Qualifying Exam 51-100

Many black people left Southern states in the 1870s and 1880s to escape poverty and abuse in favor of independence and land in Kansas, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Nebraska.Some of these new residents obtained land under this act. Name it and the number of acres each received.

1862 Homestead Act; 160 acres

In 1869, the U.S. regular army was reorganized with four black regiments. They were scattered across the West to protect settlers, guard the mail, and protect the railroads and telegraph lines. They took part in the Indian wars against Victorio, Sitting Bull, and Geronimo.The Native Americans gave these soldiers the name "Buffalo Soldiers" because their curly black hair was reminiscent of the buffalo mane and their bravery was like that of the buffalo. What four black regiments initially made up the "Buffalo Soldiers" at the time?

9th and 10th Cavalry and the 24th and 25th Infantry

These two individuals directed the 1963 March on Washington that called for civil rights for African Americans. In August 1963, more than 300,000 people marched on Washington, D.C. in protest for jobs and freedom. Name them.

A. Philip Randolph and Bayard Rustin

Mutinies frequently occurred aboard ships transporting enslaved Africans to the Americas. One famous mutiny occurred in 1839 when Cinque and his "captured" followers seized a slave ship. Although Cinque ordered the navigator to take them back to Africa, the ship sailed for 63 days at sea until it was intercepted by a U.S. ship about a half mile from the shore of Long Island, New York. It was later towed to New London, Connecticut. Later, John Quincy Adams defended them in the U.S. Supreme Court. The enslaved Africans were eventually released. Name this famous mutiny.

Amistad

In the national election of 2004, this attorney from Illinois was elected to the U.S. Senate, the fourth African American male to hold a U.S. Senate seat and the fifth African American overall. As of 2011, there have been six African Americans who have served in the U.S. Senate.On November 4, 2008, he won the election, making him the Presidentelect and the first African American elected President of the United States. On September 6, 2012 at the Democratic Convention, he accepted his party's nomination for Presidential of the United States for a second term. Name this person

Barack Obama

On May 17, 1954, this important U.S. Supreme Court decision declared "racial segregation in public schools is unconstitutional." Name this important court case and the lawyer who argued the case.

Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas; Thurgood Marshall

This was the first bank organized and administered by blacks (without a fraternal organization connection) in 1888. Name the bank.

Capital Savings Bank of Washington, D.C.

This white lawyer, statesman, and politician from Massachusetts was an outspoken opponent of slavery. He argued for desegregated schools, saying that the Massachusetts Constitution declared all men free, equal, and entitled to equal protection of the laws. This politician worked with House of Representatives leader Thaddeus Stevens to defeat Andrew Johnson's Reconstruction plans and to impose Radical policies on the South. It is believed that this politician and Stevens were the most powerful voices in the U.S. Congress at the time. Name this person.

Charles Sumner

The U.S. Congress passed legislation that admitted California as a free state and organized New Mexico and Utah territories with no restrictions on slavery. This legislation, introduced by Senator Henry Clay from Kentucky, included a declaration that Congress cannot forbid slave trade among the slave states; and also included a harsh new fugitive law that allowed southerners to recapture enslaved runaway blacks even in free states and made it a crime for anyone to aid a runaway. Name the legislation.

Compromise of 1850

This minister started his civil rights activities as head of the Montgomery, Alabama bus boycott. He was the new minister of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery and was chosen president of the Montgomery Improvement Association--the organization that led the Montgomery bus boycott. Name him.

Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

In 1857, this U.S. Supreme Court decision effectively denied citizenship to African Americans by rejecting this person's claim to freedom. This person had sued for his freedom because, although he was born a slave in Virginia, he was later taken to the free state of Illinois and the territory that became Minnesota. These monuments are located in Easton, a small town in Talbot County, Maryland. Name the case.

Dred Scott vs. Sanford

On January 1, 1863, President Abraham Lincoln issued a presidential order that freed enslaved black people in the Confederate states. Some believe he did this to weaken the Confederacy as well as to generate favorable world opinion. Name the presidential order.

Emancipation Proclamation

In 1879, between 20,000 and 40,000 former enslaved blacks migrated to Kansas seeking a new life on land made available by the 1862 Homestead Act. These blacks moved from Mississippi, Alabama, Louisiana, and Georgia. Because they were the only labor supply in some of the counties in these states, the Klansmen threatened them, beat them, and some were murdered for attempting to leave. What was this migration called?

Exodus of 1879 (Exoduster Movement)

The "sit-in movement" began on February 1, 1960 when four black freshmen students from North Carolina A&T sat down at a "whites only" lunch counter in a store in this southern city. Their action set off an historic challenge to segregation across the South and declared the use of "sit-ins" as a major strategy for desegregating public facilities. Name the store and the city where the sit-in movement took place.

F.W. Woolworth Company in Greensboro, North Carolina

The Civil War began on April 12, 1861 when Confederate troops fired on this fort located at a very important location. The Union surrendered two days later. The South then held the fort until February 17, 1865 and endured one of the longest sieges in modern warfare. Almost 46,000 shells, estimated at over 7 million pounds of metal, were fired at the fort during Union attacks. Name this fort and where it was located.

Fort Sumter in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina

A group of young people, black and white, traveled by bus from Washington to New Orleans to test desegregation of facilities at bus depots in 1961. What was this group called?

Freedom Riders

On September 18, 1850, President Millard Fillmore signed a law that many called "the slaveholder's dream"--a law that required citizens and federal officers to become diligent slave catchers. The law provided the prompt return of enslaved blacks to slave owners and denied fugitive enslaved blacks a trial by jury or the right to testify on their own behalf. Also, anyone who knowingly blocked a fugitive's arrest could be fined as much as $1,000 for each offense. Name the law.

Fugitive Slave Law of 1850

In 1896, this African American was selected director of agricultural research at Tuskegee Institute. He was so successful in his work that farmers in countries as far away as China and India visited him and later adopted many of his ideas. Name him.

George Washington Carver

This African American invented many products--as many as sixty patents are in his name. Many of his inventions are related to railway and electrical systems. Many of them were sold to some of the most notable industries--General Electric, Westinghouse, and American Bell Telephone. Thomas Edison offered him a job but he turned it down. The American Catholic Tribune called him "the greatest electrician in the world" in 1888. Name him.

Granville T. Woods

This African American pilot served in Vietnam, flying 144 combat missions. After Vietnam, he became the first African American astronaut in space when he flew aboard the space shuttle, Challenger. Name him.

Guion S. Bluford, Jr.

In 1973, this outfielder of the Atlanta Braves' baseball team, hit home run number 715, breaking Babe Ruth's record. He started his professional baseball career with the Indianapolis Clowns of the Negro Baseball League. In his first year in the majors, he was selected Rookie of the Year in 1954. In 1956, he won the National League batting title and in 1957, the Most Valuable Player Award. He retired from baseball in 1976 with 755 total home runs. He set a National League record with 2,297 RBIs. Name him.

Hank Aaron

In March 1852, Uncle Tom's Cabin, a book that described the horrible conditions of slavery, is published. Who wrote this famous anti-slavery novel?

Harriet Beecher Stowe

She made at least 19 trips into the South and helped an estimated 300 enslaved black people escape to freedom-including her parents and several of her brothers and sisters. She had escaped from slavery in Maryland in 1849. Slaveholders had a $40,000 reward for her capture. She was known as "Moses of her People." She lived for eight years in St. Catherine in Canada and then moved to a home in Auburn, New York where she lived until she died at 96 years of age. Name her.

Harriet Tubman

Twelve whites and 34 blacks attended an antislavery convention in Chatham, Canada in 1858. Here, they drew up a constitution for a nation of freed black Americans to be set up in the mountains of Virginia. The plan called for freeing enslaved black Americans and provoking a general uprising that would lead black Americans, free and enslaved, into the mountains from where they would fight. Who was elected commander-in-chief of the army that would bring about this uprising?

John Brown

In 2000, the Wallenberg Medal for Humanitarianism, an award given in honor of Raoul Wallenberg, an international humanitarian who engineered the rescue of thousands of Hungarians from the Nazis in World War II, was given for the first time to an American- born person.He has been arrested over 40 times for civil rights causes, suffered numerous physical attacks and injuries, but his commitment to nonviolent social change remained intact. Name this person.

John Robert Lewis

In 1870, this black American was the first of his race to be elected to the U.S. House of Representatives and take his seat. He was born enslaved but became free after his father bought his family's freedom.He later was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives and served from 1871- 1879. Name this U.S. Congressman and the state he represented.

Joseph Hayne Rainey from South Carolina

Some scholars believe that the Civil War actually began in 1856 when abolitionists and pro-slavery forces battled in this state.John Brown, a minister from Connecticut, came to this state to fight with the abolitionists. Name the state

Kansas

Today, in a park across the street from the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church, several statues and displays tell the story of black protest and struggle for equality in this city. Name this park and its location where one can learn about racial protests that occurred in this city during the early and mid-1960s.

Kelly Ingram Park in Birmingham, Alabama

In 1848, this African American invented a device that dramatically changed the whaling industry in New England.Although he died in poverty, he is honored with a statue crafted by black sculptor James Toatley in front of the New Bedford Free Public Library. Name this inventor.

Lewis Temple

Rosamond Johnson, trained at the New England Conservatory of Music in Boston, and his brother James Weldon Johnson, wrote a song that is often called the "Black National Anthem." It was written in 1901. Name it.

Lift Every Voice and Sing

This African American, born on March 2, 1957 in Jefferson City, Tennessee, was an outstanding students and athlete in high school and college. He graduated at the top of his class in 1979 with a B.S. Degree in Electrical Engineering from the University of Tennessee.In fact, only 50 of IBM's 310,000 employees are IBM Fellows and he was the first Black person to be so honored. Name this African American.

Mark Dean

This important civil rights group was organized in New York City on February 12, 1909. Its purpose was to advance the civil rights of African American people and to protect the rights of all people. This organization has become one of the major civil rights organizations today. Name it.

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

In 1843, an African American engineer and inventor received a patent for the "vacuum evaporation process" for refining sugar. This invention and several improvements successfully dehydrated sugar cane into granules at a low cost, and thus revolutionized the sugar industry. Name this inventor, engineer, and scientist.

Norbert Rillieux

He became one of the most widely known architects in California and the nation. He designed homes for entertainers Cary Grant, Frank Sinatra, Lucille Ball, and Danny Thomas. He designed the Los Angeles County Courthouse and was the first African American member of the American Institute of Architects. He is commonly referred to as "the Architect to the Stars." Name him.

Paul R. Williams

This African American chemist founded his own laboratories in Chicago, Mexico City, and Guatemala. Among his many inventions and patents, he developed synthetic cortisone. He also developed a drug to treat the eye disease, glaucoma. He sold his laboratories to the major pharmaceutical companies of Smith, Kline & French and Upjohn. During his lifetime, he held more than 100 patents. Name this chemist.

Percy Lavon Julian

On April 8, 1990, the National Inventors Hall of Fame inducted two African Americans scientists--the first time in its 17-year history. One of these inductees was the inventor of drugs to cure glaucoma and methods for mass-producing synthetic cortisone. The other was recognized for his contributions as an agricultural and soil scientist. Name these two inventors in respective order.

Percy Lavon Julian and George Washington Carver

This African American attended Hampton Institute and later, Kent College of Law in Chicago, receiving an LL.B. (law) Degree in 1898. After practicing law in the Midwest for five years, he returned to Chicago and in 1905, founded the Chicago Defender. It encouraged blacks to leave the South for work and better opportunities in the North. Name this publisher.

Robert Abbott

He was a co-founder of the American Anti-Slavery Society, and in his home, he is said to have had a booby-trapped door, dubbed "Saint's Rest" which concealed a secret room where fugitives could hide. Name this abolitionist

Robert Purvis

On December 1, 1955, this African American woman made history when she refused to give up her seat on a Montgomery, Alabama bus so a white man could sit down. Because of her heroic efforts, she has been called "the Mother of the Civil Rights Movement." Name her.

Rosa Parks

William and Ellen Craft met as enslaved persons in Macon, Georgia. Because they did not want to bring children into the world to be enslaved, they planned to escape and flee to the North. In December 1848, they disguised themselves-- he as an enslaved person and she as a gentleman and slaveholder--and boarded a train from Georgia to Philadelphia.Later, they wrote a book about their escape. Name the title of their book.

Running a Thousand Miles to Freedom

This African American joined the U.S. Navy as a fireman's apprentice and rose through the ranks to become an admiral. In 1966, he became the first black person to command a U. S. Navy ship. During the Vietnam War, he commanded the destroyer USS Taussig and the guided-missile frigate USS Jouett. He became the first black admiral in the U.S. Navy in 1971. He died on October 24, 2004. Name him.

Samuel Lee Gravely, Jr.

In 1967, this African American became the first black woman elected to the U.S. House of Representatives. She represented New York's 12th District. She died at the age of 80 on January 1, 2005. Name her.

Shirley Chisholm

In the mid-19th century, people who were anti-slavery and those who were supporters of women's rights were allies. This woman traveled throughout the country giving speeches on both issues. A monument marks the site of this woman's speech in Akron. Name this abolitionist and feminist.

Sojourner Truth

After the Civil War, blacks were elected Lieutenant Governor, Secretary of State, Treasurer, and Adjutant General in this state. Blacks won 85 of 157 seats in the state's General Assembly and they were elected to four of the five U.S. Congressional seats. In what state did this occur?

South Carolina

Between January and February 1957, Martin Luther King, Jr., Charles K. Steele, Fred L. Shuttlesworth, Ralph Abernathy, Ella Baker, Bayard Rustin and other civil rights leaders established this organization. Name the organization and the first president of the organization.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC); Martin Luther King, Jr.

Throughout his life, this person strongly opposed slavery. As a lawyer, he defended a large number of fugitives without a fee. When he was elected to the Pennsylvania State Legislature (1833) and later to the U.S. House of Representatives (1849) and the U.S. Senate (1859), he continued his strong and unwavering stand against slavery. Name this political leader.

Thaddeus Stevens

This African American woman was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1993--the first African American to be awarded this distinction. She was born Chloe Anthony Wofford in 1931. Her newest novel, released in late 2009, returns to the subject of slavery that she has explored in previous works. It is titled, "A Mercy." It is a "disturbing story of a mother who casts off her daughter in order to save her, and of a daughter who may never exorcise that abandonment." Name this author.

Toni Morrison

Although the exact number of runaways will never be known, it is estimated that approximately 100,000 enslaved black people escaped to freedom using a network of trails and hiding places stretching from Canada to Mexico between 1825 and 1860. Name this network.

Underground Railroad

This African American, a native New Yorker, grew up in a lower East Side housing project. By 50 years of age, she had climbed the business corporate ladder at Xerox, beginning as a summer engineering intern in 1980 and rising to become president of the printing giant in 2002. She helped make Xerox into the world's largest maker of high-speed color printers. She became the company's top official, Chief Executive Officer (CEO), in 2009. She was first black woman to head a Fortune 500 company, the 500 top ranked largest companies in the country. Name her.

Ursula Burns

By 1850, much of the cotton produced in the United States was exported to Britain where the inventions of the spinning jenny and the power loom had increased the demand for raw cotton. By this time, America was producing three million bales of cotton annually and cotton had become the most vital industry in the South's economy. What portion of the world's cotton crop was produced by slave states in the United States?

two-thirds