PY201 Exam 4

About _______ percent of those who seek treatment for a substance use problem tend to relapse and return to using drugs or alcohol after a period of abstinence.

40 to 60

Christine and Susan have been together for 3 years and are thinking about getting married. Lately all they seem to do is fight, as they have trouble communicating over the slightest issue. Both are unhappy and are each thinking that they may need to call off the wedding. They go to see a(n) ________ therapist who might help them work through these communication issues and to help them build collaborative problem-solving strategies.

couples

The goal of hospice care is to provide

death with dignity and pain management in a humane and comfortable setting

Anti-anxiety agents work by ________.

depressing central nervous system activity

Suppose you are walking down a street. A woman has fallen down, but because there are so many people around it does not occur to you that you should help. You just assume someone else is about to help her and keep walking. This is an example of ________.

diffusion of responsibility

When development proceeds in a stepwise fashion with periods of growth interrupted by periods where growth is not occurring, we'd say that development is taking a(n) ________ trajectory.

discontinuous

Jory, a six year old, is picking out a card for his mother's birthday. He picks the card with a picture of Lightning McQueen, reasoning that since he loves Cars his mother does to. What does this exemplify?

egocentrism

When Jacob came home from work upset about a disagreement he'd had with his boss, his wife Jodi sat down to listen to him. She imagined the argument that had occurred, and tried to understand how her husband was feeling. Jodi is demonstrating a high level of ________.

empathy

What does nurture refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?

environment and culture

In Medieval times, what would be the most likely form of treatment for someone suffering the symptoms of a psychological illness?

exorcism

Grasping a toy, writing with a pencil, and using a spoon are all examples of ________ motor skills.

fine

Fidel suddenly wanders away from his home and experiences confusion about his identity. Fidel may be experiencing dissociative ________.

fugue

What does nature refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?

genes and biology

Egon can't pay attention in class. He is easily distracted, won't sit still, and displays poor impulse control. The school counselor suggested that his parents take him to a doctor to have him assessed for ________.

ADHD

Which of the following is a drug that can be used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?

Adderall

Which of the following is the best example of central route persuasion?

Anti-smoking advertisements that use charts and graphs to show how many people die from smoking-related causes each year.

Which of the following is the best example of the foot-in-the-door technique of persuasion?

getting your parents to agree to cut their smoking down by a few cigarettes, then asking them to quit altogether

Balancing, running, and jumping are all examples of ________ motor skills.

gross

Phyllis cannot be alone. Her moods and behaviors are unstable, as are her relationships with other people. She often displays inappropriate and intense anger. Recently, Phyllis wrote a suicide note and offered to show it to her husband. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for her personality?

Borderline personality disorder

Apollonia was diagnosed with major depressive disorder five years ago. She knows her mother took medicine to combat depression and she worries her daughter will experience depression too. Why?

Mood disorders have been shown to have a strong genetic and biological basis

Which of the following is an inaccurate statement about dissociative disorders?

People with these disorders exhibit a personality style that differs markedly from the expectations of their culture.

Orlando shares with a friend that he does not like people who are homosexual, and that he goes out of his way at work to avoid helping customers who he suspects are gay. His friend says to him, "man, that isn't a cool way to be. You do realize that you're expressing a form of prejudice called ________, don't you?"

homophobia

Which principle underlies cognitive therapy?

how you think determines how you feel

Adolescents (ages 12-18) experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. Erik Erikson would argue that during this period adolescents face the________ task of development.

identity vs. confusion

Jasmin belongs to the chess club on her campus. She prefers to associate with other members of the chess club while avoiding people that do not belong to this group. She thinks that those who do not play chess must be less intelligent than those who do, and thus she doesn't want to spend time with them. Jasmin has a(n) ________ bias.

in-group

During the therapist's first meeting with the client, called ________, the therapist gathers specific information to address the client's immediate needs.

intake

After age 65, most people are attempting to assess their lives and make sense of life and the meaning of their contributions. Within the psychosocial model of development, what is the primary developmental task of this stage?

integrity vs. despair

Stavros is arrested for drunk driving. His prison sentence includes attending therapy sessions to treat alcohol addiction. He doesn't want to attend these sessions, but his sentence will be extended if he doesn't attend them. What kind of treatment does this describe?

involuntary

What is a main feature of the jigsaw classroom?

kids of different ethnicities need each other to solve problems

The behavior of soldiers who abused prisoners at the Abu Ghraib facility during the Iraq war was predicted by the Stanford Prison Experiment that was overseen by social psychologist ________.

Philip Zimbardo

Which theorist is credited with proposing the psychosexual stages of development?

Sigmund Freud

According to the frustration aggression theory, which of the following is likely to occur when Simon gets frustrated with his toilet training?

Simon bites his mother

What is the single most important fact that predicts the person with whom you will become friends or have a romantic relationship?

The amount of contact you have with people

Which theorist promoted the idea that development is fundamentally affected by one's culture as well as their interactions with their own environment?

Vygotsky

During which kind of situation might a person be most likely to yield to the effects of informational social influence?

When the correct choice is unclear

Marlena tells her therapist that she often feels helpless and unable to accomplish her goals. Her therapist responds by acknowledging her feelings, restating what she has told him, and clarifying the feelings behind what Marlena is expressing. What aspect of client-centered therapy is this?

active listening

Which of the following is the best example of peripheral route persuasion?

anti-smoking advertisements that rely on celebrity spokespeople advocating for reduction in cigarette use

________ disorders are characterized by excessive, persistent fear and worry that is accompanied by disturbances in behaviors.

anxiety

One-year-old Ainsley learned the schema for trucks because his family has a truck. When Ainsley sees cars driving on television, she says, "Look mommy, truck!" This exemplifies ________.

assimilation

Early maturing girls are ________.

at a higher risk of depression, substance abuse, and eating disorders

Which parenting style is most encouraged in modern America?

authoritative

Fantasia believes that people with blue eyes are somehow more creative than other people. Whenever Fantasia encounters a person that has blue eyes and is creative, she places greater importance on this evidence supporting her already existing belief. At the same time, Fantasia ignores any evidence that people without blue eyes might display exceptional creativity. This is called a(n) ________.

confirmation bias

Henry is juror number four in a murder trial. He believes the accused is guilty, but when the jurors vote it becomes clear he is the only one that thinks this way. Henry votes not guilty along with the other jurors despite what he sees as evidence clearly indicating guilt. This is an example of the ________ effect.

conformity

Ashley and Mikhail share their intimate thoughts and emotions, are physically attracted to each other and have an active and satisfying sex life, and are each deeply committed to supporting each other. They share ________ love.

consummate

Nathan has an overinflated and unjustified sense of self-importance. He is preoccupied with fantasies of success and believes that he is entitled to special treatment from others. Nathan appears to suffer from ________ personality disorder.

narcissistic

Those symptoms that involve noticeable decreases and absences in certain behaviors, emotions, or drives in those afflicted with schizophrenia are called ________ symptoms.

negative

The notion that the manner in which one's brain develops can have a significant impact on a persons cognitive functioning is central to the ________ perspective in developmental psychology.

neuroconstructivist

Madeline is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Madeline is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify?

object permanence

Jeff is an unforgiving perfectionist who would rather deliver work a week late than turn in a project with even minor mistakes. In fact, he spends so much time working that he never has time for anything else. Jeff is known to be rigid, inflexible, and stubborn, and he never compromises. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Jeff's personality?

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

Which brain region is believed to play a critical role in the development of symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder?

orbitofrontal cortex

Jarl makes several minor mistakes during his conversational French class. Instead of thinking, "everyone makes mistakes sometimes," he thinks, "I am so stupid." What kind of cognitive distortion is this?

overgeneralization

Carissa's parents let her stay up as late as she wants. She is allowed to pick out her own clothes and decide when and what she wants to eat. Her parents act more like her friends than authority figures. What kind of parenting style is this?

permissive

Within the field of social psychology, a script is defined as a ________.

person's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting

The amount of time a client spends in psychotherapy is determined by the client's needs as well as his or her ________.

personal goals

________ development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness.

physical

Dr. Kaplan is working with a Japanese-American client, and regards the client's silence as an indication that he is not happy to be in therapy. He fails to consider that his client has learned that authority figures should be shown deference and that his silence is a sign of respect. Dr. Kaplan is demonstrating ________.

poor cultural competence

Britta knows that it is wrong to break into a store that is closed, but there is a medical emergency and she has no cell phone with her. Her date has collapsed on the street and is having a seizure. Britta breaks the window of a local store, unlocks the door, and lets herself in to call the police. She stays behind to explain her behavior to the store owner, who shows up shortly after he is called. Britta is operating at the ________ level of Kohlberg's theory of morality.

post-conventional

Cordelia, an active duty marine, served in Afghanistan. While she was on patrol with her friend, an IED went off, killing her friend and injuring Cordelia's left arm. In the two months since her friend died, Cordelia has been jumpy, irritable, avoids talking about her friend, and once every few days experiences a flashback to the explosion. Cordelia is experiencing ________ disorder.

post-traumatic stress

Which institutional setting replaced asylums in caring for the mentally ill?

psychiatric hospitals

Cultural competence is a therapist's understanding of, and attention to, ________.

race, culture, and ethnicity in providing treatment

Mental or behavioral acts that reduce anxiety in social situations, such as avoiding eye contact or rehearsing sentences before speaking are called ________.

safety behaviors

During the international coronavirus pandemic, many people began acting aggressively toward individuals of Chinese descent, blaming them for the virus even though most of those people had lived in the United States for their entire lives. Those Chinese-Americans were the victim of a process called ________.

scapegoating

Alexis experiences the symptoms of major depressive disorder, but only during the fall and winter months when she gets less direct exposure to sunlight. What kind of depression does Alexis have?

seasonal pattern

Which of the following strategies would effectively prevent groupthink from occurring?

seeking outside opinions on group decisions

Which pair of neurotransmitters has received the most attention as a potential explanation for the symptoms of schizophrenia?

serotonin and norepinephrine

Electroconvulsive therapy is effective in alleviating symptoms for people with ________.

severe depression who have not responded to traditional drug therapy

Autism spectrum disorder is marked by all but which of the following categories of symptoms?

severe depressive symptoms

What is a social role?

socially defined pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group

Diondre harbors the belief that spider eggs have been implanted underneath his fingernails and that the spiders will hatch inside his skin and will eventually begin to eat his organs. What kind of delusion is this?

somatic

What kind of family therapy involves the therapist guiding the therapy session and developing treatment plans for each family member's specific problem?

strategic

Dr. Piccolo is working with a family and determines that the parents do not make rules together and often contradict each other. This leads to confusion among the children who act out because they don't understand what is expected of them in the home. She helps them to get 'on the same page' with regard to each family member's place in the home and helps the parents work on their own relationship as co-parents. This is called ________ family therapy.

structural

Martha and Mikey go to meet with a psychotherapist and other parents to learn about their adult son's symptoms of schizophrenia. They spend time discussing the illness, learning to understand his challenges, and getting information about how to most effectively help him recover. This approach is called a ________ group.

structural

The ________ perspective of psychological disorders attributed symptoms of such ailments to forces that were beyond scientific understanding, such as black magic or evil spirits.

supernatural

Emily is a doctoral student in psychology. She plans to use ________ to complete her doctoral paper, asking individuals to self-report important information about how their thoughts, experiences, and beliefs differ over a 10-year period.

surveys

On the advice of her therapist, Thora decides to treat her fear of heights by exposing herself to heights using a hierarchy of stimuli related to her phobia. Which form of therapy is she using?

systematic desensitization

Peripartum onset depression is a kind of depression ________.

that applies to women who experience major depressive symptoms during or in the four weeks after a pregnancy

What is meant by the term etiology?

the cause of a disorder

What principle underlies cognitive-behavioral therapy?

thoughts affect actions

Patients at Manderly Psychiatric Center are rewarded with chips when they engage in positive behaviors such as socializing with other patients. They can later exchange the chips for privileges, like extra TV time. This is an example of ________.

token economy

Between birth and one year, infants are dependent on their caregivers; therefore, caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant's needs help their baby to develop a sense of the world as a safe, predictable place. In Erikson's developmental theory, what is the primary developmental task of this stage?

trust vs. mistrust

Dr. Duncan is a therapist who works with men accused of domestic violence. Although it is difficult, she does her best to be non-judgmental during therapy sessions. Which aspect of client-centered therapy is this?

unconditional positive regard

How long does traditional psychoanalysis typically take?

years

Which of the following is not one of the reasons for the new lifespan development category called emerging adulthood?

younger average age for marriage

A(an) ________ begins as a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge.

zygote

According to ________, lifespan development encompasses eight stages and at each stage we encounter a psychosocial crisis that must be resolved.

Erik Erikson

Which of the following exemplifies a symptom of autism spectrum disorder?

Gemma exhibits deficits in social interaction by not initiating conversations with other children, and she turns her head away when spoken to.

Which statement about groupthink is correct?

Group members modify their opinions to match what they believe is the group consensus.

In a study of several thousand women, it was found that rates of bulimia nervosa was more prevalent among _________ women when compared to non-Hispanic whites.

Hispanic and Asian-American

What is the main point of the textbook discussion of Milgram's obedience study?

Individuals will obey authority to the point of potentially causing harm to another person.

Which of the following is the best example of a compulsion?

Jordy locks his door exactly nine times every time he leaves the house to make sure it is locked.

Which of the following is an example of a self-serving bias?

Leonard attributes earning a good grade in his psychology class to the fact that he is an exceptionally hard working student who is also incredibly smart. He blames the poor grade he received in his sociology class on having a bad teacher who gave hard exams.

Nicole is socially inhibited and oversensitive to negative evaluation. She was thinking about a career in nursing, but she changed her mind because she believes the doctors would criticize her and patients would reject her. She has never been on a date because she feels socially inept and unappealing; she avoids meeting new people because anything less than immediate, unconditional acceptance causes her anxiety. Just yesterday she was invited to go on a kayak trip, but she didn't go because she was worried she would embarrass herself. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Nicole's personality?

avoidant personality disorder

Why are girls more likely than boys to be victims of cyberbullying?

because girls are found to spend more time online

Which of the following is a common characteristic of all dissociative disorders?

becoming split off, or separated, from one's core sense of self

The approach to psychology suggesting that psychological disorders may be best explained by looking at genetic factors, chemical imbalances, and brain abnormalities is the ________ perspective.

biological

________ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity

cognitive

Rhona and Jerome share each other's thoughts and feelings and are prepared to support each other, but they do not feel any real passion toward each other. They have a relationship based on ________ love.

companionate

A psychological disorder is a ________.

condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

In Stanley Milgram's obedience research, the person playing the part of the "learner" was an accomplice, or ________, of the experiment. He was aware of the true purpose of the research, was never shocked, and was acting according to Milgram's instructions.

confederate

Which term refers to the fact that the therapist cannot disclose private communications to any third party unless mandated or permitted by law to do so?

confidentiality