Pysch Chpt 12

The other-race effect refers to a bias with respect to the recognition of other people's: A. Faces. B. Voices. C. Names. D. Personality traits.

A. Faces.

Which of the following is NOT a psychological influence for aggression? A. High Self Control B. Frustration C. Believing that alcohol has been consumed D. Aggressive role models

A. High Self Control

A perceived incompatibility between your class learning goals and the goals of your class instructor best illustrates: A. The social-responsibility norm. B. A conflict. C. A self-fulfilling prophecy. D. The two-factor theory.

B. A conflict.

In which of the following groups is social loafing LEAST likely? A. A group of students working on a group project for which they will all receive the same grade. B. A group of restaurant food servers who are allowed to keep the individual tips they receive C. A group of executive board members who each receive an equal share of the company profits D. A group of Girl Scouts who must gather wood for a campfire

B. A group of restaurant food servers who are allowed to keep the individual tips they receive

_____ is unselfish regard for the welfare of others. A. Sympathy B. Altruism C. Companionate love D. Equity

B. Altruism

Equity and self-disclosure are important to the development of: A. Altruism. B. Companionate love. C. Passionate love. D. Superordinate goals.

B. Companionate love.

Explicit associations are typically ________. A. Negative B. Conscious C. Stereotypes D. Persistent

B. Conscious

Circumstances that increase self-awareness are likely to reduce ________. A. Social loafing B. Deindividuation C. Groupthink D. Social facilitation

B. Deindividuation

In some countries, women who have been raped have been sentenced to punishment for having violated a law against adultery. This best illustrates: A. Social-cultural influences on aggression. B. The blame-the-victim phenomenon. C. Ingroup bias. D. The effect of stereotypes.

B. The blame-the-victim phenomenon.

The _____ theory proposes that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.

Scapegoat

When people perform better on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others, this is called _____.

Social Facilitation

The _____ norm refers to the expectation that people should help those who need help.

Social Responsibility

Verbal behavior intended to hurt another person is an example of: A. Prejudice. B. Ingroup bias. C. Aggression. D. A social script.

C. Aggression.

Our attitudes are more likely to guide our actions when we: A. Feel incompetent or insecure. B. Experience a sense of deindividuation. C. Can easily recall our attitudes. D. Are exposed to normative social influence.

C. Can easily recall our attitudes.

If researchers found that people take longer to identify words such as assertive and bold as "strong" when the words are associated with female faces rather than with male faces, this finding would likely illustrate: A. Social scripts. B. Ingroup bias. C. Implicit prejudice. D. Unconscious patronization.

C. Implicit prejudice.

The fundamental attribution error is more apparent in _____ than it is in _____. A. Females; males B. Males; females C. Individualist Western countries; East Asian cultures D. East Asian cultures; individualist Western countries

C. Individualist Western countries; East Asian cultures

Aaron is proud to belong to the elite cross-country ski club at his college, but he is glad to not be a member of the downhill ski club, which has a wilder reputation. Aaron's cross-country fellow club members are the _____ . A. Outgroup B. Vivid cases C. Ingroup D. Stereotypes

C. Ingroup

University students charged the field after the game in response to their team's loss. They vandalized the opposing team's field, and the police had to be called in. This behavior is best understood in terms of: A. Social facilitation. B. Group polarization. C. Cognitive dissonance. D. Deindividuation.

D. Deindividuation.

When the participants in Milgram's study were later surveyed about taking part in the research where they believed they administered electric shocks to participants, most reported that they: A. Did not believe they were actually delivering shock to the "learner." B. Had actually enjoyed shocking the "learner." C. Did not believe the study should be repeated. D. Did not regret taking part in the experiment.

D. Did not regret taking part in the experiment.

Compared with nongaming individuals, people with extensive exposure to violent video gaming display _____ desensitization to violence, and they are _____ likely to help an injured victim. A. More; more B. Less; more C. Less; less D. More; less

D. More; less

A win-win orientation is one that seeks ________ of conflict. A. Altruistic resolutions B. Face-to-face resolutions C. Mirror-image perceptions D. Mutually beneficial resolutions

D. Mutually beneficial resolutions

Changing opinions because of incidental cues such as a speaker's attractiveness illustrates: A. Cognitive dissonance. B. Social facilitation. C. Informational social influence. D. Peripheral route persuasion.

D. Peripheral route persuasion.

The most powerful predictor of whether people will become friends is: A. Similarity. B. Mirror-image perceptions. C. Physical attractiveness. D. Proximity.

D. Proximity.

Evidence shows that people exhibit heightened levels of prejudice when they are economically frustrated. This offers support for the: A. Just-world phenomenon. B. Discrimination theory. C. Frustration-aggression principle. D. Scapegoat theory.

D. Scapegoat theory.

A _____ psychologist investigates the interpersonal influences that explain why the same person will act differently in different situations. A. Cognitive B. Developmental C. Personality D. Social

D. Social

When Jessica is at her health club, she pedals an exercise bike much faster when other patrons are using nearby equipment. This best illustrates: A. Normative social influence. B. Group polarization. C. Obedience. D. Social facilitation.

D. Social facilitation.

A person in a group tends to exert MORE effort when he is individually accountable than when he is working with others toward a common goal with no individual accountability. This is known as: A. Deindividuation. B. Normative social influence. C. Social facilitation. D. Social loafing.

D. Social loafing.

In one study, participants who worked alongside someone who rubbed her face or shook her foot were observed to produce the same behaviors. This mimicry illustrates: A. The chameleon effect. B. Minority influence. C. Normative social influence. C. Social loafing.

A. The chameleon effect.

_____________ result(s) from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval. A. Informational social influence B. Normative social influence C. Situational attributions D. Dispositional attributions

B. Normative social influence

While working on wedding preparations, Jason conforms to the expectations of his future bride's family, simply to win their favor. His behavior illustrates the importance of: A. Social facilitation. B. Normative social influence. C. Attitudes following actions. D. Central route persuasion.

B. Normative social influence.

Today, almost all Americans are willing to vote for a qualified female presidential candidate. In 1937, the corresponding proportion was MOST nearly: A. One-half. B. One-third. C. One-quarter. D. Two-thirds.

B. One-third.

Subtle forms of discrimination are referred to as: A. Prejudice. B. Implicit bias. C. Microaggressions. D. Stereotypes.

C. Microaggressions.

____ are culturally provided mental files for how to act. A. Stereotypes B. Models C. Social scripts D. Beliefs

C. Social scripts

Chuck has just moved into a new neighborhood. This new neighborhood is full of people addicted to drugs who live in rundown houses in horrible condition. He often sees them on the street struggling to find food and shivering through the cold winter. When his friend asks him if he feels bad seeing these people suffer he replies, "Good people don't end up that way, so I don't feel bad for them." Chuck's attitude BEST illustrates: A. The mere exposure effect. B. Deindividuation. C. The just-world phenomenon. D. Mirror-image perceptions.

C. The just-world phenomenon.

A perceived incompatibility between your class learning goals and the goals of your class instructor best illustrates: A. The two-factor theory. B. The social-responsibility norm. C. A self-fulfilling prophecy. D. A conflict.

D. A conflict.

____________ can be defined as any physical or verbal behavior that is intended to harm someone physically or emotionally. A. Frustration B. Anger C. Conflict D. Aggression

D. Aggression

In the original Milgram obedience experiment, _____ percent of men aged 20 to 50 complied. A. 60 B. 50 C. 30 D. 40

A. 60

The presence of many bystanders at the scene of an emergency increases the likelihood that any individual bystander will: A. Fail to interpret the incident as an emergency. B. assume responsibility for personally intervening in the emergency. C. Notice the emergency. D. Report the emergency to the police.

A. Fail to interpret the incident as an emergency.

Your new professor is curt with everyone on the first day of class. You think that he is rude. This ____________ will likely influence you to act negatively toward that professor. A. Groupthink B. Attitude C. Minority influence D. Situational attribution

B. Attitude

Altruism is best described as: A. Giving in proportion to what's been received. B. Behaving unselfishly to enhance the welfare of others. C. Aiming to maximize benefits and minimize costs. D. Experiencing an increasing attraction to people as they become more familiar.

B. Behaving unselfishly to enhance the welfare of others.

Which of the following characteristics is NOT associated with anti-gay attitudes? A. Being less educated B. Being female C. Being unemployed D. Being an older adult

B. Being female

The phenomenon in which the greater the number of people present means the less likely each individual is to help someone in distress is called the: A. Self-fulfilling prophecy. B. Bystander effect. C. Social-responsibility norm. D. Rule of reciprocity.

B. Bystander effect.

The phenomenon in which the greater the number of people present means the less likely each individual is to help someone in distress is called the: A. Social-responsibility norm. B. Bystander effect. C. Self-fulfilling prophecy. D. Rule of reciprocity.

B. Bystander effect.

An ad agency creates two ads for a particular car. One stresses the car's safety and gas mileage; the other simply shows how fun it is to drive. The first ad relies on _____ route persuasion; the second, on _____ route persuasion. A. Secondary; primary B. Central; peripheral C. Primary; secondary D. Peripheral; central

B. Central; peripheral

Rhys submits a major report to his boss ahead of the deadline. His boss assumes that Rhys is conscientious, rather than that he simply had more time than usual to devote to the assignment. This example illustrates: A. cognitive dissonance. B. The fundamental attribution error. C. Normative social influence. D. The foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

B. The fundamental attribution error.

Marsha and Luke have been married for over 50 years and have 4 children and 8 grandchildren. They are currently MOST likely to be experiencing: A. Friendship. B. Passionate love. C. Companionate love. D. Equity.

C. Companionate love.

_____ refers to the phenomenon in which the presence of other people makes it less likely that any single individual will help someone in distress because the obligation to intervene is shared among all the onlookers. A. The rule of the social trap B. The rule of reciprocity C. Diffusion of responsibility D. The social-responsibility norm

C. Diffusion of responsibility

iolent crime and spousal abuse rates have been found to be higher during: A. Holiday weekends. B. Political elections. C. Hotter months. D. Baseball games.

C. Hotter months.

Couples are more likely to meet _____ than they were in the past. A. At work B. Through family C. Online D. At school

C. Online

The students at a university charged the field after the basketball game in response to their team's loss. They vandalized the opposing team's field, and the police had to be called in. This behavior is BEST understood in terms of: A. Deindividuation. B. Social facilitation. C. The bystander effect. D. The mere exposure effect.

A. Deindividuation.

Laurie and Jim have been married for 20 years. When asked, Laurie indicated that what she most appreciated about their marriage was that they both freely give and receive affection and that they share decision making and household responsibilities. Laurie's description is an example of: A. Self-disclosure. B. Equity. C. Mere exposure effect. D. Passionate love.

B. Equity.

In 1963, President John F. Kennedy announced that the United States would discontinue all atmospheric nuclear tests. The positive response to this conciliatory gesture illustrated the potential value of: A. GRIT. B. Mirror-image perceptions. C. The mere exposure effect. D. The social-responsibility norm.

A. GRIT.

During a discussion, Dr. Mansfield argues that Asch's participants conformed to the confederates' responses because they wished to be correct about the lengths of the lines in the experiment. Dr. Roach counters that the participants conformed because they simply sought the confederates' approval. Dr. Mansfield is suggesting that Asch's conformity is an example of _____ social influence. Dr. Roach is suggesting instead that it reflects _____ social influence. A. Informational; normative B. Normative; informational C. Peripheral; central D. Central; peripheral

A. Informational; normative

After watching violent pornographic movies on late-night cable TV, Tyrese will probably be: A. More likely to believe it is okay to treat women in a punitive manner. B. Less likely to believe that women enjoy aggressive sexual treatment. C. More likely to believe that rape is a serious crime. D. Less likely to believe that rape occurs frequently in society.

A. More likely to believe it is okay to treat women in a punitive manner.

Conformity based on a desire for approval is called _____ social influence. Conformity based on the desire to be accurate is called _____ social influence. A. Normative; informational B. Situational; dispositional C. Informational; normative D. Dispositional; situational

A. Normative; informational

Casey is watching a presidential debate on television and says, "The Republican candidate looks like he would make an excellent president. Just look at how he dresses!" Casey is influenced by: A. Peripheral route persuasion. B. Central route persuasion. C. Normative social influence. D. Foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

A. Peripheral route persuasion.

Our first impressions of those we meet are most likely to be determined by their: A. Physical appearance. B. Intelligence. C. Superordinate goals. D. Attitudes.

A. Physical appearance.

When temperatures go up in summer, the rates of violent crimes increase. This is best explained in terms of: A. The frustration-aggression principle. B. Reinforcement, modeling, and self-control. C. The just-world phenomenon. D. Media models for violence.

A. The frustration-aggression principle.

When temperatures go up in summer, the rates of violent crimes increase. This is best explained in terms of: A. The frustration-aggression principle. B. The just-world phenomenon. C. Media models for violence. D. Reinforcement, modeling, and self-control.

A. The frustration-aggression principle.

Clay and Margaret have been married for over 50 years. They are MOST likely experiencing: A. Friendship. B. Companionate love. C. Passionate love. D. Equity.

B. Companionate love.

A student fails to speak or raise his hand in class all semester. The teacher assumes that the student is exceptionally shy. The teacher is illustrating the: A. Just-world hypothesis. B. Fundamental attribution error. C. Mere exposure effect. D. Frustration-aggression principle.

B. Fundamental attribution error.

Jacob and Makayla have been dating for about three months. They are MOST likely experiencing: A. Companionate love. B. Equity. C. Passionate love. D. Friendship.

C. Passionate love.

You decide that your free time over the weekend, which you're thinking of giving up so you can volunteer at the Special Olympics, is not as important to you as the good feelings and the joy you will receive from giving back to the community. This decision can be explained by the: A. Bystander effect. B. Mere exposure effect. C. Social exchange theory. D. Two-factor theory.

C. Social exchange theory.

The excitement that lingers after a frightening event can often facilitate attraction and sexual desire. This is best explained by: A. Physical arousal. B. Social exchange theory. C. The two-factor theory. D. Mirror-image perceptions.

C. The two-factor theory.

In the 1980s, the Wall Street slogan, "Greed is good" gained some traction. Rather than being good, however, the relentless pursuit of self-interest may be harmful to society as a whole. Social psychologists call this situation: A. Group polarization. B. Groupthink. C. A conflict. D. A social trap.

D. A social trap.

Verbal behavior intended to hurt another person is an example of: A. Catharsis. B. Altruism. C. Conformity. D. Aggression.

D. Aggression.

In Milgram's experiments, participants were torn between whether they should respond to the pleas of the learner or the demands of the ______. A. "Learner" B. Defiant role model C. "Teacher" D. Experimenter

D. Experimenter

High rates of crime are most common among those who experience minimal levels of: A. Discrimination. B. Ingroup bias. C. The just-world phenomenon. D. Father care.

D. Father care.

Millions of people have measured their _____ by taking the Implicit Association Test, developed by psychologist Anthony Greenwald and his colleagues. A. Discrimination B. Explicit attitudes C. Frustration and aggression D. Implicit attitudes

D. Implicit attitudes

Which of the following is NOT one of the factors that increases the likelihood of bystanders helping? A. Not being preoccupied B. Feeling good, successful, happy, or fortunate C. Perceiving the other person as deserving of help D. The presence of other bystanders in the situation

D. The presence of other bystanders in the situation

The textbook's discussion suggests that about _____ in 10 Americans agree that ethnic, cultural, and racial diversity make the nation a better place. This proportion is _____ than that in European nations. A. 6; higher B. 4; higher C. 6; lower D. 4; lower

A. 6; higher

Tom is attending college in a city far away from home where he does not know anybody. According to the principle of proximity, Tom will be MOST likely to make friends with: A. Bill, his roommate. B. Jamal, who lives across campus. C. Michael, who lives in the same dorm but two floors below Tom. D. Juan, who lives 10 miles away in an off-campus apartment.

A. Bill, his roommate.

John and Julie have been happily married for 10 years. Their love is BEST described as _____ love. A. Companionate B. Passionate C. Social D. Proximate

A. Companionate

It is an election year, and a volunteer asks if you would put a small sign in your yard. You agree, and she puts up a little sign. The next week, you allow the volunteer to put a 3-foot sign on the front lawn. Your roommates can't believe that you agreed to this. The technique used by the volunteer is known as: A. The foot-in-the-door phenomenon. B. The fundamental attribution error. C. Social facilitation. D. Normative social influence.

A. The foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

Bill was a very aggressive and violent youth. He often got into fistfights with the other boys and was even charged with assault when he was in his mid-twenties. Bill is now 65 years old and it takes a lot to make him angry. Why is this the case? A. Bill's levels of the hormone melatonin have increased. B. Bill's levels of the hormone testosterone have increased. C. Bill's levels of the hormone melatonin have decreased. D. Bill's levels of the hormone testosterone have decreased.

D. Bill's levels of the hormone testosterone have decreased.

Equity and self-disclosure are important to the development of: A. Altruism. B. Superordinate goals. C. Passionate love. D. Companionate love.

D. Companionate love.

Casandra is a devoted Catholic and volunteers five hours each week at a local women's shelter. Casandra may volunteer so much because of: A. Ingroup bias. B. Social exchange theory. C. Reciprocity norm. D. Social-responsibility.

D. Social-responsibility.

Which of the following is NOT a social-cultural influence for aggression? A. Minimal father involvement B. Deindividuation C. Parental models of aggression D. Testosterone levels

D. Testosterone levels

We feel happier in the presence of happy people than in the presence of depressed people. This is known as: A. Informational social influence. B. Normative social influence. C. Social facilitation. D. The chameleon effect.

D. The chameleon effect.

The gradually escalating levels of destructive obedience in the Milgram experiments best illustrate one of the potential dangers of: A. Social facilitation. B. The fundamental attribution error. C. Deindividuation. D. The foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

D. The foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

After Marcus lost the student election for president of his high school class, he spread false rumors intended to spoil the newly chosen president's reputation. Marcus' behavior is BEST explained in terms of: A. Group polarization. B. The mere exposure effect. C. The just-world phenomenon. D. The frustration-aggression principle.

D. The frustration-aggression principle.

Research on physical attractiveness indicates that men are more likely than women to: A. Express dissatisfaction with their own physical appearance. B. Judge members of the opposite sex as more attractive if they have a youthful appearance. C. Deny that their liking for physically attractive dates is influenced by good looks. D. Marry someone who is less physically attractive than they themselves are.

B. Judge members of the opposite sex as more attractive if they have a youthful appearance.

"When you are the only person like yourself in a group, you are far more likely to sway the majority if you hold firmly to your position and don't waffle." This represents: A. Personal control. B. Minority influence. C. Social control. D. Informational social influence.

B. Minority influence.

The social-responsibility norm refers to the expectation that people should help those who: A. Help themselves. B. Need help. C. Deserve help. D. Have helped them.

B. Need help.

____________ is an unjustifiable, usually negative, attitude toward a group and its members. A. The just-world phenomenon B. Prejudice C. Discrimination D. A stereotype

B. Prejudice

The mere exposure effect MOST directly contributes to the positive relationship between _____ and liking. A. Self-disclosure B. Proximity C. Similarity D. Physical arousal

B. Proximity

Which theory suggests that altruistic behavior is governed by calculations of rewards and costs? A. The diffusion of responsibility theory B. Social exchange theory C. The reciprocity norm D. The two-factor theory of emotion

B. Social exchange theory

Arturo believes that most young women from California are extremely good looking and that extremely good-looking women are usually selfish and egotistical. His beliefs are examples of: A. Mirror-image perceptions. B. Stereotypes. C. Deindividuation. D. Sexual discrimination.

B. Stereotypes.

Why does social facilitation account for the home advantage noted in both college and professional athletic events? A. The audience scares the opposing team B. The energizing effect of the enthusiastic audience C. The athletes exert less effort D. The athletes lose self-awareness

B. The energizing effect of the enthusiastic audience

Yung is driving to campus one day when another car cuts him off and speeds ahead. Immediately, he yells out "Crazy driver!" not realizing that the person may be rushing to get to the hospital. Yung's judgment BEST illustrates: A. The foot-in-the-door phenomenon. B. The fundamental attribution error. C. Social loafing. D. Cognitive dissonance.

B. The fundamental attribution error.

While visiting the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp shortly after World War II, one German civilian is said to have remarked, "What terrible criminals these prisoners must have been to receive such treatment." This reaction is BEST explained in terms of: A. The social-responsibility norm. B. The just-world phenomenon. C. Deindividuation. D. The mere exposure effect.

B. The just-world phenomenon.

Clay would get angry very quickly when he was a teenager. Now he is in his fifties and it takes a lot to make him angry. What has changed? A. Clay's levels of the hormone melatonin have decreased. B. Clay's levels of the hormone melatonin have increased. C. Clay's levels of the hormone testosterone have decreased. D. Clay's levels of the hormone testosterone have increased.

C. Clay's levels of the hormone testosterone have decreased.

A win-win orientation is one that seeks ________ of conflict. A. Face-to-face resolutions B. Mirror-image perceptions C. Mutually beneficial resolutions D. Altruistic resolutions

C. Mutually beneficial resolutions

Using the Asch experimental procedure, conformity to group judgments would be LEAST likely when: A. It is very difficult for anyone to make correct perceptual judgments. B. Judgments are made in a group that has more than three people. C. Participants are not observed by other group members when giving their answers. D. Participants announce their own answers only after the other group members have done so.

C. Participants are not observed by other group members when giving their answers.