PYSC 3310 Chapter 2

Which of the following factors represent sources of variability in the population?

- it is a matter of chance as to which chromosome in a pair gross to the gamete. - Chance, a mistake by cellular machinery, or damage from an environmental agent can cause gene mutation. - Before the pairs separate, places of the two chromosomes in each pair are exchanged.

Regarding genetic defects, which of the following statements are true?

- most genetic disorders are rare. - Genetic abnormalities can be produced by harmful genes. - Genetic abnormalities can be produced by an abnormal number of chromosomes.

When a pregnant women experiences intense stress, what can occur?

- poor prenatal care. - The mother may take drugs. - Physiological changes occur that may affect the fetus

The specialization of cells in the zygote begins after approximately which week following conception?

1 week

How many chromosomes does a gamete, or sex cell, have?

23

The birth process occurs in how many stages?

3 stages

Very preterm infants are those born at less that _______________ weeks of gestational age, while extremely preterm infants are those born at less than 28 weeks of gestational age.

33 weeks

What is a doula?

A caregiver who provides continuous physical, emotional, and educational support for the mother before, during, and after childbirth.

Mitosis

A cell's nucleus, including the chromosomes, duplicates itself, and the cell divides.

According to the evolutionary perspective, the developmental period of childhood has been extended because humans require time to develop a large __________ and learn the complexities of human societies

A large brain

What is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus or HIV?

AIDS

______________ behavior promotes an organism's survival in the natural habitat as part of the evolutionary process of natural selection.

Adaptive

In the third stage of the birth, the placenta, umbilical cord. and other membranes are expelled from the uterus. This stage of birth is called the _________________?

Afterbirth

Fertilization

An egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell.

Normally conducted seven weeks into the pregnancy, what is used to detect structural abnormalities in the fetus and when used later in the pregnancy can help determine whether the baby is a boy or a girl?

An ultrasound sonography

Drugs called __________, such as tranquilizers and narcotics, are used to relieve pain during labor.

Analgesics

If the delivery takes too long, the baby can develop ________________, a condition in which the fetus or newborn has an insufficient supply of oxygen, which can cause brain damage.

Anoxia

Which treatments may be effective in treating postpartum depression? M

Antidepressants, pyschotherapy, and regular exercise.

In an adoption study, investigators seek to determine whether adopted children's characteristics are:

Biological or environmental

Approximately one week after conception, when differentiation of the cells begins, the group of cells is called the ________________?

Blastocyst

What are some examples of recessive characteristics?

Blonde hair, nearsightedness, and freckles

In the period shortly after birth, a connection between the parent and the infant forms. This attachment is known as?

Bonding

The natural childbirth method attempts to reduce the mother's plan through which of the following?

Breathing methods, proper instruction, relaxation techniques.

Sickle cell anemia, in which the red blood cells cannot carry____________ properly and die quickly, occurs most often in African Americans.

Cannot carry Oxygen properly.

The specialization of cells, also known as cell______________, begins the week after conception.

Cell Differentiation

What malformations can be detected by fetal MRI?

Central nervous malformations, chest malformations, and genital/urinary tract malformations

An incision made in the mother's abdomen to deliver a baby is a procedure known as a _____________ delivery.

Cesarean

What is a prenatal medical procedure in which a small sample of the placenta is removed and analyzed?

Chorionic villus sampling

______________ villus sampling can be used to determine the sex of the fetus between 11 and 13 weeks of gestation.

Chorionic villus sampling

What are threadlike structures made up of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)?

Chromosomes

Prenatal care often includes which of the following components?

Comprehensive educational services, social services, nutritional services.

_______________, which is sometimes referred to as fertilization, occurs when a single sperm cell from the male unites with the egg from the female in a process called ferilization.

Conception

What is a complex molecule that has a double helix shape and contains genetic information?

DNA

In a gene pair, the ___________ gene will always override the potential influence of the other gene of a pair.

Dominant gene

FASD may occur in offspring whose mothers ______________ during pregnancy.

Drink alcohol

Gilbert Gottlieb came up with the _______________ view of development.

Epigenetic view

What psychology is the newest approach to psychology that emphasizes the importance of adoption, reproduction, and survival of the fittest in shaping behaviors?

Evolutionary Psychology

True or False: Neural connectivity takes place mainly between the 23rd and 15th prenatal week.

False

Prenatal development is divided into what three periods?

Fetal, germinal, embryonic

Organogenesis takes place primarily during the first ______________ months of prenatal development.

First 2 months

Chromosomal abnormalities can cause such diseases as Down syndrome, klinefelter syndrome, and Turner syndrome, whereas PKU and sickle-cell anemia are produced by?

Gene linked abnormalities

What are units of hereditary information that help cells to reproduce themselves and manufactures the proteins that maintain life?

Genes

Behavioral genetics seeks to discover the influence of _________________, as well as the environment, on human development.

Heredity

Dr. Turner is studying shyness. He finds that Blake and Luke, identical twins, are more alike in terms of level of inhibition than are Same and Carl, who are fraternal twins. His research indicates that ____________ plays an important role in shyness.

Heredity

Interpreting the results of adoption and twin studies is difficult because of the complexities of?

Heredity- Environment interactions

What is it called when individuals' genes may influence the types of environments to which they are exposed?

Heredity- environment correlations

What type of care is a NICU procedure that involves skin to skin contact in which the baby, wearing only a diaper, is help upright again the parent's bare chest?

Kangaroo Care

An X-linked disease is more likely to harm ____________ than _____________.

Males than females

Chromosomal abnormalities result when a chromosome does not separate properly during ________________.

Meiosis

What is a specialized form of cell division that occurs to form eggs and sperm?

Meiosis

The cellular reproduction in which the cell's nucleus duplicates itself and two new cells are formed is called?

Mitosis

Environmental agents such as radiation, errors in the cellular machinery, and chance can all lead to a ___________ gene?

Mutated gene

Methods of ______________ childbirth involve reducing the mother's pain by instructing her in the use of breathing and relaxing techniques.

Natural childbirth

According to the _____________ perspective, adaptive behavior is that which promotes an organism's survival in the natural habitat?

Natural selection perspective

Anencephaly is when the head end of the __________________ tube fails to close.

Neural tube

What describes the vast increase in genetic data generated at a much reduced cost and in a much shorter period of time?

Next- generation sequencing

What describes the vast increase in genetic data generated at a much reduced cost and in a much shorter period of time?

Next-generation Sequencing

The female egg is known as the?

Ovum

Observable and measurable characteristics such as height, hair color, and intelligence are aspects of a person's _____________?

Phenotype

___________________ is the apparent, observable, measured characteristics of a person; whereas ____________ consists of a person's genetic heritage

Phenotype, Genotype

The umbilical cord contains two arteries and one vein, and it connects the baby to the?

Placenta

Most characteristics are determined by the interaction of many different genes; they are _______________ determined.

Polygenically

Some women develop__________ depression that involves a major depressive episode that typically occurs about four weeks after delivery.

Postpartum Depression

What period lasts from the end of delivery until the mother's body has returned to nearly prepregnant state (in about six weeks)

Postpartum period

The lamaze method, a method similar to natural childbirth, is also known as?

Prepared childbirth

Infants born three weeks or more before the pregnancy has reached its full term are called _______________ infants.

Preterm infants

When the baby remains in the mother's room most of the time its hospital stay, it is known as a ___________________ arrangement.

Rooming-in arrangement

When babies are either full term or preterm and their birth weight is below normal for their age, they are called _____________ infants.

Small for date infants

Exposure to cocaine during prenatal development has been linked to?

Small head size, impaired motor development, and cognitive defects.

Which of the following prescription drugs can function as a teratogen?

Synthetic estrogen, acne medications, antibiotics.

The ______________ Scale is widely used to evaluate infants' heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, body color, and reflex inability immediately after birth.

The Apgar Scale

Which statement describes a part of the second stage of birth?

The baby's head moves through the cervix

The basic architecture of the human brain is assembled during the:

The first 2 trimesters

The period of prenatal development that takes place in the first two weeks after conception is known as the:

The germinal period

What is the complete set of developmental instructions for creating proteins that initiate the making a human organism?

The human genome

When a pregnant mother is an adolescent, the mortality rate of the infant does what?

The mortality rate of the infant doubles

What is a disk shaped group of tissues in which small blood vessels from the mother and the offspring intertwine but do not join?

The placenta

Which of the following characterizes the third state of the birth process?

The placenta is expelled.

Meiosis

This is a specialized form of cell division that forms eggs and sperms only.

The outer layer of cells that will eventually provide nutrition and support for the embryo is called?

Trophoblast

True or False: An adoption study seeks to discover whether the behavior and psychological characteristics of adopted children are more like those of their adoptive parents or their biological parents.

True

True or False: During the first stage of the birth process, which is the longest of the three stages, the uterine contractions will cause the woman's cervix to stretch and open to about 10 centimeters?

True

True or False: The exposure of fathers to certain environmental agents can affect their offspring.

True

What is the single cell that is formed through fertilization?

Zygote

Individuals of a species that survive and reproduce pass on their characteristics to the next generation. Darwin argued that these survivors are better ______________ to their world then are the nonsurvivors.

adapted

Which of the following are psychoactive drugs?

alcohol, caffeine, marijuana, nicotine

Natalie is 40 years old and in her 15th week of pregnancy. She is concerned that her baby might have Down syndrome. Her doctor performs ______________, which involves withdrawing and testing a sample of amniotic fluid.

amniocentesis

What are the basic types of drugs administered to women for a typical labor with no complications?

analgesia, oxytocin/pitocin, anesthesia

Down syndrome is caused by the presence of an extra?

extra 21st chromosome

Turner Syndrome

females are born with either a missing or a partially deleted X chromosome, making the person XD instead of XX

During _______________, an egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell.

fertilization

All of a person's actual genetic material makes up his or her ________________.

genotype

When a pregnant mother is 35 years of age and older, the risk increases for____________.

low birth weight, preterm delivery, and fetal death.

Klinefelter syndrome

males have an extra X chromosome

Which of the following are considered teratogens?

maternal stress, drugs, advanced paternal age, nutritional deficiences, infectious disease

The prenatal testing that should be performed depends on which of the following?

medical history, mother's age, genetic risk factors

Genes are passed from generation to generation through what processes?

mitosis, meiosis, and fertilization

Nerve cells, which handle information processing at the cellular level, are known as ___________________

neurons

Fragile X syndrome

results from an abnormality in the X chromosome

What are examples of shared environmental influences for siblings?

socioenecomic status, parenting abilities, neigborhood

The human genetic process creates several important sources of?

variability