behaviorist.

If you were testing a behavioral treatment for eliminating a severe addiction in a small group of patients, the most appropriate and ethical design would be a(n) _____ design. --multiple-baseline across persons --ABAB --ABA --control group

The correct answer is: multiple-baseline across persons

Ivan creates a treatment program to alter his family's tendency to swear at him. He first applies the program to his sister, then to his mother, and finally to his father. What type of research design is he employing to measure his family's improvement? --multiple-baseline across persons --multiple-baseline across behaviors --reversal design across behaviors --reversal design across settings

The correct answer is: multiple-baseline across persons

Melissa stayed out past her curfew and subsequently lost car privileges for a week. As a result, she never again stayed out past her curfew. This example best illustrates the process of --negative punishment. --positive reinforcement. --negative reinforcement. --positive punishment.

The correct answer is: negative punishment.

Jamaal's mother tells him: "If you clean your room, you won't have to do the dishes." What type of contingency is she attempting to apply? --positive punishment --positive reinforcement --negative reinforcement --negative punishment

The correct answer is: negative reinforcement

Which type of consequence serves to motivate escape and avoidance behaviors? Select one: --positive reinforcement --positive punishment --negative reinforcement --negative punishment

The correct answer is: negative reinforcement

When I banged on the heating pipe, it stopped making a noise. The next time I heard that noise, I immediately banged on the pipe. This seems to be an example of --negative reinforcement. --negative punishment. --positive punishment. --positive reinforcement.

The correct answer is: negative reinforcement.

The second process in Mowrer's two-process theory of avoidance involves ______ in the form of ______ Select one: --negative punishment; fear induction --negative reinforcement; fear reduction --negative reinforcement; shock removal --negative punishment; shock presentation

The correct answer is: negative reinforcement; fear reduction

Seema once received a shock while plugging in her toaster and is now quite fearful each time she uses it. In this example, the toaster was originally a(n) _____ stimulus with respect to fear. Select one: --prepared --unconditioned --conditioned --neutral

The correct answer is: neutral

Maria gives her canary some food each time it flutters its wings. The food is a --punisher. --none of these; further information is needed to determine the answer --reinforcer. --discriminative stimulus.

The correct answer is: none of these; further information is needed to determine the answer

The baseline of a behavior is the --normal frequency of that behavior prior to an intervention. --enhanced frequency of that behavior following an intervention. --normal frequency of that behavior following an intervention. --suppressed frequency of that behavior prior to an intervention.

The correct answer is: normal frequency of that behavior prior to an intervention.

Exposure and response prevention therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder involves prolonged exposure to the relevant event while ______ in the ______ behavior pattern. Select one: --not engaging; compulsive --engaging; obsessive --not engaging; obsessive --engaging; compulsive

The correct answer is: not engaging; compulsive

A good behavioral definition should be --unambiguous and abstract. --objective and ambiguous. --subjective and abstract. --objective and unambiguous.

The correct answer is: objective and unambiguous.

All of the following are major schools of behaviorism EXCEPT --ontological behaviorism. --purposive behaviorism. --social learning theory. --neobehaviorism.

The correct answer is: ontological behaviorism.

Suppose your friend smiles after you give her a compliment. As a result, you are now more likely to compliment her in the future. This is best described as an example of --classical conditioning. --operant conditioning. --cognitive learning. --observational learning.

The correct answer is: operant conditioning.

According to research conducted by Stampfl, a critical factor that helps to maintain Diane's wasp phobia is the fact that Select one: --she runs away whenever a wasp draws close to her. --she is intermittently exposed to wasps. --she is intermittently stung by a wasp. --she plans events so that she almost never encounters a wasp.

The correct answer is: she plans events so that she almost never encounters a wasp.

In a shuttle avoidance procedure involving the stimuli of tone and shock, the ______ serves as the SD for the ______ response. Select one: --shock; avoidance --shock; escape --tone; escape --escape response; avoidance

The correct answer is: shock; escape

Vanessa is highly likely to shop and very unlikely to do laundry. Which of the following would be a contingency of punishment for Vanessa, according to the Premack principle? Select one: --doing laundry → shopping --shopping → doing laundry --not doing laundry → no shopping allowed --none of these

The correct answer is: shopping → doing laundry

As I look at the spotlight, I am reminded of the sun. This is best described as an example of Aristotle's law of --contrast. --similarity. --proximity. --contiguity.

The correct answer is: similarity.

Observational learning is a particularly important aspect of --methodological behaviorism. --purposive behaviorism. --social learning theory. --Neobehaviorism.

The correct answer is: social learning theory.

Natural selection leads to changes in a species because --some individuals survive longer than others. --traits are learned, rather than genetic. --none of these --some individuals reproduce more than others.

The correct answer is: some individuals reproduce more than others.

A chair and a table are side by side. This means that they are --temporally contingent. --temporally contiguous. --spatially contingent. --spatially contiguous.

The correct answer is: spatially contiguous.

When Karen stopped paying attention to her daughter's tantrums, they were pretty much gone by the end of the day. However, according to the process of _____, we might expect them to reappear the next morning. Select one: --disinhibition --dishabituation --spontaneous recovery --stimulus discrimination

The correct answer is: spontaneous recovery

A flashing light, a loud bang, and a bad smell are all --stimuluses. --stimuli. --responses. --stimulis.

The correct answer is: stimuli.

From an operant conditioning perspective, chocolate is a reinforcer if it --strengthens the behavior that follows it. --elicits salivation. --both strengthens the behavior that precedes it and elicits salivation. --strengthens the behavior that precedes it.

The correct answer is: strengthens the behavior that precedes it.

A relatively steep generalization gradient indicates Select one: --strong generalization. --weak discrimination. --strong discrimination. --both strong generalization and weak discrimination.

The correct answer is: strong discrimination.

Karen is upset with her husband Rick, and as a result she is not laughing at his knock-knock jokes over dinner. Given what we know about the side effects of extinction, what might we expect Rick to do? Select one: --give up telling jokes immediately --start telling different types of jokes --become agitated --telling different types of jokes and becoming agitated are both possible

The correct answer is: telling different types of jokes and becoming agitated are both possible

"Save the most enjoyable tasks for last." Which of the following approaches would be most supportive of this advice? Select one: --the Premack principle --response deprivation hypothesis --drive reduction theory --behavioral bliss point approach

The correct answer is: the Premack principle

Important aspects of errorless discrimination training include Select one: --the S∆ is introduced early in training. --the SD is introduced late in training. --the SR is presented in weak form to begin with. --the S∆ is presented in strong form to begin with.

The correct answer is: the S∆ is introduced early in training.

According to the opponent-process theory, with repeated presentations of an emotional event Select one: --the b-process increases in both strength and duration. --the b-process decreases in both strength and duration. --the a-process decreases in duration but increases in strength. --the a-process increases in both strength and duration.

The correct answer is: the b-process increases in both strength and duration.

A reversal design may be inappropriate when --the behavior is expected to change quickly. --neither a nor b --both a and b --the change in behavior may be irreversible.

The correct answer is: the change in behavior may be irreversible.