Questions 1
What does POP do?
Cards PROGRESS 25/76 Play Shuffle Options What does Small Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) do? Handles outgoing mail it is a email protocol What does POP do? Click card to see the definition 👆 POP is short for Post Office Protocol, a protocol used to retrieve e-mail from a mail server. Most e-mail applications (sometimes called an e-mail client) use the POP protocol, although some can use the newer IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol). There are two versions of POP. it is a email protocol
What are switch virtual interfaces (SVIs)?
Cisco IOS Layer 2 switches have physical ports for devices to connect. These ports do not support Layer 3 IP addresses. Therefore, switches have one or more switch virtual interfaces (SVIs). These are virtual interfaces because there is no physical hardware on the device associated with it. An SVI is created in software. The virtual interface provides a means to remotely manage a switch over a network using IPv4. Each switch comes with one SVI appearing in the default configuration "out-of-the-box." The default SVI is interface VLAN1. Note: A Layer 2 switch does not need an IP address. The IP address assigned to the SVI is used to remotely access the switch. An IP address is not necessary for the switch to perform its operations.
IOS Help Features
Context-Sensitive Help Command Syntax Check Context-sensitive help enables you to quickly find which commands are available in each command mode, which commands start with specific characters or group of characters, and which arguments and keywords are available to particular commands. To access context-sensitive help, simply enter a question mark, ?, at the CLI. Command syntax check verifies that a valid command was entered by the user. When a command is entered, the command line interpreter evaluates the command from left to right. If the interpreter understands the command, the requested action is executed, and the CLI returns to the appropriate prompt. However, if the interpreter cannot understand the command being entered, it will provide feedback describing what is wrong with the command.
What is TCP used for?
Creates a reliable connection using a 3 way handshake and can reorder or retransmit packets if necessary.
What is the purpose of DHCP?
DHCP's purpose is to enable individual computers on an IP network to extract their configurations from a server (the DHCP server) or servers, in particular, servers that have no exact information about the individual computers until they request the information.
What are the four steps of DHCP?
DHCPDISCOVER: The client broadcasts a request for a DHCP server. DHCPOFFER: DHCP servers on the network offer an address to the client. DHCPREQUEST: ... DHCPACK:
What is difference between OSPF and Eigrp?
Difference Between EIGRP and OSPF. Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (also known as EIGRP) is a proprietary routing protocol developed by Cisco. ... These routers accomplish this by converting 32 bit EIGRP metric to 24 bit IGRP metric. Open Shortest Path First (also known as OSPF) is a dynamic routing protocol.
What is the difference between OSPF and BGP?
Difference Between OSPF and BGP. The major difference between OSPF and BGP is that the OSPF is an intradomain routing protocol while BGP is the interdomain routing protocol. The OSPF protocol uses link state routing. On the other hand, BGP protocol uses path vector routing.
What is the difference between SMTP and IMAP?
Difference Between SMTP and IMAP. SMTP, which stands for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol, along with IMAP (Internet Access Message Protocol) are the two mechanisms that are used in sending and receiving email messages. The main difference between the two is the function that they play.
What services use UDP?
Domain Name System (DNS) Streaming media applications such as movies. Online multiplayer games. Voice over IP (VoIP) Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)
How do you enable routing on a layer 3 switch?
Enable routing on the switch with the ip routing command. ... Switch(config)#ip routing Make note of the VLANs that you want to route between. ... Use the show vlan command in order to verify that the VLANs exist in the VLAN database. ... Switch#vlan database Switch(vlan)#vlan 2 VLAN 2 added: Name: VLAN0002 Switch(vlan)#vlan 3 VLAN 3 added: Name: VLAN0003 Switch(vlan)#vlan 10
Configuring a Switch Virtual Interface
Enable the interface. Switch(config)# interface vlan 1 Switch(config-if)# ip address 192.168.10.2 255.255.255.0 Switch(config-if)# no shutdown %LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Vlan1, changed state to up Switch(config-if)#
Message Encoding
Encoding is the process of converting information into another acceptable form, for transmission. Decoding reverses this process in order to interpret the information. Encoding between hosts must be in an appropriate format for the medium. Messages sent across the network are first converted into bits by the sending host. Each bit is encoded into a pattern of sounds, light waves, or electrical impulses depending on the network media over which the bits are transmitted. The destination host receives and decodes the signals in order to interpret the message.
What are the advantages of Eigrp other routing protocol?
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) is a unique Cisco innovation. Highly valued for its ease of deployment and fast convergence, EIGRP is commonly used in many large Enterprise networks. EIGRP maintains all of the advantages of distance-vector protocols, while avoiding the concurrent disadvantages.
What does EIGRP Do?
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) is an advanced distance-vector routing protocol that is used on a computer network for automating routing decisions and configuration. The protocol was designed by Cisco Systems as a proprietary protocol, available only on Cisco routers.
Encrypt Passwords
Enter the command to encrypt the plaintext passwords. Switch(config)# service password-encryption Exit global configuration mode and view the running configuration. Switch(config)# exit Use the show running-config command to verify that passwords are now encrypted.
Advantages of DHCP
IP address management - A primary advantage of DHCP is easier management of IP addresses. In a network without DHCP, you must manually assign IP addresses. You must be careful to assign unique IP addresses to each client and to configure each client individually.
can a IP address be assigned to both physical ports and virtual interfaces?
IP addresses can be assigned to both physical ports and virtual interfaces on devices. A virtual interface means that there is no physical hardware on the device associated with it.
why do we use IP addresses?
IP addresses is the primary means of enabling devices to locate one another and establish end-to-end communication on the Internet.. Each end device on a network must be configured with an IP address.
Automatic IP Address Configuration for End Devices
In a network, DHCP enables automatic IPv4 address configuration for every end device that has DHCP enabled. Imagine the amount of time it would consume if every time you connected to the network, you had to manually enter the IPv4 address, the subnet mask, the default gateway, and the DNS server. Multiply that by every user and every device in an organization and you see the problem. Manual configuration also increases the chance of misconfiguration by duplicating another device's IPv4 address. It is possible to display the IP configuration settings on a Windows PC by using the ipconfig command at the command prompt. The output will show the IPv4 address, subnet mask, and gateway information received from the DHCP server.
Interface Addressing Verification
In the same way that you use commands and utilities like ipconfig to verify a PC host's network configuration, you also use commands to verify the interfaces and address settings of intermediary devices like switches and routers. show ip interface brief command. This command is useful for verifying the condition of the switch interfaces.
What are the three major network protocols?
In this model, there are four layers, including: Ethernet (Physical/Data Link Layers) IP/IPX (Network Layer) TCP/SPX (Transport Layer) HTTP, FTP, Telnet, SMTP, and DNS(combined Session/Presentation/Application Layers)
Explain Interface Configuration Mode
Interface configuration commands modify the operation of the interface. Interface configuration commands always follow a global configuration command, which defines the interface type. Use the interface interface-id command to access interface configuration mode. The new prompt means interface configuration mode. Symbol - Switch(config-if)#
What does PPP do?
Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) is a data link layer (layer 2) communications protocol used to establish a direct connection between two nodes. It connects two routers directly without any host or any other networking device in between. Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) is a data link layer (layer 2) communications protocol used to establish a direct connection between two nodes. It connects two routers directly without any host or any other networking device in between. Point To Point Protocol (PPP) ... PPP can be encapsulated in a number of data link layer protocols, including Ethernet (PPPoE) and Asynchronous Transfer Mode (PPPoA). PPP uses Link Control Protocol (LCP) to establish a session between a user's computer and an ISP.
Benefits of DHCP
Reliable IP address configuration. DHCP minimizes configuration errors caused by manual IP address configuration, such as typographical errors, or address conflicts caused by the assignment of an IP address to more than one computer at the same time. Reduced network administration. DHCP includes the following features to reduce network administration: Centralized and automated TCP/IP configuration. The ability to define TCP/IP configurations from a central location. The ability to assign a full range of additional TCP/IP configuration values by means of DHCP options. The efficient handling of IP address changes for clients that must be updated frequently, such as those for portable devices that move to different locations on a wireless network. The forwarding of initial DHCP messages by using a DHCP relay agent, which eliminates the need for a DHCP server on every subnet.
How to Configure passwords?
SW1(config)# enable secret cisco SW1(config)# enable password cisco
Why do we need IP?
So that you can talk to other computers and other computers can talk to you. ip address is stands for internet protocol addressing. In the internet each devices has a unique identification number. ... Any system that is connected to a network needs an IP address to communicate with other systems in the network.
What are Protocol Suites and Industry Standards
TCP/IP Application: HTTP, DNS, DHOP, FTP Transport: TCP/UDP Internet IPV4, IPV6 , ICMPv4, ICMP6 Network Assess Ethernet, PPP, Freme Relay, ATM, WLAN ISO Application: acse, Rose, TRSE, AFP Transport: TP0, TP1, TP2, TP3, TP4 Internet: CONP/CMNS, CLNP/CLNS Network Assess: Ethernet, PPP, Freme Relay, ATM, WLAN Apple Talk Application: AFP Transport: ATP, AEP, NBP, RTMP Internet: AARP Network Assess: Ethernet, PPP, Freme Relay, ATM, WLAN Novell Netware Application: NDS Transport: SPX Internet: IPX Network Assess: Ethernet, PPP, Freme Relay, ATM, WLAN
Why is TCP important?
TCP/IP is important because whole internet runs over it. This is the protocols using which 2 different network Elements communicate with each other. Without the TCP/IP the data communication and Internet or Inter-Networking of the devices is not possible. This model is based on the OSI model.
What are the 5 layers of TCP IP?
THE FUNCTIONS AND APPLICATIONS OF THE 5 LAYERS OF TCP/IP ... APPLICATION LAYER. This is where the message is created. NETWORK LAYER (IP) TRANSPORT LAYER (TCP/UDP) Provides services that support reliable end-to-end communications. DATA LINK LAYER (MAC) PHYSICAL LAYER. APPLICATION LAYER. This is where the message is created. NETWORK LAYER (IP) TRANSPORT LAYER (TCP/UDP)
What is the function of ARP?
The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) feature performs a required function in IP routing. ARP finds the hardware address, also known as Media Access Control (MAC) address, of a host from its known IP address. ARP maintains a cache (table) in which MAC addresses are mapped to IP addresses.
Why is ARP important?
The Address Resolution Protocol (or ARP) is a very important part of IP networking. ... For most of us, that means that ARP is used to link our IP addressing to our Ethernet addressing (MAC Addressing). For you to communicate with any device on your network, you must have the Ethernet MAC address for that device.
What does Bootstrap Protocol do?
The Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP) is a computer networking protocol used in Internet Protocol networks to automatically assign an IP address to network devices from a configuration server. The BOOTP was originally defined in RFC 951. part of application layer and host configuring system
What does FTP stand for and what does it do?
The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard network protocol used for the transfer of computer files between a client and server on a computer network. its a file transfer protocol
What is the difference between Ethernet and Internet?
The Internet is a world wide packet switching network. Since it is based on packets, and Ethernet delivers packets, the carrier for the Internet that most people encounter is Ethernet. Within one building , the Internet is often carried by Ethernet. But over longer distances, others technologies are used.
What is HTTP protocol and how it works?
The application protocol that makes the web work is Hypertext Transfer Protocol or HTTP. Do not confuse this with the Hypertext Markup Language (HTML). HTML is the language used to write web pages. HTTP is the protocol that web browsers and web servers use to communicate with each other over the Internet.
difference between TCP and IP
The difference is that TCP is responsible for the data delivery of a packet , it guarantees that packets will be delivered in the same order in which they were sent. and IP is responsible for the logical(IP) addressing, IP protocol deals only with packets.
Development of TCP/IP
The first packet switching network and predecessor to today's Internet was the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET), which came to life in 1969 by connecting mainframe computers at four locations. ARPANET was funded by the U.S. Department of Defense for use by universities and research laboratories.
End-to-End Connectivity Test
The ping command can be used to test connectivity to another device on the network or a website on the Internet.
Why TCP is reliable?
The reason that Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is considered 'reliable' is that the protocol itself checks to see if everything that was transmitted was delivered at the receiving end (it may not have been due to packet loss).
what is the structure of an IPv4 address called?
The structure of an IPv4 address is called dotted decimal notation and is represented by four decimal numbers between 0 and 255. IPv4 addresses are assigned to individual devices connected to a network.
Why is OSPF area needed?
The topology of an area is maintained in its own link state database and is hidden from other areas, which reduces the amount of traffic routing required by OSPF. The topology is then shared in a summarized form between areas by a connecting router. The backbone area (Area 0) is the core of an OSPF network.
What does Ethernet do?
This cable connects wired devices together to the local network for file sharing and Internet access. Linksys routers use Ethernet cables to connect to the modem via its Internet or WAN port and get Internet access for wired and wireless devices connected behind the router. Ethernet Network - The Role of Ethernet in Computer Networks. An ethernet network is a situation in which multiple computers are connected to one another and share the same Internet protocol address. ... The benefit in this is that multiple networks do not need to be created.
explain user ExEC mode?
This mode has limited capabilities but is useful for basic operations. It allows only a limited number of basic monitoring commands but does not allow the execution of any commands that might change the configuration of the device. The user EXEC mode is identified by the CLI prompt that ends with the > symbol.
Explain Privileged EXEC Mode
To execute configuration commands, a network administrator must access privileged EXEC mode. Higher configuration modes, like global configuration mode, can only be reached from privileged EXEC mode. The privileged EXEC mode can be identified by the prompt ending with the # symbol.
What does TFTP do?
Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) is an Internet software utility for transferring files that is simpler to use than the File Transfer Protocol (FTP) but less capable. It is used where user authentication and directory visibility are not required. its a file transfer protocol Click card to se
Why is UDP used?
Typically, use UDP in applications where speed is more critical than reliability. For example, it may be better to use UDP in an application sending data from a fast acquisition where it is acceptable to lose some data points. You can also use UDP to broadcast to any machine(s) listening to the server.
What is the function of UDP?
UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is an alternative communications protocol to Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) used primarily for establishing low-latency and loss-tolerating connections between applications on the internet.
what are the Message Delivery Options?
Unicast Multicast Broadcast
Explain Line Configuration Mode
Used to configure console, SSH, Telnet, or AUX access. Symbol - Switch(config-line)#
Rule Establishment
protocols are necessary for effective communication. These rules, or protocols, must be followed in order for the message to be successfully delivered and understood. Protocols must account for the following requirements: An identified sender and receiver Common language and grammar Speed and timing of delivery Confirmation or acknowledgment requirements he protocols that are used in network communications share many of these fundamental traits. In addition to identifying the source and destination, computer and network protocols define the details of how a message is transmitted across a network. Common
Why does each link on the Internet require a specific network media type?
each link on the Internet require a specific network media type, but each link also requires a particular network technology. For example, Ethernet is the most common local area network (LAN) technology used today. Ethernet ports are found on end-user devices, switch devices, and other networking devices that can physically connect to the network using a cable.
What are the benefits of OSPF?
he advantage of shortest path first algorithms is that they results in smaller more frequent updates everywhere. They converge quickly, thus preventing such problems as routing loops and Count-to-Infinity (when routers continuously increment the hop count to a particular network). This makes for a stable network.
when was the first message transmitted?
october 29th 1969 from SDS 7 sigma mainframe at university of California los Angeles to a SDS 940 mainframe at Stanford research institute
What is the maximum size of a message inside an ipv4 Packet?
referred to as the Packet Length, this 16-bit field defines the entire packet (fragment) size, including header and data, in bytes. The minimum length packet is 20 bytes (20-byte header + 0 bytes data) and the maximum is 65,535 bytes. The 16-bit field is used for error checking of the IP header.
How to Configure Hostnames and remove host names
switch# configure terminal switch(config)# hostname Sw-Floor-1 Sw-Floor-1(config)# Sw-Floor-1# configure terminal Sw-Floor-1(config)# no hostname switch(config)#
How is SMTP used for email?
(pronounced as separate letters) Short for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol, a protocol for sending e-mail messages between servers. Most e-mail systems that send mail over the Internet use SMTP to send messages from one server to another; the messages can then be retrieved with an e-mail client using either POP or IMAP.
What is the tFTP port number
69
What are the sizes of the packets?
A packet is a block of data with length that can vary between successive packets, ranging from 7 to 65,542 bytes, including the packet header. Packetized data is transmitted via frames, which are fixed-length data blocks. The size of a frame, including frame header and control information, can range up to 2048 bytes.
BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)
A path-vector protocol used by ISPs to establish routing between one another.
Protocol Suites and Industry Standards
A protocol suite is a set of protocols that work together to provide comprehensive network communication services. A protocol suite may be specified by a standards organization or developed by a vendor. Protocol suites, like the four shown in the figure, can be a bit overwhelming. However, this course will only cover the protocols of the TCP/IP protocol suite. The TCP/IP protocol suite is an open standard, meaning these protocols are freely available to the public, and any vendor is able to implement these protocols on their hardware or in their software. A standards-based protocol is a process that has been endorsed by the networking industry and approved by a standards organization. The use of standards in developing and implementing protocols ensures that products from different manufacturers can interoperate successfully. If a protocol is not rigidly observed by a particular manufacturer, their equipment or software may not be able to successfully communicate with products made by other manufacturers. Some protocols are proprietary which means one company or vendor controls the definition of the protocol and how it functions. Examples of proprietary protocols are AppleTalk and Novell Netware, which are legacy protocol suites. It is not uncommon for a vendor (or group of vendors) to develop a proprietary protocol to meet the needs of its customers and later assist in making that proprietary protocol an open standard.
what are the three types of network media?
twisted-pair copper cables, fiber-optic cables, coaxial cables, or wireless
what are the Primary Command Modes
• User EXEC Mode • Privileged EXEC Mode
What port does SMTP use?
Port 25
what does write erase do?
erase nvram
What does ARP do?
1. sends out a broadcast message with an ARP request packet and IP address of the system it's trying to find 2. the system it's trying to find replies with physical address 3. stores address in ARP cache
What is a characteristic of a switch virtual interface SVI?
A switch virtual interface (SVI) represents a VLAN of switch ports as one interface to the routing or bridging function in the system. Only one SVI can be associated with a VLAN, but you need to configure an SVI for a VLAN only when you wish to route between VLANs or to provide IP host connectivity to the switch.
how many bits does a ipv4 subnet mask have?
An IPv4 subnet mask is a 32-bit value that separates the network portion of the address from the host portion.
Why are IP addresses important?
An Internet Protocol address, or IP address is a unique identifier given to every machine in a network. An IP address serves two primary functions. ... Because an IP address is a unique identifier, it allows computers to send and receive information to and from specific computers in a given network
What does TCP do?
Breaks messages into packets and reassembles them at their destination
how to Manual IP Address Configuration for End Devices
For an end device to communicate over the network, it must be configured with a unique IPv4 address and subnet mask. IP address information can be entered into end devices manually, or automatically using Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP). To manually configure an IPv4 address on a Windows host, open the Control Panel > Network Sharing Center > Change adapter settings and choose the adapter. Next right-click and select Properties to display the Local Area Connection Properties. Highlight Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) and click Properties to open the Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties window shown in Figure 2. Configure the IPv4 address and subnet mask information, and default gateway. The DNS server addresses are the IPv4 addresses of the Domain Name System (DNS) servers, which are used to translate IP addresses to domain name.
what are the Configuration Command Modes
Global Configuration Mode Line Configuration Mode Interface Configuration Mode
What is the function of HTTP?
HTTP means HyperText Transfer Protocol. HTTP is the underlying protocol used by the World Wide Web and this protocol defines how messages are formatted and transmitted, and what actions Web servers and browsers should take in response to various commands.
What does HTTP do?
HTTP means HyperText Transfer Protocol. HTTP is the underlying protocol used by the World Wide Web and this protocol defines how messages are formatted and transmitted, and what actions Web servers and browsers should take in response to various commands. HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is the set of rules for transferring files (text, graphic images, sound, video, and other multimedia files) on the World Wide Web. As soon as a Web user opens their Web browser, the user is indirectly making use of HTTP. it is web based protocol
What is https protocol used for?
HTTPS. Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) is an extension of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). It is used for secure communication over a computer network, and is widely used on the Internet.
What does Small Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) do?
Handles outgoing mail it is a email protocol
What are the 3 parts of a packet?
Header, Payload, Trailer
What is difference between IMAP and POP?
IMAP and POP are two different protocols. There are many differences between these two. The main difference is that IMAP(Internet Messaged Access Protocol) always syncs with mail server so that any changes you make in your mail client (Microsoft Outlook, Thunderbird) will instantly appear on your webmail inbox.
What does ICMP do?
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is a TCP/IP network layer protocol that provides troubleshooting, control and error message services. ICMP is most frequently used in operating systems for networked computers, where it transmits error messages. The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is a supporting protocol in the Internet protocol suite. It is used by network devices, including routers, to send error messages and operational information indicating, for example, that a requested service is not available or that a host or router could not be reached. ICMP is a protocol for sending various messages to report network conditions—it is not ping. ... An ICMP packet is therefore an IP packet with ICMP in the IP data portion. Every ICMP message will also contain the entire IP header from the original message, so that the end system will know which packet actually failed. it is ip support
What does IMAP stand for and what does it do?
Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) is an Internet standard protocol used by email clients to retrieve email messages from a mail server over a TCP/IP connection. IMAP is defined by RFC 3501. it is a email protocol
What does Domain Name System DNS do?
It translates web addresses that people use into addresses the Internet uses. it is part of application layer and is a naming system it is a host config protocol
Basic IOS Command Structure
Keyword - a specific parameter defined in the operating system (ip protocols) Argument - not predefined; a value or variable defined by the user, 192.168.10.5) After entering each complete command, including any keywords and arguments, press the Enter key to submit the command to the command interpreter.
Syntax Checker - Limiting Access to a Switch
Limit access to a switch. Encrypt all passwords. Secure the privileged EXEC access. Secure the console access. Secure the VTY access. Encrypt all passwords. Sw-Floor-1(config)# service password-encryption Sw-Floor-1(config)# Secure the privileged EXEC access with the password. Cla55. Sw-Floor-1(config)# enable secret Cla55 Sw-Floor-1(config)# Secure the console line. Use the password Cisc0. Allow login. Sw-Floor-1(config)# line console 0 Sw-Floor-1(config-line)# password Cisc0 Sw-Floor-1(config-line)# login SW-Floor-1(config-line)# Secure the first 16 VTY lines. Use the password Cisc0. Allow login. Sw-Floor-1(config)# line vty 0 15 Sw-Floor-1(config-line)# password Cisc0 Sw-Floor-1(config-line)# login Sw-Floor-1(config-line)#
Message Formatting and Encapsulation
Message formats depend on the type of message and the channel that is used to deliver the message. An identifier of the recipient A salutation or greeting The message content A closing phrase An identifier of the sender In addition to having the correct format, most personal letters must also be enclosed in an envelope for delivery The envelope has the address of the sender and receiver, each located at the proper place on the envelope. If the destination address and formatting are not correct, the letter is not delivered. The process of placing one message format (the letter) inside another message format (the envelope) is called encapsulation. De-encapsulation occurs when the process is reversed by the recipient and the letter is removed from the envelope. A message that is sent over a computer network follows specific format rules for it to be delivered and processed. Just as a letter is encapsulated in an envelope for delivery, so too are computer messages. Each computer message is encapsulated in a specific format, called a frame, before it is sent over the network. A frame acts like an envelope; it provides the address of the destination and the address of the source host.. The format and contents of a frame are determined by the type of message being sent and the channel over which it is communicated. Messages that are not correctly formatted are not successfully delivered to or processed by the destination host.
What does NAT do?
NAT translates the IP addresses of computers in a local network to a single IP address. This address is often used by the router that connects the computers to the Internet. Network address translation (NAT) is a function by which IP addresses within a packet are replaced with different IP addresses. This function is most commonly performed by either routers or firewalls. NAT is not needed for address sharing, but maybe for other situations. In IPv4 networks, we solved the shortage of addresses by using NAT to share one public IP address between many hosts. In IPv6, we have no address shortage and do not need to share IP addresses any more.
What are network protocols and standards?
Network protocols are formal standards and policies comprised of rules, procedures and formats that define communication between two or more devices over a network. Network protocols govern the end-to-end processes of timely, secure and managed data or network communication.
Network Protocols
Networking protocols define a common format and set of rules for exchanging messages between devices. Some common networking protocols are Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), and Internet Protocol (IP). networking protocols that describe the following processes: How the message is formatted or structured. The process by which networking devices share information about pathways with other networks. How and when error and system messages are passed between devices. The setup and termination of data transfer sessions.
Is OSPF better than Eigrp?
OSPF can only summarize between areas. OSPF is link state so it has a better view of the entire network than EIGRP before it runs the SPF algorithm. Network administrators will usually be more comfortable with OSPF because it's more commonly deployed. Both protocols have advantages and disadvantages.
Why BGP is used over OSPF?
OSPF requires intensive use of memory and CPU resources. As against, in BGP the need of device resources relies on the size of the routing table. BGP is more flexible and scalable than OSPF and used on a larger network, unlike OSPF. The primary objective of the OSPF is to determine the best route, i.e., fastest.
What is the main purpose of OSPF?
OSPF, or Open Shortest Path First, is a link-state routing protocol that uses routing tables to determine the best possible path for data exchange.
What does OFPF do?
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a routing protocol for Internet Protocol (IP) networks. It uses a link state routing (LSR) algorithm and falls into the group of interior gateway protocols (IGPs), operating within a single autonomous system (AS). It means dividing routers inside a single autonomous system running OSPF, into areas where each area consists of a group of connected routers. ... Having many routers exchange the link state database could flood the network and reduce its efficiency - this was the need that led to the creation of concept Areas.
Open standards
Open standards encourage interoperability, competition, and innovation. They also guarantee that no single company's product can monopolize the market, or have an unfair advantage over its competition. A good example of this is when purchasing a wireless router for the home. There are many different choices available from a variety of vendors, all of which incorporate standard protocols such as IPv4, DHCP, 802.3 (Ethernet), and 802.11 (Wireless LAN). These open standards also allow a client running Apple's OS X operating system to download a web page from a web server running the Linux operating system. This is because both operating systems implement the open standard protocols, such as those in the TCP/IP protocol suite.
What is difference between https and www?
What a difference A very short and concise difference between http and https is that https is much more secure compared to http. HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP is a protocol using which hypertext is transferred over the Web. ... But why do we need this security over the Web.
What does UDP do?
What does HTTP do? HTTP means HyperText Transfer Protocol. HTTP is the underlying protocol used by the World Wide Web and this protocol defines how messages are formatted and transmitted, and what actions Web servers and browsers should take in response to various commands. HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is the set of rules for transferring files (text, graphic images, sound, video, and other multimedia files) on the World Wide Web. As soon as a Web user opens their Web browser, the user is indirectly making use of HTTP. it is web based protocol What does UDP do? Click card to see the definition 👆 UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is an alternative communications protocol to Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) used primarily for establishing low-latency and loss-tolerating connections between applications on the internet. part of transport layer Following implementations uses UDP as a transport layer protocol: NTP (Network Time Protocol) DNS (Domain Name Service) BOOTP, DHCP. NNP (Network News Protocol) Quote of the day protocol. TFTP, RTSP, RIP, OSPF.
What's better POP or IMAP?
Why is IMAP better than POP? POP is a very simple protocol that only allows downloading messages from your Inbox to your local computer. Generally, once transferred, the email is on your local computer and removed from FastMail. IMAP is much more advanced and allows you to see all your folders on FastMail.
Explain Global Configuration Mode?
allows users to modify the running system configuration. From the Privileged mode a user can move to configuration mode by running the "configure terminal" command from privileged mode. Symbol - Switch(config)#.
Save the Running Configuration File
copy running-config startup-config privileged EXEC mode command. alternatively copy run start will also save the running configuration file. Router#copy running-config startup-config
What does IP do?
determines the format of the information as it is transferred