PY201 Exam Two

____________ are specialized photoreceptors that work well in low light conditions, and while they lack the spatial resolution and color function of the cones, they are involved in our vision in dimly lit environments as well as in our perception of movement on the periphery of our visual field.

Rods

________________ ___________ _______________ refers to a work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily or weekly basis.

Rotating shift work

___________ is a state marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest that occur during wakefulness.

Sleep

____________ ___________ is defined by episodes during which a sleeper's breathing stops

Sleep apnea

_____________ ______________ refers to the fact that a sleep deprived individual will tend to take a shorter time to fall asleep during subsequent opportunities for sleep.

Sleep rebound

________________ _________________ refers to the brain's control of switching between sleep and wakefulness as well as coordinating this cycle with the outside world.

Sleep regulation

____________ __ sleep is a transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep, the period during which we drift off to sleep. During this time, there is a slowdown in both the rates of respiration and heartbeat.

Stage 1

As we move into __________ __ sleep, the body goes into a state of deep relaxation. Theta waves still dominate the activity of the brain, but they are interrupted by brief bursts of activity known as sleep spindles

Stage 2

__________ __ and ___________ __ of sleep are often referred to as deep sleep or slow-wave sleep because these stages are characterized by low frequency (up to 4 Hz), high amplitude delta waves

Stage 3 and Stage 4

______________ are drugs that tend to increase overall levels of neural activity

Stimulants

_________________: difficult to bring into awareness

Subconscious

_____________ __________ are formed by groupings of taste receptor cells with hair-like extensions that protrude into the central pore of the taste bud

Taste buds

___________ ______________ are even lower frequency (4-7 Hz), higher amplitude brain waves than alpha waves.

Theta waves

____________________ is linked to physiological dependence, and it occurs when a person requires more and more drug to achieve effects previously experienced at lower doses.

Tolerance

Which type of processing involves the interpretation of sensations and is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts?

Top-down

_______________ is actually a Japanese word that roughly translates to yummy, and it is associated with a taste for monosodium glutamate

Umami

__________________ is characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior.

Wakefulness

_________________ refers to the length of a wave from one peak to the next

Wavelength

The sleep cycle is an example of a(n) ________ rhythm.

circadian

A _______________ _________________ is a biological rhythm that takes place over a period of about 24 hours.

circadian rhythm

________________ _______________ is a process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events.

classical conditioning

List order of brain waves and the decrease in _______________ and increase in ______________ as you go down

Beta-->Alpha-->Theta-->Delta frequency, amplitude

________________ _________________ are internal rhythms of biological activity.

Biological rhythms

_______________-_____ __________________ refers to the fact that perceptions are built from sensory input. On the other hand, how we interpret those sensations is influenced by our available knowledge, our experiences, and our thoughts. This is called _____-________________ ___________________.

Bottom-up processing, top-down processing

________________: disorder where you randomly are paralyzed and your pons thinks you are asleep

Cataplexy

_______________ ________________ are electronic devices that consist of a microphone, a speech processor, and an electrode array.

Cochlear implants

______________ is an opioid with relatively low potency.

Codeine

_______________-_______________ _______________ is a type of psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors.

Cognitive-behavioral therapy

________________ ________________ (____): a stimulus that elicits a response after repeatedly being paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

____________________ describes our awareness of internal and external stimuli.

Consciousness

______________ is the partial or complete inability to hear

Deafness

____________ _________________ includes a variety of negative symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued.

Drug withdrawal

__________________________: measures electrical activity of the heart

Electrocardiograph (EKG)

___________________________: measures brain waves

Electroencephalograph (EEG)

________________________________: measures electrical activity of muscles

Electromyograph (EMG)

_________________________: measures eye movement

Electrooculograph (EOG)

___________________ __________________ is a discipline that studies how universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have evolved over time as a result of natural selection.

Evolutionary Psychology

________________ is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus.

Extinction

________________ refers to the number of waves that pass a given point in a given time period and is often expressed in terms of ___________ (____), or cycles per second.

Frequency, hertz (Hz)

Which field of psychology includes the following concepts: figure-ground relationship, law of continuity, and principle of closure?

Gestalt

Wertheimer, and his assistants Wolfgang Köhler and Kurt Koffka, who later became his partners, believed that perception involved more than simply combining sensory stimuli. This belief led to a new movement within the field of psychology known as ______________ _________________

Gestalt psychology

____________________ occurs when we learn not to respond to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly without change.

Habituation

____________________ is the tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system.

Homeostasis

_________________ is a state of extreme self-focus and attention in which minimal attention is given to external stimuli.

Hypnosis

_________________ ________________ ___________________ refers to the fact that a sound coming from the right side of your body is more intense at your right ear than at your left ear because of the attenuation of the sound wave as it passes through your head. I

Interaural level difference

______________ _______________ ________________ refers to the small difference in the time at which a given sound wave arrives at each ear

Interaural timing difference

_________________ ________________ involves changes in normal bodily functions—the user will experience withdrawal from the drug upon cessation of use

Physical dependence

___________________: polygraph used to study sleep

Polysomnograph

______________: easy to bring into awareness

Preconscious

________________ __________________ are reinforcers that have innate reinforcing qualities. These kinds of reinforcers are not learned.

Primary reinforcers

Mohammed is sleeping. His eyelids are quivering because his eyes are darting around. Mohammed is probably experiencing ________ sleep.

REM

The pons is important for regulating ___________ sleep

REM

___________ sleep is characterized by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids

REM

___________ _____________: if we are deprived of sleep an extended period of time and allowed to sleep freely, we will enter REM more quickly and stay in it an extended period of time

REM rebound

___________ ____________ behavior disorder: also called REM w/o atonia

REM sleep

____________ _____________ _________________ _________________ (RBD) occurs when the muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur.

REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)

__________________ are a motor or neural reaction to a specific stimulus in the environment.

Reflexes

The ____________ is a fluidfilled, snail-shaped structure that contains the sensory receptor cells (hair cells) of the auditory system

cochlea

Loudness is measured in terms of _______________ (_____), a logarithmic unit of sound intensity.

decibels (dB)

A _______________ is a drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity.

depressant

Alcohol is considered a ________ because it tends to suppress central nervous system activity.

depressant

Our ability to perceive spatial relationships in three-dimensional (3-D) space is known as ______________ ____________________

depth perception

According to the dissociation view of hypnosis, hypnosis is ________.

effectively a dissociated state of consciousness

________________: bedwetting

enuresis

________-frequency sound waves are perceived as high-pitched sounds, while ________-frequency sound waves are perceived as low-pitched sounds.

high, low

Pairing a new neutral stimulus with the conditioned stimulus is called ___________-_____________ _________________, or ______________-___________ _______________

higher-order conditioning, second-order conditioning

In the brain, the ________________________, which lies above the pituitary gland, is a main center of homeostasis.

hypothalamus

Failure to notice something that is completely visible because of a lack of attention is called _______________ _______________.

inattentional blindness

What concept is illustrated by the following study? Participants were instructed to focus on either white or black objects, disregarding the other color. When a red cross passed across the screen, about one third of the subjects did not notice it.

inattentional blindness

Pain that signals some type of tissue damage is known as _________________ ____________.

inflammatory pain

_________________ are innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events, such as aging and the change of seasons.

instincts

The sleep debt is the result of ________.

insufficient sleep on a chronic basis

The pupil's size is controlled by muscles that are connected to the ___________, which is the colored portion of the eye.

iris

Our vestibular sense contributes to our ability to ________.

maintain balance and body posture

One important regulator of sleep-wake cycles is the hormone ____________________.

melatonin

In fact, a __________-________________, which is a study that combines the results of many related studies, conducted within the last decade indicates that by the time we are 65 years old, we average fewer than 7 hours of sleep per day

meta-analysis

the auditory system uses both ______________ (one-eared) and ______________ (two-eared) cues to localize sound.

monaural, binaural

Think about all the paintings and photographs you have seen. Generally, you pick up on depth in these images even though the visual stimulus is 2-D. When we do this, we are relying on a number of _________________ _____________, or cues that require only one eye.

monocular cues

a person with ________________ cannot resist falling asleep at inopportune times. These sleep episodes are often associated with _________________, which is a lack of muscle tone or muscle weakness, and in some cases involves complete paralysis of the voluntary muscles.

narcolepsy, cataplexy

In ______________ __________________, you remove an aversive stimulus to decrease behavior.

negative punishment

In ________________ ___________________, an undesirable stimulus is removed to increase a behavior.

negative reinforcement

In some situations, pain results from damage to neurons of either the peripheral or central nervous system. As a result, pain signals that are sent to the brain get exaggerated. This type of pain is known as ___________________ _____________.

neuropathic pain

In ________________ ________________, we learn by watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say. The individuals performing the imitated behavior are called _____________.

observational learning, models

Once an odor molecule has bound a given receptor, chemical changes within the cell result in signals being sent to the _______________ __________: a bulb-like structure at the tip of the frontal lobe where the olfactory nerves begin

olfactory bulb

In ________________ ____________________, organisms learn to associate a behavior and its consequence

operant conditioning

Natural opioids, called ________________, are derivatives of opium, which is a naturally occurring compound found in the poppy plant.

opiates

An ___________ is one of a category of drugs that includes heroin, morphine, methadone, and codeine.

opioid

Which nerve carries visual information from the retina to the brain?

optic

The optic nerve from each eye merges just below the brain at a point called the ____________ ____________.

optic chiasm

Axons from the retinal ganglion cells converge and exit through the back of the eye to form the __________ ____________.

optic nerve

The middle ear contains three tiny bones known as the _____________, which are named the ______________ (or hammer), ____________ (or anvil), and the _____________ (or stirrup).

ossicles, malleus, incus, and stapes

A _______________ is one of a group of sleep disorders in which unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/ or experiences during sleep play a role.

parasomnia

In ____________ _________________, also referred to as intermittent reinforcement, the person or animal does not get reinforced every time they perform the desired behavior.

partial reinforcement

According to Gestalt theorists, ___________________ _________________, or our ability to discriminate among different figures and shapes, occurs by following the principles described above.

pattern perception

Our perceptions are based on ____________________ _______________________: educated guesses that we make while interpreting sensory information.

perceptual hypotheses

Many species respond to chemical messages, known as ________________, sent by another individual

pheromones

These ____________________ cells, known as cones, are light-detecting cells.

photoreceptor

The ________________ _____________, an endocrine structure located inside the brain that releases melatonin, is thought to be involved in the regulation of various biological rhythms and of the immune system during sleep

pineal gland

The outer ear includes the ____________, which is the visible part of the ear that protrudes from our heads, the auditory canal, and the ___________________ _________________, or eardrum.

pinna, tympanic membrane

The frequency of a sound wave is associated with our perception of that sound's __________.

pitch

The ____________ ______________ of pitch perception suggests that different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies. More specifically, the base of the basilar membrane responds best to high frequencies and the tip of the basilar membrane responds best to low frequencies. Therefore, hair cells that are in the base portion would be labeled as high-pitch receptors, while those in the tip of basilar membrane would be labeled as low-pitch receptors

place theory

Basic rest activity cycle is controlled in the ____________

pons

In _______________ ___________________, you add an undesirable stimulus to decrease a behavior.

positive punishment

In ________________ __________________, a desirable stimulus is added to increase a behavior.

positive reinforcement

Typically in hypnosis a _________-_______________ __________________ is given (what to do after hypnosis)

post-hypnotic suggestion

The ________________ of __________________ states that we organize our perceptions into complete objects rather than as a series of parts

principle of closure

In addition to maintaining balance, the vestibular system collects information critical for controlling movement and the reflexes that move various parts of our bodies to compensate for changes in body position. Therefore, both _______________________ (perception of body position) and ___________________ (perception of the body's movement through space) interact with information provided by the vestibular system.

proprioception, kinesthesia

Another Gestalt principle for organizing sensory stimuli into meaningful perception is _________________. This principle asserts that things that are close to one another tend to be grouped together

proximity

a person who has ____________________ __________________ has an emotional, rather than physical, need for the drug and may use the drug to relieve psychological distress.

psychological dependence

_________________ always decreases a behavior

punishment

The ___________ is the small opening in the eye through which light passes, and the size of the ____________ can change as a function of light levels as well as emotional arousal.

pupil

A person with _______________ ___________ ________________ has uncomfortable sensations in the legs during periods of inactivity or when trying to fall asleep.

restless leg syndrome

A _________________ __________________ has no inherent value and only has reinforcing qualities when linked with a primary reinforcer.

secondary reinforcer

When sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor, _________________ has occurred. For example, light that enters the eye causes chemical changes in cells that line the back of the eye.

sensation

When the hearing problem is associated with a failure to transmit neural signals from the cochlea to the brain, it is called ________________ _____________________ _______________.

sensorineural hearing loss

In fact, we often don't perceive stimuli that remain relatively constant over prolonged periods of time. This is known as ________________ __________________.

sensory adaptation

Instead of rewarding only the target behavior, in _____________, we reward successive approximations of a target behavior.

shaping

The ability to identify a stimulus when it is embedded in a distracting background is called ________________ ________________ _______________.

signal detection theory

We might also use the principle of ______________ to group things in our visual fields. According to this principle, things that are alike tend to be grouped together

similarity

A person with a ____________ ______________ does not get sufficient sleep on a chronic basis.

sleep debt

A ____________ ___________ is a rapid burst of higher frequency brain waves that may be important for learning and memory

sleep spindle

In _________________, or somnambulism, the sleeper engages in relatively complex behaviors ranging from wandering about to driving an automobile.

sleepwalking

Shoresh suggests that Ted cluck like a chicken during the hypnosis not because he is experiencing an altered state of consciousness but because he is playing the role of a hypnotized person. This is a good example of the ________ theory of hypnotism.

social-cognitive

_________________ ________________: the return of a previously extinguished conditioned response following a rest period

spontaneous recovery

When an organism learns to respond differently to various stimuli that are similar, it is called ________________ _____________________

stimulus discrimination

when an organism demonstrates the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the condition stimulus, it is called __________________ __________________

stimulus generalization

It is also possible for us to get messages that are presented below the threshold for conscious awareness—these are called _____________________ ________________.

subliminal messages

In ______________ _______________ ________________ _______________ (_______) an infant stops breathing during sleep and dies

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

The brain's clock mechanism is located in an area of the hypothalamus known as the ____________________ ______________________ (____)

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

The _______________ ________________ of pitch perception asserts that frequency is coded by the activity level of a sensory neuron.

temporal theory

In addition to the receptors located in the skin, there are also a number of free nerve endings that serve sensory functions. These nerve endings respond to a variety of different types of touch-related stimuli and serve as sensory receptors for both _________________________ (temperature perception) and ________________________ (a signal indicating potential harm and maybe pain)

thermoreception, nociception

Tayla smokes marijuana. At first, just a few inhalations were enough to cloud her mind. Over time, she needs to smoke more and more to achieve the same affect. This is an example of ________.

tolerance

The conversion from sensory stimulus energy to action potential is known as ___________________.

transduction

According to the _______________ ______________ of ____________ ______________, shown in Figure 5.13, all colors in the spectrum can be produced by combining red, green, and blue.

trichromatic theory of color vision

_________________ _________________: faster than once a day (ex; basic rest-activity cycle)

ultradian rhythm

In Pavlov's experiments, the dogs salivated each time meat powder was presented to them. The meat powder in this situation was an _______________________ _____________________ (______): a stimulus that elicits a reflexive response in an organism. The dogs' salivation was an _________________________ _________________ (_______): a natural (unlearned) reaction to a given stimulus.

unconditioned stimulus (UCS), unconditioned response (UCR)

With a _______________ ______________ __________________ _________________, the person or animal gets the reinforcement based on varying amounts of time, which are unpredictable.

variable interval reinforcement schedule

In a ______________ _____________ _______________ __________________, the number of responses needed for a reward varies. This is the most powerful partial reinforcement schedule

variable ratio reinforcement schedule

Ménière's disease results in a degeneration of inner ear structures that can lead to hearing loss, tinnitus (constant ringing or buzzing), _____________ (a sense of spinning), and an increase in pressure within the inner ear

vertigo

The __________________ ___________ contributes to our ability to maintain balance and body posture.

vestibular sense

If you observed the model being punished, you would be less motivated to copy her. This is called _______________ __________________.

vicarious punishment

If you saw that the model was reinforced for her behavior, you will be more motivated to copy her. This is known as ________________ ___________________.

vicarious reinforcement

The _____________ ______________ is the portion of the larger __________________ __________________ that we can see.

visible spectrum, electromagnetic spectrum

_______________: time-givers (sun, watch)

zeitgebers

___________________ _________________ refers to the minimum amount of stimulus energy that must be present for the stimulus to be detected 50% of the time

Absolute threshold

__________________ ____________________ occurs when an organism makes connections between stimuli or events that occur together in the environment.

Associative learning

__________ __________ is a collection of symptoms that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment. These symptoms include fatigue, sluggishness, irritability, and ________________ (i.e., a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a month's time)

Jet lag, insomnia

Which theorist suggested that dreaming may represent a state of protoconsciousness?

John Hobson

A __-____________ is a very high amplitude pattern of brain activity that may in some cases occur in response to environmental stimuli.

K-complex

______________ ______________, on the other hand, refers to the hidden meaning of a dream.

Latent content

_________________ _________________ refers to the fact that we perceive depth when we see two parallel lines that seem to converge in an image

Linear perspective

_____________ ___________ are dreams in which certain aspects of wakefulness are maintained during a dream state.

Lucid dreams

_______________ ____________ is the actual content, or storyline, of a dream

Manifest Content

__________________ is the act of focusing on a single target (such as the breath or a repeated sound) to increase awareness of the moment.

Meditation

__________________ _________________ respond to pressure and lower frequency vibrations

Meissner's corpuscles

______________ _____________ respond to light pressure, while _________________ ________________ detect stretch

Merkel's disks, Ruffini corpuscles

_________________ is a synthetic opioid that is less euphorigenic than heroin and similar drugs.

Methadone

__________________ ________________ help people who previously struggled with opioid addiction manage withdrawal symptoms through the use of methadone

Methadone clinics

______________________ is a type of amphetamine that can be made from ingredients that are readily available (e.g., medications containing pseudoephedrine, a compound found in many over-the-counter cold and flu remedies).

Methamphetamine

One disease that results in sensorineural hearing loss is _______________ _______________

Ménière's disease

_________________ sleep is subdivided into four stages distinguished from each other and from wakefulness by characteristic patterns of brain waves.

NREM

______________: randomly fall asleep and are paralyzed

Narcolepsy

__________________ _____________ (___): a stimulus that does not naturally elicit a response

Neutral stimulus (NS)

____________ ______________ result in a sense of panic in the sufferer and are often accompanied by screams and attempts to escape from the immediate environment

Night Terrors

______________ ____________ _____________ occurs when an individual's airway becomes blocked during sleep, and air is prevented from entering the lungs

Obstructive sleep apnea

_________________ ________________ cells are located in a mucous membrane at the top of the nose. Small hair-like extensions from these receptors serve as the sites for odor molecules dissolved in the mucus to interact with chemical receptors located on these extensions

Olfactory receptor

What is the main idea of social learning theory?

One can learn new behaviors by observing others

According to this theory, color is coded in opponent pairs: blackwhite, yellow-blue, and green-red.

Opponent-process theory

_________________ _________________ detect transient pressure and higher frequency vibrations

Pacinian corpuscles

_________________ refers to the way sensory information is organized, interpreted, and consciously experienced.

Perception

In classical conditioning, the initial period of learning is known as ______________, when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

acquisition

An _____________ describes the continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus.

afterimage

The early portion of stage 1 sleep produces _____________ _____________, which are relatively low frequency (8-13Hz), high amplitude patterns of electrical activity (waves) that become synchronized

alpha waves

Sleep is a state of _______________ ______________

altered consciousness

The _________________ of a wave is the height of a wave as measured from the highest point on the wave (__________ or __________) to the lowest point on the wave (___________).

amplitude, peak or crest, trough

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning.

associational

The _______________ ________________ is a thin strip of tissue within the cochlea.

basilar membrane

We use a variety of cues in a visual scene to establish our sense of depth. Some of these are _____________ _____________, which means they rely on the use of both eyes.

binocular cues

One example of a binocular depth cue is ________________ _________________, the slightly different view of the world that each of our eyes receives

binocular disparity

Regular feelings of hunger are an example of a(n) ________ rhythm.

biological

There is a point in the visual field called the ___________ __________: Even when light from a small object is focused on the ________ ___________, we do not see it

blind spot

In _______________ ______________ ________________, disruption in signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing cause periods of interrupted breathing

central sleep apnea

In the experiments, Tolman placed hungry rats in a maze with no reward for finding their way through it. He also studied a comparison group that was rewarded with food at the end of the maze. As the unreinforced rats explored the maze, they developed a _______________ ______________: a mental picture of the layout of the maze

cognitive map

The _________________ _________________, as described by Jung, is a theoretical repository of information he believed to be shared by everyone.

collective unconscious

The behavior caused by the conditioned stimulus is called the _____________________ __________________ (___)

conditioned response (CR)

Many others begin to suffer from __________________ _______________ _________ because of age, genetic predisposition, or environmental effects, including exposure to extreme noise (noise-induced hearing loss, as shown in Figure 5.18), certain illnesses (such as measles or mumps), or damage due to toxins (such as those found in certain solvents and metals).

conductive hearing loss

The ____________ are specialized types of photoreceptors that work best in bright light conditions.

cones

Some people are born deaf, which is known as _________________ _________________.

congenital deafness

Some individuals are born without the ability to feel pain. This very rare genetic disorder is known as __________________ _________________ _____ __________________ (or congenital analgesia)

congenital insensitivity to pain

The law of _________________ suggests that we are more likely to perceive continuous, smooth flowing lines rather than jagged, broken lines

continuity

One of the most common treatments for sleep apnea involves the use of a special device during sleep. A _______________ ________________ ________________ _______________ (CPAP) device includes a mask that fits over the sleeper's nose and mouth, which is connected to a pump that pumps air into the person's airways, forcing them to remain open

continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior, it is called ___________________ ______________________

continuous reinforcement.

The ____________ is the transparent covering over the eye. It serves as a barrier between the inner eye and the outside world, and it is involved in focusing light waves that enter the eye

cornea

The cocaine, amphetamine, cathinones, and MDMA users seek a ________________ ____________, feelings of intense elation and pleasure, especially in those users who take the drug via intravenous injection or smoking

euphoric high

Which of the following would be experienced during a euphoric high?

feelings of intense elation and pleasure

One Gestalt principle is the _______________-_____________ _______________________. According to this principle, we tend to segment our visual world into figure and ground.

figure-ground relationship

A ____________ ______________ ________________ ___________________ is when behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time.

fixed interval reinforcement schedule

With a _____________ _________________ ________________ ________________, there are a set number of responses that must occur before the behavior is rewarded.

fixed ratio reinforcement schedule

In a normal-sighted individual, the lens will focus images perfectly on a small indentation in the back of the eye known as the _____________, which is part of the _______________, the light-sensitive lining of the eye.

fovea, retina

_____________-____________ rhythm: natural rhythm without zeitgebers

free-running

Sound waves travel along the auditory canal and strike the tympanic membrane, causing it to vibrate. This vibration results in movement of the three ossicles. As the ossicles move, the stapes presses into a thin membrane of the cochlea known as the oval window. As the stapes presses into the oval window, the fluid inside the cochlea begins to move, which in turn stimulates ___________ ___________, which are auditory receptor cells of the inner ear embedded in the basilar membrane.

hair cells

A __________________ is one of a class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences

hallucinogen

Absolute thresholds are generally measured under incredibly controlled conditions in situations that are optimal for sensitivity. Sometimes, we are more interested in how much difference in stimuli is required to detect a difference between them. This is known as the ________________ __________________ _________________ (jnd) or _______________ _____________________.

just noticeable difference, difference threshold

Which term describes the perception of the body's movement through space?

kinesthesia

After 10 sessions in the maze without reinforcement, food was placed in a goal box at the end of the maze. As soon as the rats became aware of the food, they were able to find their way through the maze quickly, just as quickly as the comparison group, which had been rewarded with food all along. This is known as ________________ _______________: learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it.

latent learning

According to the ____________ of ____________, behaviors that are followed by consequences that are satisfying to the organism are more likely to be repeated, and behaviors that are followed by unpleasant consequences are less likely to be repeated

law of effect

_______________ is a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience.

learning

After passing through the pupil, light crosses the _________, a curved, transparent structure that serves to provide additional focus.

lens

Within the visible spectrum, our experience of red is associated with ___________________ ________________.

longer wavelengths