Q6

There is only one of these and it is worthy of note because it carries the most oxygen-rich blood in the fetus. It bifurcates in the abdomen, with one branch joining the hepatic portal vein, thereby entering the fetal liver, and the other (ductus venous) going directly into the inferior vena cava. After birth, it becomes the ligamentum teres.

1 umbilical vein

The average thickness of the tunica media in veins and arteries is ___ cells and ____ cells respectively

2 to 3 and 40

This is the average thickness of the tunica media of veins

2 to 3 cells thick

These are what carry blood from the fetus to the placeneta. They are branches of the internal iliac arteries

2 umbilical arteries

The tunica media of the aorta is about ____ muscle cells thick

200

This is the average thickness of the tunica media of arteries

40 cells thick

This is the name of the first vessel that blood enters when it leaves the left ventricle

Aorta

This is the pointed inferior end of the heart. It usually comes in contact with the thoracic wall at intercostal space 5, midclavicular, left side

Apex of the heart

Blood leaves heart chambers by way of ____, a generic type of vessel

Arteries

These are thick-walled vessels with relatively large numbers of smooth muscle cells in their walls. They carry blood away from the heart CHAMBERS.

Arteries

This name translates to "little arteries." They are located between the arteries and the capillaries. Their tunica media is usually about six to eight muscle cells thick

Arterioles

Blood leaves the heart via arteries, travels through ___, ___, and ___ and eventually makes its way to veins, which carry it back to the heart

Arterioles, capillaries, venules

There are two of these at the superior end of the human heart, one on the right and one on the left. They are sometimes referred to as the receiving chambers of the heart. They receive blood from the veins and the coronary sinus and then allow the blood to pass into the respective ventricles. The second letter of this answer is not "U"

Atria

There are two of these at the superior end of the human heart, one on the right and one on the left. They are sometimes referred to as the receiving chambers of the heart. They receive blood from the veins and the coronary sinus, and then allow the blood to pass into the respective ventricles. The second letter of this answer is not "T"

Auricles

In addition to its apex being tilted anteriorly and to the left, this condition must also be met to describe the anatomical position of the heart in the thoracic cavity.

Axis rotated to left

This structure is composed of fibrous connective tissue and is located between the left ventricle and the left atrium. Functionally this is important as it prevents back flow of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium. It opens and closes passively. The chordae tendineae attach it to the papillary muscles on the ventricular walls, thereby helping to prevent prolapse of the valves. It has two cusps. This answer does not begin with "M"

Bicuspid valve

This is the name of one of the four connective tissues. It is the only liquid tissue. It is a very important component of the circulatory system

Blood

Collateral circulation is not usually found in the ____ and ____

Brain, heart

This is a process that involves the movement of relatively large amounts of materials over relatively large distances in a short period of time. This is primarily accomplished by the circulatory system. It is supplemented by the lymphatic system

Bulk flow

____ moves significant distances quickly but needs a pressure gradient to do so

Bulk flow

Diffusion is only effective in ____, a type of vessel, because their walls are thin.

Capillaries

These are the functional units of the circulatory system with respect to exchange of materials between the blood and the cells. Their walls are made of a single layer of epithelial cells with pores between the cells - this facilitates diffusion, as there are few physical barriers to the diffusion of materials. They have a diameter about the size of a red blood cell. No living cell in the body is much farther than two or three cell diameters from a functional one of these.

Capillaries

____ are the functional units of the circulatory system for diffusion

Capillaries

The exchange of ____ helps balance the blood's pH

Carbon dioxide

These are tendinous chords that connect the cusps of the atrioventricular valves to the papillary muscles on the walls of the ventricles. Functionally they are important because they help prevent prolapse of the AV valves.

Chordae tendineae

These structures do not open or close the tricuspid and bicuspid valves - they help prevent them from prolapsing

Chordae tendineae

The circulatory system is a ____ system

Closed

This name means that materials begin within the system and eventually return to the same point, remaining in the system the entire time. A good example of this is the circulatory system.

Closed system

Heart sounds, lub/dub are caused by the valves ___

Closing

____ provides for a type of natural bypass. It is common in joints but not found in heart or brain

Collateral Circulation

Blood is an example of ____ tissue

Connective

This is the name of the groove or depression between the atria and the ventricles, and also where we find the coronary sinus. Some of the larger coronary arteries may also be found in this groove.

Coronary Sulcus

These two structures are the first two branches of the aorta. They direct blood to the walls of the heart.

Coronary arteries

This is a type of circulation which is a special case of systemic circulation. Its major vessels may be found in the sulci of the heart. The arteries of this system are the first two branches of the aorta, and the veins drain into the coronary sinus and then to the right atrium. Functionally it is very important because it is this system that delivers blood to the walls of the heart. It is necessary because diffusion from the blood in the chambers would be inadequate to meet the needs of cardiac muscle cells. An unfortunate attribute of this system is that there is no collateral circulation on the short term, although it can develop over time with the growth of new vessels

Coronary circulation

The ____ is the depression between the atria and the ventricles

Coronary sinus

This is not a vessel. Rather than being tubular, it is shaped like a Quonset hut. The enclosure is made complete by the superficial wall of the heart in the coronary sulcus. It conducts oxygen-deficient blood from the coronary veins back to the right atrium.

Coronary sinus

Blood enters the right atrium from the ____, ____, and ____

Coronary sinus, Superior vena cava, Inferior vena cava

These are the vessels that drain blood from the walls of the heart to the coronary sinus

Coronary veins

Blood leaving the right ventricle and going to the lungs is oxygen- ____

Deficient

This mechanism for moving materials is only effective over short distances but does not require extra energy

Diffusion

The fetal bypass between the pulmonary trunk and the aorta is the ____

Ductus arteriosus

This is a vessel that connects the pulmonary trunk with the aorta. Functionally it is important because it provides for a bypass of pulmonary circulation in the fetus. This bypass is important in order to prevent too much blood from going to the lungs.

Ductus arteriosus

This is the specialized type of circulation found in the fetus. It is unusual because the blood in all the arteries is mixed blood

Fetal circulation

The fetal bypass between the right and left atria is the ____

Foramen ovale

This is the name for the foramen in the interatrial septum of the fetus, which is located close to the opening of the coronary sinus. Functionally it is important because it provides for a bypass of the pulmonary circulation, with a little less than half of the blood entering the right atrium going directly to the left atrium. At birth changes in pressure within the left atrium cause two flaps in place, and the structure becomes the fossa ovalis, thereby stopping the bypass of pulmonary circulation.

Foramen ovale

At birth, the foramen ovale becomes the ____

Fossa ovalis

This is the name of an oval depression in the interatrial septum.

Fossa ovalis

Cells are generally no more than two to three cell diameters away from a ____

Functional capillary

This is the organ that is largely responsible for creating the blood pressure necessary to move the blood through the vessels of the circulatory system

Heart

This is caused by the closing of valves in the heart

Heart sounds

There are three main components needed for circulation. They are the ___, ___, and ___

Heart, blood, vessels

This its the name of a large vessel that transports blood to the right atrium of a human. It primarily carries blood from the lower extremities, pelvis and abdomen. It begins where the two common iliac vessels join in the inferior abdomen region at the level of lumbar vertebrae 5 body.

Inferior vena cava

This is the name for the wall between the atria

Interatrial septum

The left and right umbilical arteries branch from the ____

Internal iliac arteries

Normally the blood leaving the pulmonary trunk enters the ___

Left and Right pulmonary arteries

This is the name of the heart chamber that receives blood from the pulmonary veins and sends it to the left ventricle

Left atrium

Blood enters the left ventricle from the ____ by passing over the ____

Left atrium, bicuspid (mitral) valve

Blood enters the aorta from the ____

Left ventricle

This is the heart chamber that receives blood from the left atrium and pumps it into the aorta

Left ventricle

To position axis of heart anatomically: Rotate axis to the ____ and tilt the inferior end of axis ____ and ____

Left, anteriorly and left

At birth, the ductus arteriosus becomes the ____

Ligamentum arteriosum

This is the name for the structure that was formally ductus arteriosus. It is a fibrous bridge between the pulmonary trunk and the aorta.

Ligamentum arteriosum

The umbilical vein becomes the ____ after birth

Ligamentum teres

The ___ is the opening in the vessels through which blood passes

Lumen

This is the space inside of a hollow structure such as a blood vessel, organ, or duct.

Lumen

This structure is between the left ventricle and the left atrium. It has two cusps. The first letter of the answer is not "B"

Mitral valve

All fetal arteries have ___ blood

Mixed

In fetal circulation the two umbilical arteries have ____ blood in them

Mixed

This describes the blood found in fetal arteries. It contains intermediate oxygen levels due to the way oxygen-rich blood from the mother's placenta mixes with oxygen-deficient blood from the fetus's inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus

Mixed blood

The ___ located in the right ventricle, conducts impulses within the heart and may also prevent excess dissension of the ventricle wall

Moderator band

This structure stretches from a papillary muscle on the interventricular septum to the wall of the right ventricle. Functionally it is important because it conducts impulses between these two regions on the heart, thereby coordinating the contraction of the cells, and it may also help prevent over distention of the right ventricular wall.

Moderator band

The functional importance of circulation is ____

Moving materials to and from cells

There is ____ brachiocephalic artery

One

There is ____ umbilical vein

One

This is what blood that has low levels of oxygen is called. It is found in the veins of the systemic circulatory system and the arteries of the pulmonary circulatory system of a normal adult.

Oxygen deficient blood

This is what blood with high levels of oxygen is called. It is found in the arteries of the systemic system and the veins of the pulmonary system of a normal adult

Oxygen rich blood

In the lungs, blood picks up ____ and excretes ____

Oxygen, carbon dioxide

These structures are part of the ventricular wall and they attach to the chordae tendineae. When the atrioventricular valves close passively, the chordae tendineae pull on these structures and cause them to stretch, triggering them to contract against the stretch and pull back. This action keeps the valves where they should be, and doesn't allow them to prolapse into the atria.

Papillary muscles

The structures in the atria that resemble tree roots are the ___

Pectinate muscle

These are ridges on the walls of the atria. They are most easily observed in the right atrium. Dr. J likes to draw the analogy between these and tree roots.

Pectinate muscles

This is a special type of pleura that surrounds the heart. It includes a serous membrane and fibrous tissue which strengthens it.

Pericardium

The ____ supplies nutrients to and provides waste removal from fetal blood

Placenta

This organ is formed by tissues from the mother and the fetus. It is functionally important because it is here that fetal blood is reconditioned with respect to respiratory gases and nearly every other chemical component.

Placenta

This is the name for circulation that occurs when there are two capillary beds in series before the blood returns to the heart. Normally the blood would pass through only one capillary bed between the time it left the left ventricle via the aorta and the time it returned to the right atrium via the inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus. The functional importance is that two changes are made in these systems.

Portal circulation

This describes the function of the foramen oval and the ductus arteriosus in fetal circulation. It is functionally important because the lungs are not responsible for respiratory gas exchange in the fetus, so energy is saved by not sending all of the blood to the fetal lungs.

Pulmonary bypass

This is the name for type of circulation that begins in the right ventricle, sends blood to the lungs where the respiratory gases are normally exchanged and returns blood to the left atrium. Functionally this system is important because it allows oxygen to be absorbed in the blood and carbon dioxide to be excreted from the blood. It has much lower hydrostatic pressure than the systemic system.

Pulmonary circulation

The ductus ateriosus is one of the two bypasses of the ____

Pulmonary circulatory system

The foramen oval is one of two bypasses of the ____

Pulmonary circulatory system

Blood leaving the left ventricle and going to the cells of the body is oxygen- ____

Rich

Blood returning to the left atrium from the lungs is oxygen- ___

Rich

This is one of two structures that are often described as the receiving chambers of the heart. This one is on the right side. Blood enters it from the two vena cava and the coronary sinus. It is found at the superior (cranial) end of the heart. It has thin walls compared to a ventricle. The seventh letter is not "U"

Right atrium

The first five branches of the human aorta, in order, are: ____, ____, ____, ____, and ____

Right coronary artery, Left coronary artery, Brachiocephalic artery, Left common carotid artery, Left subclavian artery

This structure is found at the inferior (caudal), right end of the heart and provides the pressure necessary to move blood through the vessels of the lungs. It has thick walls compared to the atria but this one has thinner walls than the one on the left side. Collectively, these structures may be described as the pumping chambers of the heart. Blood enters them from the atria.

Right ventricle

Blood can go the wrong way up an arteriole because they are lacking ____

Semilunar valves

These structures are typically found in veins and lymphatic ducts. They are also found at the beginning of the aorta and the pulmonary trunk. They have three cusps. In the heart they are functionally important because they prevent the blood from from the aorta and the pulmonary trunk from flowing back into the ventricles. Dr. J likes to draw the analogy of each cusp being shaped like a shirt pocket; when the blood tries to move the wrong way, it opens the pocket away from the wall. Together the three cusps are normally effective at blocking the back flow of blood.

Semilunar valves

Varicose veins are caused by a failure of ____

Semilunar valves

____ are found in veins as well in the proximal aorta and pulmonary trunk. They prevent back flow of blood

Semilunar valves

The ____, a type of vessel, are in the placenta. They help with effective exchange between maternal and fetal blood

Sinusoid capillaries

These vessels are very wide and porous. They are found in bone marrow, the spleen, the liver, and the maternal side of circulation within the placenta. The fetal capillaries grow into the volume of maternal vessel of this type, but the blood supplies remain separate. This arrangement increases the efficiency of exchange between maternal and fetal blood

Sinusoid capillaries

This is one of the ways that we create pressure to move blood especially from the feet back to the heart. It is of extreme importance because if we are standing up and walking, there is no other way to create this pressure. Without it the blood would accumulate in the feet and our blood pressure would drop and so would we.

Skeletal muscle pump

When we are standing the ____ and the ____ help return blood from our feet to our heart

Skeletal muscle pump, semilunar valves

The tunica media is composed of ____ muscle

Smooth or involuntary

This is the name of a large vessel that drains oxygen-deficient blood from the head, neck, and thoracic wall into the right atrium of humans. It begins where the two brachiocephalic veins join in the superior thoracic region.

Superior vena cava

This is the name for the circulation that begins in the ventricle, sends blood to the cells of the blood to recondition their environment and returns the blood to the right atrium. Its' functional importance is the reconditioning of the interstitial fluid surrounding the cells so that the cells have a favorable environment in which they can live and carry on their specialized functions.

Systemic circulation

The aorta supplies blood to which of the two physical divisions of the circulatory system?

Systemic circulatory system

This is the name for the structures that are similar to the pectinate muscles of the atria. They are muscular ridges on the walls of both ventricles and are most easily seen in the right ventricle inferior (caudal) to where the tricuspid valve attaches to the atrioventricular orifice. As is the case with the pectinate muscles, they resemble tree roots. Functionally they appear to prevent prolapse of the tricuspid and bicuspid valves into their respective atria. They may also improve blood flow in the ventricles by reducing the suction that smooth walls would cause.

Trabeculae Carneae

This is the name for the valve between the right ventricle and the right atrium. It has three cusps

Tricuspid valve

When blood enters the right ventricle from the right atrium it passes over the ___

Tricuspid valve

The four valves in the heart are the ___, ___, ___, and ___

Tricuspid valve, pulmonary semilunar valve, bicuspid valve, aortic semilunar valve

____ are shaped like shirt pockets and have three cusps

Tricuspid valves

Mostly connective tissue, this its he name for the outermost layer of blood vessel walls. It contains the vasa vasorum, and is usually one-half to one-third as thick as tunica media in arteries. The seventh letter of the answer is not "E"

Tunica adventitia

The outer layer of a vessel is called the ____

Tunica adventitia

Mostly connective tissue, this is the name for the outermost layer of blood vessel walls. It contains the vasa vasorum, and is usually one-half to one-third as thick as the tunica media in arteries. The seventh letter is not "A"

Tunica externa

This is the name for the inner endothelial lining of blood vessels that includes a thin connective tissue layer as well

Tunica intima

The muscular layer of a vessel wall, except capillaries, is the ____

Tunica media

This its he name for the third layer from the lumen of blood vessels. It is composed primarily of smooth muscle cells and is much thicker than arteries, about forty cells in most arteries, than in veins, about two or three cells in most veins. The veins can have thinner walls because they typically experience less pressure.

Tunica media

In the hepatic portal system, blood passes through ____ capillary beds before returning to the heart.

Two

The most oxygen-rich blood in the fetus is in the ____

Umbilical vein

A lateral branch of each umbilical artery serves this organ in both the adult and in the fetus.

Urinary bladder

This its he name for cranial nerve X It is the only cranial nerve to pass into the body cavities below the neck. It is primarily parasympathetic in nature and is the major nerve affecting the heart and most of the gastrointestinal tract. It slows down the heart and speeds up the activity of the gastrointestinal tract.

Vagus nerve

This is the name for some veins, especially those of the lower appendage, that become over distended due to constant high pressure. When this happens, the semilunar valves begin to leak. The blood does not move as it should and the potential for abnormal clotting exists. Predisposition to this condition is hereditary in some instances.

Varicose veins

The ____ provides a blood supply to the walls of larger vessels

Vasa vasorum

This is the name for the structures which supply blood to the outer portion of the walls of large blood vessels. The inner portion of the wall of large and small blood vessels do not need this blood supply as the cells get what they require directly from the blood they carry.

Vasa vasorum

This is a generic name for the thin-walled vessels that carry blood from the venules back to the atria of the heart

Veins

These are often described as the pumping chambers on the inferior (caudal) left and right sides of the hart. Blood enters them simultaneously from their respective atria, and they provide most of the pressure necessary to move blood through the vessels of the body. They have thick walls compared to the atria, but please note that the left one has a thicker wall than the right one.

Ventricles

This is the name of small vessels that exist between capillaries and the veins.

Venules

This is the generic name for tubular organs that conduct blood to and from the heart.

Vessels

There are ____ pulmonary bypasses in the fetus

two