PYSC 101 CH. 14

b. passionate

"But are you in love?" Lynette asks her friend. Lynette is trying to determine whether her friend is experiencing _____ love. Select one: a. companionate b. passionate c. physical d. cathartic

a. dispositional

"Probably, he cheated on the test because he is a dishonest person." This is a(n) _____ attribution. Select one: a. dispositional b. situational c. central d. peripheral

d. cognition

A person who enjoys thinking, reflecting, and philosophizing is most likely to score high on a measure of the need for: Select one: a. achievement. b. ideation. c. affiliation. d. cognition.

d. entrapment

A petroleum company enacts a plan to stem the flow of oil gushing from a broken rig. The plan is largely unsuccessful. Nevertheless, the company continues to promote and finance the plan. Which of the following concepts is illustrated in this example? Select one: a. Cognitive dissonance b. Foot-in-the-door effect c. Self-serving bias d. Entrapment

b. self fulfilling prophecy

A(n) _____ is an expectation about the occurrence of a future event or behavior that acts to increase the likelihood the event or behavior will occur. Select one: a. reciprocity-of-liking effect b. self-fulfilling prophecy c. diffusion of responsibility d. entrapment

b. Having just one person present who shares the minority point of view is sufficient to reduce conformity pressures.

According to Asch's pioneering work on conformity, which of the following statements is TRUE? Select one: a. Groups that unanimously support a position show the least pronounced conformity pressures. b. Having just one person present who shares the minority point of view is sufficient to reduce conformity pressures. c. Conformity refers to behavior that occurs only in response to direct social pressure. d. The more attractive a group appears to its members, the lesser its ability to produce conformity

b. passion

According to Sternberg, the _____ component of love includes the motivational drives relating to sex, physical closeness, and romance. Select one: a. intimacy b. passion c. decision d. closeness

c. decision

According to Sternberg, the _____ component of love involves initial thoughts that one loves someone and the longer-term feelings of commitment to maintain love. Select one: a. intimacy b. passion c. decision d. closeness

d. is persuaded by using peripheral route processing

Andrea and Lily went together to watch a movie. Andrea was very excited to watch the movie, whereas Lily was absolutely bored and disinterested. While Andrea liked the script and the message of the movie, Lily liked only the location and the clothes worn by the lead actors in the movie. Based on this information, one can infer that Lily: Select one: a. has a high need for cognition. b. reflects on persuasive messages by employing central route processing. c. makes judgments based on logical and complex messages. d. is persuaded by using peripheral route processing.

d. social identity

As an adolescent, Travis realizes that he is gay. Immediately on coming out, he withdraws from his heterosexual friends and promotes positions more radical than those he formerly endorsed. He favors the "outing" of closeted public figures under all circumstances, and he argues that gays who wish to marry are imitating heterosexual values. Which account of prejudice does Travis' example illustrate most clearly? Select one: a. Cognitive categorization b. Resource competition c. Observational learning d. Social identity

a. altruism

Behavior that helps others but that involves some self-sacrifice is termed: Select one: a. altruism. b. prosocial behavior. c. catharsis. d. empathy.

c. central

Blanche is extremely interested in politics and believes an upcoming election is very important to the future. Blanche would most likely be persuaded by a campaign message relying on the _____ route to persuasion. Select one: a. primary b. secondary c. central d. peripheral

d. Companionate love does not involve physical intimacy; passionate love does

Consider the distinction many researchers make between passionate and companionate love. How do the two types of love differ? Select one: a. Passionate love does not involve feelings of closeness and connectedness; companionate love does. b. Passionate love does not involve commitment; companionate love does. c. Companionate love does not involve feelings of closeness and connectedness; passionate love does. d. Companionate love does not involve physical intimacy; passionate love does

d. industrial organzational

Dr. Greene studies ways to increase the safety behavior of workers on offshore oil platforms. Dr. Greene is a(n) _____ psychologist. Select one: a. developmental b. social c. cognitive d. industrial-organizational

b. dispositional

Fiona got an e-mail from her manager, Rebecca, asking her to meet to discuss a past project. Unfortunately, Fiona was struggling to complete a project due that afternoon and had to reply that she was too busy to meet today. Rebecca was not pleased with Fiona's refusal to meet her and told another coworker that she thought Fiona was "too busy and important" to meet with her supervisor; thus, she is an unpleasant snob. Rebecca is making a(n) ______ attribution of Fiona. Select one: a. situational b. dispositional c. primary d. secondary

c. assumed-similarity bias.

George met Paul at a seminar for the first time. When Paul expressed his political interests, George felt that Paul was very much like him as they shared the same opinions on political ideals. George's inference is an example of: Select one: a. selective perception. b. self-serving bias. c. assumed-similarity bias. d. fundamental attribution error

c. It would greatly reduce it.

How might the presence of a single dissenter influence the degree of conformity seen in a study modeled on Asch's classic investigation? Select one: a. It would have no effect. b. It would reduce it, but only slightly. c. It would greatly reduce it. d. It would actually increase it, because of groupthink.

c. People without a clear answer are more susceptible to conformity.

Identify the correct statement regarding conformity. Select one: a. Conformity is considerably higher when people must respond privately. b. The higher a person's status in the group, the greater the groups' power over that person's behavior. c. People without a clear answer are more susceptible to conformity. d. Conformity does not arise from subtle social pressure

d. 75%

In Asch's study on conformity, what percentage of the subjects conformed at least once when they knew their answer to be FALSE? Select one: a. 10% b. 35% c. 50% d. 75%

b. foot in the door

In the _____ technique, one asks a person to agree to a small request which, because it is small, the likelihood that he or she will comply is fairly high. Select one: a. not-so-free b. foot-in-the-door c. door-in-the-face d. that's-not-all

learning

Milgram's participants were told that the study concerned: Select one: a. obedience. b. visual perception. c. learning. d. problem solving

a. very quickly, within a few seconds.

One forms an impression of another individual: Select one: a. very quickly, within a few seconds. b. very quickly, within a few minutes. c. gradually, over time. d. within the first several encounters.

c. 90; supports

Research using the Implicit Association Test reveals that _____% of participants show a pro-white bias. This _____ the results of research examining the activation of the amygdala in response to black faces. Select one: a. 50; supports b. 50; refutes c. 90; supports d. 90; refutes

c. diffusion of repsonsibility

Roger was screaming for help as he was being beaten up by a group of muggers on a street. There were about 15 people standing nearby. However, none of the bystanders came forward to help Roger. This scenario representing lack of help illustrates: Select one: a. catharsis. b. altruism. c. diffusion of responsibility. d. frustration

a. people may not be consciously aware of their own racial attitudes.

The Implicit Association Test was developed because: Select one: a. people may not be consciously aware of their own racial attitudes. b. people are very direct and frank while reporting their racial attitudes. c. existing measures failed to tap into the emotional aspect of racial attitudes. d. people do not censor their responses regarding their own racial attitudes.

a. social identity

The _____ theory suggests that people tend to be ethnocentric, viewing the world from their own perspective and judging others in terms of their group membership. Select one: a. social identity b. resource competition c. observational learning d. social neuroscience

c. Phillip Zimbardo

The influential "prison" study of the power of social roles was conducted by: Select one: a. Solomon Asch. b. Stanley Milgram. c. Philip Zimbardo. d. Leon Festinger.

d. people who like us

The reciprocity-of-liking effect means that we like: Select one: a. people we've seen repeatedly. b. people who live nearby. c. people similar to ourselves. d. people who like us.

b. status

The social rank held within a group is termed: Select one: a. social support. b. status. c. groupthink. d. social pressure.

b. come to think that our own group is better than groups to which we don't belong

The use of group membership to provide social respect produces an unfortunate outcome because we may: Select one: a. inflate the negative aspects of our ingroup and, at the same time, devalue outgroups. b. come to think that our own group is better than groups to which we don't belong. c. start to view members of outgroups as superior to members of our group. d. start to prejudice members of our ingroup and inflate the positive aspects of outgroups.

d. more persuasive

When compared to a one-sided message, a two-sided message is: Select one: a. equally persuasive. b. somewhat less persuasive. c. much less persuasive. d. more persuasive

b. Compliance—a change in behavior or attitudes in response to direct social pressure

Which alternative below correctly defines a social influence concept? Select one: a. Conformity—a change in behavior in response to commands b. Compliance—a change in behavior or attitudes in response to direct social pressure c. Obedience—a change in behavior or attitudes in order to follow social norms d. Conformity—a change in behavior or attitudes in response to direct social pressure

d. Minimize the importance of the situation

Which among the following strategies is the most effective means of dealing with anger? Select one: a. Never take another person's perspective on the situation. b. Use language effectively by saying "you," not "I." c. Fantasize about expressing your anger and act on it. d. Minimize the importance of the situation

a. Halo effect—An initial impression that an individual has some positive (or negative) traits leads us to infer that they have many other positive (or negative) characteristics as well.

Which of the following attribution biases is correctly matched with its definition? Select one: a. Halo effect—An initial impression that an individual has some positive (or negative) traits leads us to infer that they have many other positive (or negative) characteristics as well. b. Self-serving bias—We overemphasize dispositional factors when explaining other people's behavior. c. Fundamental attribution error—We assume that other people are similar to ourselves, even when we first meet them. d. Assumed-similarity bias—The tendency to attribute personal success to personal factors (skill, ability, or effort) and to attribute failure to factors outside oneself

d. People with a high habitual level of thoughtfulness and cognitive activity are more likely to employ central route processing

Which of the following is TRUE of central route processing? Select one: a. People who are disinterested, unmotivated, bored, or distracted use central route processing to comprehend a message. b. People who have a low need for cognition are more likely to employ central route processing. c. People who have a low need for cognition become impatient when forced to spend too much time thinking about an issue, and consequently use central route processing. d. People with a high habitual level of thoughtfulness and cognitive activity are more likely to employ central route processing

d. Proximity leads to liking

Which of the following is TRUE of the factors that initially attract two people to each other? Select one: a. Chances are that one becomes bored of those who live geographically closest to him or her. b. The less similar others are, the more we like them. c. Repeated exposure to a person is often not sufficient to produce attraction. d. Proximity leads to liking

a. The different combinations of the three components vary over the course of relationships.

Which of the following is suggested by Sternberg in his theory on love? Select one: a. The different combinations of the three components vary over the course of relationships. b. Sternberg proposes that love is not a necessary ingredient of marriage. c. The love we feel for our parents, other family members, and even some close friends belongs to the category of passionate love. d. Relationships are happiest in which the strength of the various components are different between the two partners.

a. Central route processing

Which of the following occurs when the recipient thoughtfully considers the issues and arguments involved in persuasion? Select one: a. Central route processing b. Cognitive dissonance c. Peripheral route processing d. Emotional appeal

c. A group consists of people who are interdependent.

Which of the following statements is TRUE of a group? Select one: a. The existence of a person in a group does not affect any other group member. b. People in a group do not perceive themselves as part of a group. c. A group consists of people who are interdependent. d. The behavior of members does not have any significant consequence for the success of the group in meeting its goals

b. In central route processing, people are swayed in their judgments by the logic, merit, and strength of arguments.

Which of the following statements is TRUE of central route processing? Select one: a. Central route processing occurs when people are persuaded on the basis of factors unrelated to the nature or quality of the content of a persuasive message. b. In central route processing, people are swayed in their judgments by the logic, merit, and strength of arguments. c. In central route processing, people are persuaded on the basis of factors that are extraneous to the issue, such as how long the arguments are, or the emotional appeal of the arguments. d. People who are disinterested, unmotivated, bored, or distracted use central route processing to comprehend a message.

a. Conformity is considerably higher when people must respond publicly.

Which of the following was a significant finding in studies conducted by Asch on conformity? Select one: a. Conformity is considerably higher when people must respond publicly. b. People working on ambiguous tasks and questions (those with no clear answer) are less susceptible to conformity. c. Groups that unanimously support a position show the least pronounced conformity pressures. d. Tasks at which an individual is less competent than others in the group make conformity less likely.

b. the individual's immediate surroundings remain relatively

While making a fundamental attribution error, we center our attention on the person whose behavior we're considering because: Select one: a. we are more likely to make attributions based on personal situational factors and less likely to make attributions relating to the dispositional factors. b. the individual's immediate surroundings remain relatively unchanged and less attention-grabbing. c. we tend to exaggerate the importance of environmental factors in producing others' behavior and minimize the influence of personality characteristics. d. when we view another person's behavior in a particular setting, the most conspicuous information is the person's immediate surroundings.

b. The radio spot should rely on the peripheral route to persuasion.

You are developing advertisements to promote a political candidate. One ad is a radio spot airing during "drive time," when listeners are stressed, distracted, and impatient. Another advertisement is a print ad to appear in national newspapers and business magazines. Based on this information, which of the following would you recommend? Select one: a. Both the radio spot and the print ad should rely on the peripheral route to persuasion. b. The radio spot should rely on the peripheral route to persuasion. c. Both the radio spot and the print ad should rely on the central route to persuasion. d. The print ad should rely on the peripheral route to persuasion.

b. Situational causes

_____ are brought about by something in the environment. Select one: a. Dispositional causes b. Situational causes c. Internal causes d. Personality causes

c. passionate love

_____ involves a state of intense absorption in someone that includes intense physiological arousal, psychological interest, and caring for the needs of another. Select one: a. Companionate love b. Affectionate love c. Passionate love d. Cathartic love

c. peripheral route processing

_____ occurs when people are persuaded on the basis of factors unrelated to the nature or quality of the content of a persuasive message. Select one: a. Cognitive dissonance b. Logical conclusion c. Peripheral route processing d. Central route processing