PY exam 2 quiz questions

If I am looking at a snake and processing the fear caused by the snake, what part of my brain am I using?

Amygdala

Aleah remembers that her dog is named Rocky and her cat is named Skipper, but she can't remember the name of her first grade teacher's dog and cat. This is an example of ________.

Atkinson-Shriffrin model

What is the main idea of operant conditioning?

Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.

According to attachment theory, which of the following is not needed for healthy attachment?

Caregiver must be responsive to a child's religious preference.

Which of the following does not occur during the concrete operational stage?

Children begin to use language.

Which of the following statements about deaf culture is false?

Deaf individuals believe children should receive a cochlear implant as soon as possible after birth.

Who experimented with rats to demonstrate that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement?

Edward C. Tolman

How is an explicit memory different from an implicit memory?

Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness.

Which of the following statements about eyewitness testimony is correct?

Eyewitness testimony is vulnerable to the power of suggestion.

Which statement about Edward C. Tolman is incorrect?

He found that emotions can be a conditioned response.

Which of the following is false about John B. Watson?

He is considered the founder of behaviorism.

Which statement about B. F. Skinner is correct?

He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated.

Which of the following statements about Ivan Pavlov is true?

He is known for establishing the principles of classical conditioning.

What has research shown about processing subliminal messages?

In laboratory settings, people can process and respond to information outside of their awareness.

Which of the following statements about parenting styles is true?

In some ethnic groups, authoritarian parenting is as beneficial as authoritative parenting.

How does a cochlear implant enable the deaf to hear?

It receives incoming sound information and directly stimulates the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain.

Which of the following is an example of retrograde amnesia?

Jane Doe emerges from a coma with no idea who she is, and she is unable to provide any details about herself, where she came from, or what happened to her.

is known for using Little Albert in his studies on human emotion.

John B. Watson

Who believed that moral development, like cognitive development, follows a series of stages?

Lawrence Kohlberg

According to Albert Bandura, ________.

Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say.

Two lines appear to be a different length, though in reality they are the same length. This is known as the ________ illusion.

Müller-Lyer

Which of the following illustrates conservation?

Scott knows that one piece of pizza cut into two slices is the same amount as cutting the same piece of pizza into three slices.

Who called the stages of development psychosexual stages?

Sigmund Freud

What is the main idea of the Stroop effect?

The brain's reaction time slows when it must deal with conflicting information.

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Children with FASD may have a large head size and abnormal facial features, poor judgment, poor impulse control, higher rates of ADHD, learning issues, and lower IQ scores.

The word "large" should be changed to the phrase "below average."

Why are olfaction and gustation called chemical senses?

They have sensory receptors that respond to molecules in the food we eat or in the air we breathe.

What is a binaural cue?

What is a binaural cue?

18-month-old Gordon learned the schema for apples. When Gordon sees tomatoes at the grocery store, he says, "Look mommy, apples!" His mother tells him that the food he sees at the store is a tomato, not an apple. He now has separate schemata for tomatoes and apples. This exemplifies ________

accommodation

Which concept refers to the persistent difference in grades, test scores, and graduation rates that exist among students of different ethnicities, races, and sexes?

achievement gap

Kieran is attempting to condition a parrot to greet him when he enters the room. He repeatedly pairs his entry to the room with a treat for the parrot. Kieran can say that ________ has occurred as soon as the parrot greets him in response to his entry.

acquisition

Sariah enters a room with several chirping crickets in it. Upon first entering the room, Sariah can hear the chirping; however, as she begins to talk to her friends, she is no longer aware of the chirping even though it is still there. The fact that Sariah no longer perceives the chirping sound demonstrates sensory ________.

adaptation

What does the equipotentiality hypothesis suggest would happen if the hippocampus was damaged?

another part of the brain would compensate for the damage by taking over the memory function normally managed by the hippocampus

Children whose parents have an authoritarian parenting style can be ________.

anxious, withdrawn, and unhappy

Which theory/hypothesis suggests that strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories, and weak emotional experiences form weak memories?

arousal theory

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning.

associational

Early maturing girls are ________.

at a higher risk of depression, substance abuse, and eating disorders

Sarit is at a bar full of music, chatter, and laughter. He gets involved in an interesting conversation with a woman named Mona, and he tunes out all the background noise. Sarit's friend, Karen, taps him on the shoulder and asks what song just played on the jukebox. Sarit says he doesn't know, even though he is sitting right next to the jukebox and is familiar with popular music. This illustrates the role that ________ plays in what is sensed versus what is perceived.

attention

Which parenting style is most encouraged in modern America?

authoritative

Encoding information occurs through ________.

automatic processing and effortful processing

As toddlers (ages 1-3 years) begin to explore their world, they learn that they can control their actions and act on the environment to get results. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

autonomy vs. shame/doubt

Which of the following is a good example of acoustic encoding?

being able to hum the tune to a song even when you can't remember the lyrics

Which part of the brain is most involved in creating implicit memories?

cerebellum

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? The step of recall, which is the conscious repetition of information to be remembered in order to move it from STM into long-term memory, is called memory consolidation.

change the word "recall" to the word "rehearsal"

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? There are three types of encoding: semantic, visual, and sensory.

change the word "sensory" to the word "acoustic"

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In order for a memory to go into storage, it has to pass through three distinct stages: transitional memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

change the word "transitional" to the word "sensory"

In ________ conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus unconditionally elicits a reaction. For example, a bit of black pepper blown into the eye produces a blinking response.

classical

________ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity.

cognitive

Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light.

cognitive map

During the ________ stage, children understand events and analogies logically, and they can perform simple mathematical operations.

concrete operational

Mabel clicks her tongue while tickling Francis. Eventually, Francis starts to squirm and giggle every time Mabel clicks her tongue, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, tongue clicking is a(n) ________.

conditioned stimulus

Which of the following is an example of stimulus discrimination?

conditioned to drool when a bell rings and being able to tell the difference between the sound of a ringing bell and the sound of a whistle

Ronaldo was born without the ability to experience pain, though he can perceive temperature differences and changes in pressure. What is his condition called?

congenital analgesia

The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called ________.

construction; reconstruction

Jemma wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jemma praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

continuous

When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior, it is called________ reinforcement.

continuous

Light waves are transmitted across the ________ and enter the eye through the ________.

cornea; pupil

The continuous development approach views development as a ________.

cumulative process

Crawling, walking, writing, dressing, naming colors, speaking in sentences, and starting puberty are all examples of ________.

developmental milestones

Benigno wakes up in the middle of the night. He dreamed that he left the oven on, and he is now convinced that the oven is on. He can't go back to sleep until he turns the oven off. Which category of memory failure associated with the seven sins of memory is exemplified?

distortion

Sigmund Freud believed that personality develops ________.

during early childhood

Lisa puts five quarters into the parking meter every time she goes downtown. However, when asked, Lisa cannot say if the head on a quarter is facing left or right. This may be an example of ________, because Lisa never paid attention to the picture in the first place.

encoding failure

What type of memories do we consciously try to remember and recall?

explicit memories

I am trying to learn the names of all 50 states. While I am actively remembering and recalling this information, it is considered ________.

explicit memory

Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of ________.

extinction

Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus?

extinction

Gus receives a paycheck every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

fixed interval

Which category of memory failure associated with the seven sins of memory is exemplified by the following? Amantha left her phone somewhere, but she can't remember where.

forgetting

Dorothy knows songs and rhymes by memory. She can name most colors and numbers, she can even write the letters of her name. Assuming she reached these cognitive and language development milestones at the average age, about how old is Dorothy?

four

________ amplitudes are associated with ________ sounds.

higher; louder

Which part of my brain is probably damaged if I am unable to recognize basic objects around my house?

hippocampus

Remembering ________ is a good example of procedural memory.

how to use the phone

Adolescents (ages 12-18) experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

identity vs. confusion

When people say you never forget how to ride a bike, they are referring to ________ memory, also called non-declarative memory.

implicit

What concept is illustrated by the following study? Participants were instructed to focus on either white or black objects, disregarding the other color. When a red cross passed across the screen, about one third of the subjects did not notice it.

inattentional blindness

What is episodic memory?

information about events we have personally experienced

Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and joeys moving to the mother's pouch immediately after birth are all examples of ________.

instincts

What are innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events, such as aging and the change of seasons?

instincts

After age 65, most people are attempting to assess their lives and make sense of life and the meaning of their contributions. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

integrity vs. despair

Chuck was in a car accident. He wishes he could put it behind him, but every night he has dreams about it, and every time he sees a car he remembers how he felt that day. Which category of memory failure associated with the seven sins of memory is exemplified?

intrusion

Which part of the eye holds eye color?

iris

Which of the following describes the difference in stimuli required to detect a difference between the stimuli?

just noticeable

Which term describes the perception of the body's movement through space?

kinesthesia

Which experiment involves the use of classical conditioning?

knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student

The concept conservation refers to ________.

knowing that even if you change the appearance of something, it is still equal in size as long as nothing has been removed or added

Which of the following is an example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule?

knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart

What is semantic memory?

knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts

Ron is taught to use a special numbers trick to check his final answer, but he does not demonstrate this skill until his end-of-the-year math test. This is an example of ________.

latent learning

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

learning

In order for a memory to go into storage (i.e., long-term memory), it has to pass through three distinct stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and ________ memory.

long term

Our vestibular sense contributes to our ability to ________.

maintain balance and body posture

What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time?

memory

Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle's father is a ________.

model

Which of the following is a developmental issue children face during the formal operational stage?

moral reasoning

________ skills refer to our ability to move our bodies and manipulate objects.

motor

A developmental psychologist might use ________ to observe how children behave on a playground, at a daycare center, or in the child's own home.

naturalistic observation

In operant conditioning, ________ is when something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior.

negative reinforcement

Tyrahn's rods do not transform light into nerve impulses as easily and efficiently as they should, so he has difficulty seeing in dim light. This is called ________.

night blindness

Felicia smacks her thumb with a hammer while building a doghouse. The sense of ________ provides her brain with information about the pain she feels.

nociception

Madeline is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Madeline is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify?

object permanence

Which of the following is not a developmental issue children face during the preoperational stage?

object permanence

Dymesha watches her older sister do headstands. Dymesha falls over when she attempts to do a headstand herself. She watches her older sister more carefully, and she notices that her sister leans backward slightly to complete her headstand. Dymesha is then able to do headstands herself. Which type of learning is this?

observational

When children develop theory-of-mind (TOM), they can recognize that ________.

others have false beliefs

Carissa's parents let her stay up as late as she wants. She is allowed to pick out her own clothes and decide when and what she wants to eat. Her parents act more like her friends than authority figures. What kind of parenting style is this?

permissive

________ development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness.

physical

Engram refers to the ________.

physical trace of memory

In ________ thinking, decisions are made based on situations and circumstances, and logic is integrated with emotion as adults develop principles that depend on contexts.

postformal

According to Jean Piaget, in what stage do children begin to use language?

preoperational

In the ________ stage, children use words and images to represent things, but they lack logical reasoning

preoperational

________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities.

primary

In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior?

punishment

When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system that helps you choose the correct answer.

recognition

Kicking your leg when your knee is tapped and quickly pulling your hand back when you accidently touch a hot stove are both examples of ________.

reflexes

Which of the following is an example of latent learning?

remembering where the nearest gas station is when you unexpectedly run out of gas during your morning commute

Wesley is in a movie theater with no windows—the only light is low illumination from the emergency lights on the floor. Which photoreceptors will be most useful to Wesley as he attempts to leave the theater?

rods

Umberto is a one year old, and his mother is sensitive and responsive to his needs. He is distressed when his mother leaves him, and he is happy to see her when she returns. What kind of attachment is this?

secure

What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes?

sensory

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?

shaping

According to Baddeley and Hitch, ________.

short-term memory itself has different forms

Which of the following is not a way you can use what you know about memory to help you remember the names of all 50 states?

stay up the night before your exam to maximize the amount of time you have to study

If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent ________.

stimulus discrimination

Which of the following is a developmental issue children face during the sensorimotor stage?

stranger anxiety

Dozens of people witness a purse snatching. One of the eyewitnesses loudly yells "the man with the blue shirt did it." Later, when questioned by police, several other eyewitnesses remember the purse snatcher wearing a blue shirt, even though the purse snatcher was a woman in flowered dress. This is an example of ________: the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories.

suggestibility

Which concept describes the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories?

suggestibility

Which of the following is an example of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule?

taking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4:00 p.m.

Which of the following is an example of observational learning?

teaching yourself yoga by watching a yoga group in the park

A ________ is any environmental agent—biological, chemical, or physical—that causes damage.

teratogen

Which of the following is an example of a reflex: an unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment?

the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light

Which of the following is a good example of visual encoding?

thinking about a dog you want to adopt and having the image of the dog appear in your mind

What kind of processing is exemplified by the following scenario? Shimon offers Mouin some salmon. Mouin thinks, "How nice. My friend is offering me fish. I wonder where he got it." This thought leads Mouin to feel happy, appreciative, and curious; he responds with a smile and an extended hand.

top-down

Giorgio memorizes the German poem "The Erlking" to recite in his eighth grade German class. He remembers it well for weeks after the presentation, but gradually his ability to recite the poem fades. This is an example of ________, one of the seven sins of memory.

transcience

In classical conditioning, the ________ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus. For example, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, sneezing is an unlearned reaction to the pollen (i.e., the stimulus).

unconditioned response

Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

variable interval

Felipe looks over his presentation, and he notices that some of the words are written in bold and some are written in italic. His ability to remember these differences is an example of ________ encoding.

visual

Remembering ________ is a good example of semantic memory.

what the word chocolate means

Which of the following is not one of the reasons for the new lifespan development category called emerging adulthood?

young average age for marriage

Remembering ________ is a good example of episodic memory.

your first day of school

A(an) ________ begins as a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge.

zygote