QMST Test One
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___________________ data are normally made up of measurements, such as length and weight.
Continuous
A type of quantitative data that can take on any value within some interval.
Continuous Data
A common scenario in statistics is as follows: 1). A large population is to be studied. 2). A sample is chosen that represents the population. 3). ___________________ statistics are used to gather, sort, summarize, and present the information about the sample. 4). ___________________ statistics are used to estimate the population parameter from the sample statistics.
Descriptive Inferential
Determine whether the statement describes a descriptive or inferential statistic. 50% of all instructors at your school teach 2 or more classes.
Descriptive Statistic
The numbers of red cars on various roads are an example of which type of data?
Discrete
A type of quantitative data that refer to individual numbers that are countable, such as 0, 1, and 2.
Discrete Data
This branch of statistics, as a science, involves using descriptive statistics to estimate population parameters.
Inferential Statistics
Determine whether the statement describes a descriptive or inferential statistic. A recent poll of 3412 students in Pennsylvania showed that the average number of hours a U.S. college student studies per week is 11.3.
Inferential statistic
Determine whether the statement describes a descriptive or inferential statistic. A recent poll of 3424 luxury car owners in Indiana showed that the average price of a luxury car in the U.S. is $44,000.
Inferential statistic
Determine whether the statement describes a descriptive or inferential statistic. A recent poll of 3453 home owners in West Virginia showed that the average price of a house in the U.S. is $338,000.
Inferential statistic
Data that represent whether a variable possesses some characteristic.
Nominal
A special bar graph with the bars in descending order.
Pareto Chart
Shows how large each category is in relation to the whole.
Pie Charts
A particular group of interest in a statistical study.
Population
Determine whether the statement describes a population or a sample. The high school GPAs of all the professors at the local college.
Population
Determine whether the statement describes a population or a sample. The number of children of all the employees at the local news network.
Population
Identify the population and sample. A survey of 1246 female college students in the U.S. showed that 96% own a computer.
Population: All female college students in the U.S. Sample: The 1246 female college students in the U.S. that were surveyed.
___________________ data are similar to interval data, except that they have a meaningful zero point and the ratio of two data points is meaningful.
Ratio
A subset of the population from which data are collected.
Sample
The actual numerical descriptions of a particular sample characteristic.
Sample Statistic
Determine if the numerical value describes a parameter or a statistic. A recent poll of 1266 corporate executives showed that the average price of their cars is $45,900.
Sample statistic
Determine if the numerical value describes a parameter or a statistic. A recent poll of 1373 corporate executives showed that the average price of their cars is $32,200.
Sample statistic
Identify the sample chosen for the study. The number of hours a group of 11 children in Mrs. Smith's kindergarten class watch television in a day.
The 11 children selected in Mrs. Smith's kindergarten class.
An example of ___________________ data is the number of pets in a household. You can have either 2 or 3 pets, but not 2.25.
discrete
A frequency distribution where each class represents a single value is called a(n)...
ungrouped frequency distribution.
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What is the angular wedge of a 13% slice from a pie chart?
0.13*360=*46.8*
To find a class boundary, add the upper limit of one class to the lower limit of the next class and divide by two. For example, if an upper class limit is 10, and the next lower class limit is 11, the class boundary would be (10+11)/2=
10.5 Thus 10.5 is the boundary between those two classes. You can use one class boundary to find all of the other class boundaries by adding or subtracting the class width to this boundary. Class boundaries are useful in constructing frequency histograms, which will be covered in the lesson on graphing distributions.
Is the numerical value given a population parameter or a sample statistic? The average math score for all seniors who took the ACT was 20.7.
20.7 is a population parameter because it is based on the scores for all seniors who took the ACT, which is the population.
To find the anngle of each circular wedge in a pie chart, you multiply each relative frequency by ______° and round to the nearest angle.
360
Is the numerical value given a population parameter or a sample statistic? In a survey of high school seniors, 68% said they planned on attending college.
68% is a sample statistic because it is a description of a sample of high school seniors, since it would be impossible to survey every high school senior.
Is the numerical value given a population parameter or a sample statistic? The average grade on the final in your statistics class was an 82%.
82% is a population parameter because it is based on the grades of all students in your statistics class.
A numerical description of a particular population characteristic.
A numerical description of a particular population characteristic.
Identify the population being studied. The annual salaries of a sample of 21 professors at the local college.
All professors at the local college.
Identify the population being studied. The final exam scores of 14 out of the 34 students in your economics class.
All the students in your economics class.
Used to represent categorical data.
Bar Graphs
Blank just in case.
Blank just in case.
When data is obtained from every member of the population.
Census
How do you determine if a given numerical value is a population parameter or a sample statistic?
Consider whether each statement refers to a sample or a population. To be a population parameter, it must describe ALL members being studied and not a portion of them.
Determine whether the statement describes a descriptive or inferential statistic. The average number of hours students in your statistics class study per week is 5.3.
Descriptive Statistic
Determine whether the statement describes a descriptive or inferential statistic. The average price of a car at the new car dealership in town is $28,200.
Descriptive Statistic
Determine whether the statement describes a descriptive or inferential statistic. The average price of a car at the new car dealership in town is $29,100.
Descriptive Statistic
This branch of statistics, as a science, gathers, sorts, summarizes, and displays the data.
Descriptive Statistics
Determine whether the statement describes a descriptive or inferential statistic. A survey of 3389 people revealed that 54% are self-conscious about their weight; therefore it can be assumed that 54% of the U.S. population are self-conscious about their weight.
Inferential statistic
Data that can be ordered and the arithmetic difference is meaningful.
Interval
The temperature on an average December day in Charleston, SC is 62℉ while in Boardman, OH it is only 38℉. Are these data at the interval level of measurement?
It is meaningful to subtract the temperatures to find the difference in temperatures between the two cities. 62℉−38℉=24℉ Also, a value of 0℉ does not show an absence of heat, but rather it is extremely cold. Therefore, these data are at the interval level of measurement.
4. Determine the frequency of each class.
Make a tally mark for each piece of data in the appropriate class. Count the marks to find the total frequency for each class.
The quality of data is referred to as its level of measurement. The various levels of measurement are:
Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio
The cost of a certain MP3 player is collected from two different electronic stores. At Darren's Electronic Basement, the MP3 player costs $150, while at Electronicz Explozion the cost is $187.50. Are these data at the ratio level of measurement?
One MP3 player may be more expensive than another, and it can be determined how much more expensive. Much like interval data, the difference between the two MP3 players can be found. $187.50−$150=$37.50 However, it can be said that the MP3 player from Electronicz Explozion is 25% more expensive than the one from Darren's Electronic Basement. Also, note that a cost of $0 would imply an absence of cost. Therefore, these data are at the ratio level of measurement.
Data that represent categories that have some associated order.
Ordinal
Whole group Group I want to know about Characteristics are called parameters Parameters are generally unknown Parameter is fixed
Population
Determine if the numerical value describes a population parameter or a sample statistic. The average price of a house in the new subdivision is $318,000.
Population Paramater
Determine if the numerical value describes a population parameter or a sample statistic. 66% of all students at the local university voted in the last election.
Population Parameter
Identify the population and sample. A researcher randomly selects 20 males for a study of how one's diet affects blood pressure.
Population: All males. Sample: The 20 males selected.
Identify the population being studied and the sample chosen. The number of times 8 out of 36 students on your floor order Chinese in a week.
Population: The 36 students on your floor Sample: The 8 students selected on your floor.
Types of cars people own are an example of which type of data?
Qualitative
___________________ data have a level of measurement that is either Nominal or Ordinal.
Qualitative
Classify the following data. Indicate whether the data is qualitative or quantitative, indicate whether the data is discrete, continuous, or neither, and indicate the level of measurement for the data. You toss a coin and record "head" as 1 and "tail" as 2.
Qualitative Neither discrete nor continuous Nominal
Classify the following data. Indicate whether the data is qualitative or quantitative, indicate whether the data is discrete, continuous, or neither, and indicate the level of measurement for the data. Five people are in a bakery waiting for service. Each person takes a ticket when they enter the bakery in order to determine when they will be served. The person with the lowest ticket number will be served next.
Qualitative Neither discrete nor continuous Ordinal
Consist of labels or descriptions of traits of the sample, also known as categorical data.
Qualitative Data
Religious affiliations are an example of which type of data?
Qualitative, so neither discrete or continuous.
Boiling points in degrees Celsius for various substances are an example of which type of data?
Quantitative
___________________ data have a level of measurement that is either Interval or Ratio.
Quantitative
Classify the following data. Indicate whether the data is qualitative or quantitative, indicate whether the data is discrete, continuous, or neither, and indicate the level of measurement for the data. The IQ scores of students at the local college.
Quantitative Discrete Interval
Consist of counts or measurements and therefore, are numerical.
Quantitative Data
Determine whether the statement describes a population or a sample. The heights of 5 out of the 30 corn plants at Mr. Lonardo's greenhouse.
Sample
Determine whether the statement describes a population or a sample. The types of cars of a sample of 23 professors at the local college.
Sample
Part of the group Group I do know about Characteristics are called statistics Statistics are always known Statistics change with the sample
Sample
Determine if the numerical value describes a parameter or a statistic. A survey of 3856 people in the U.S. revealed that 73% of those surveyed work a full-time job.
Sample statistic
Identify the population being studied and the sample chosen. The heights of 14 out of the 31 cucumber plants at Mr. Lonardo's greenhouse.
Sample: 14 out of the 31 cucumber plants at Mr. Lonardo's greenhouse. Population: 31 cucumber plants at Mr. Lonardo's greenhouse.
A bar graph that compares different groups within a category to one another.
Side-by-Side Bar Graph
Classify the following data as either qualitative or quantitative. The Social Security numbers of government employees.
Social Security numbers are numeric but are not a measurement or count. They are labels, so these are *qualitative* data.
The science of gathering, describing, and analyzing data. Or The actual numerical descriptions of sample data. Is called...
Statistics
3. Find the class limits.
The lower class limit is the smallest number that can belong to a particular class, and the upper class limit is the largest number that can belong to a class. Using the minimum data entry, or a smaller number, as the lower limit of the first class is a good place to begin. However, judgment is required. You should choose the first lower limit so that reasonable classes will be produced, and it should have the same number of decimals as the data set. After choosing the lower limit of the first class, add the class width to it to find the lower limit of the second class. Continue this pattern until the classes are complete. The upper limit of each class is determined such that the classes do not overlap. If, after creating your classes, there is data that falls outside the class limits, you must adjust either the class width or the choice for the first lower class limit.
1. Decide how many classes should be in the distribution.
There are typically between 5 and 20 classes in a frequency distribution. Several different methods can be used to determine the number of classes that will show the data most clearly, but in this lesson, the number of classes for a given data set will be suggested.
2. Choose an appropriate class width.
To find an appropriate class width, begin by subtracting the lowest number in the data set from the highest number in the data set and dividing the difference by the number of classes. Rounding this number up gives a good starting point from which to choose the class width. You will want to choose a width so that the classes formed present a clear representation of the data, so make a sensible choice. Also note that the class width is the difference between lower limits of consecutive classes, which we will define in the next step.
Classify the following data as either qualitative or quantitative. The toppings on pizza at a local restaurant.
Toppings are descriptions, so these are *qualitative* data.
dentify the descriptive statistics in the following statement. What are some possible inferences that can be drawn from these statistics? In a sample of football games, the average number of times the quarterback was sacked is two times per game.
Two sacks per game is a descriptive statistic. Possible inferences that can be drawn are if the offensive line is doing their job, the quality of the quarterback, and if the receivers are open.
Classify the following data as either qualitative or quantitative. The weights of the members of the football team.
Weights are measured, so these are *quantitative* data.
A___________________ distribution displays data values that occur and how frequently each value occurs. One type of distribution is a frequency distribution.
distribution
The ___________________, f, of a group, or class, is the number of data values in that class.
frequency
A ___________________ is a table that divides the data into groups, called classes, and shows how many data values occur in each group.
frequency distribution
A frequency distribution where the classes are ranges of possible values is called a(n)...
grouped frequency distribution.
One important note regarding the ___________________ level is that the zero point associated with these data is a position on a scale, but does not actually mean the absence of something.
interval
The___________________, or class mark, of a class is the sum of the lower and upper limits of the class divided by 2.
midpoint midpoint= (upper limit + lower limit)/2
Statistically speaking, only some graphical and a very few numerical statistical procedures can be applied to ___________________ data, the values are just numbers being used as names and nothing else.
nominal
Standard mathematical operations (addition, subtraction, etc.) are not defined for ___________________ data and consequently many forms of statistical analysis (descriptive and inferential) are not appropriate.
ordinal
Examples of ___________________ data include information such as favorite foods, hometown, eye color, or identification numbers and generally consist of words. Numbers however, can act as words, or placeholders. For example, numbers on a football jersey serve only to distinguish different players during a game.
qualitative
Examples of ___________________ data are test scores, average rainfall, and median weights and can be manipulated in ways that qualitative data cannot.
quantitative
If the measurement scale of the data has equal distances or intervals between the values, then the data are ___________________.
quantitative
