Quetions for the exam Biology exam 3

7. What are the four distinguishing characteristics of all chordates?

Chordates share many characteristics, including a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits or pouches in the pharynx, and a postanal tail. Figure 21.46 summarizes diversity within the chordates.

c. coelom and pseudocoelom

Coelom is completely covered by mesoderm layer and pseudocoelom isn't completely lined by mesoderm layer Coelom - Mesoderm completely surrounds cavity Pseudocoelom - Mesoderm does not completely surrond the cavity

12. How do scales and amniotic eggs adapt reptiles to dry land?

Dry scales form a skin barriers that allows reptile to conserve body moisture. The amniotic egg surrounds the embryo. The amniotic egg surrounds the embryo in a pocket of fluid with internal membrane is coovered by a tough shell. Have two features reduces water loss and at the same time protects the developing reptile. Not like amphibians which require wawter to laid eggs.

9. What do you think the advantages and disadvantages are of ectotherms and endotherms?

Ectotherms lack internal temperature-control mechanisms, whereas endotherms use heat from metabolism to maintain body temperature. Endotherms require much more energy than do ectotherms.

4. Compare and contrast annelids, nematodes, and flatworms.

Flatworms are unsegmented protostomes that lack a coelom. This phylum includes free-living flatworms such as planarians. Flukes and tapeworms are parasitic. The flat body shape allows individual cells to exchange gases with their environment. Free-living flatworms and flukes have an incomplete digestive tract; tapeworms absorb the host's food directly through the body wall. Flukes and tapeworms have many additional adaptations to the parasitic lifestyle. Annelids are segmented protostomes. The group includes earthworms, leeches, and polychaetes. These animals lack a specialized respiratory system, but they have a complete digestive tract and a closed circulatory system. Excretory structures, blood vessels, nerves, and muscles are repeated in each segment. The coelom acts as a hydrostatic skeleton. Leeches and earthworms are hermaphrodites that lay eggs in a protective "cocoon." Roundworms are unsegmented worms with a pseudocoelom. They molt periodically, a feature they share with arthropods. The pseudocoelom aids in circulation and acts as a hydrostatic skeleton. Nematodes include parasitic and free-living species in soil and aquatic sediments.

Eukaryotic Multicellular Lack ________ __________ Unlike cells of plants and fungi

No cell walls

d. Monotremes, marsupials, and placental mammals

monotremes lay eggs ad reptiles do. Their young feed on milk from the mother. They take care of their young. Marsupials give birth to young that are not fully developed. Young must spend time in their mother's pouch. Their young milk from the mammary gland. Placental mammmals young remain in the mother's body until their body systems are able to function independently. THeir young feed on milk from mother's mammary gland. The similarities all the young feed from the mother's mammary gland.

d. incomplete and complete digestive tract

one opening, digestive system with a mouth and a gastrovascular cavity (GVC) (two openings) digestive system with a mouth, gut, and an anus

c. Reptile and birds

similarities: vertebrates, lay eggs and salt glands The differences are: reptile scales all over where as birds only feet. Birds are endothermic on the contrary reptiles are ectothermic reptiles live in warmer climate. Birds all over the planet. Reptile have leathery egg whereas a bird are calcium egg.

3. Sponges have no muscles and cannot move. They have no nerve cells and cannot sense the environment around them. Why are they classified as animals?

Sponges, also known as, Poriferans( Phylum Porifera). Sponges are characterized by the possession of a feeding system unique among animals. Sponges don't have mouths, instead they have tiny pores in their outer walls through which water is drawn. Cells in the sponge walls filter goodies from the water as the water is pumped through the body and out other larger openings. The flow of water through the sponge is unidirectional ( in one direction ), driven by the beating flagella (a long thread like appendage, especially a whiplike extension of cells that functions as an organ of locomotion) which line the surface of the chambers connected by a series of canals. Sponge cells perform a variety of bodily functions and appear to be more independent of each other than are the cells of other animals. sponges stationary animals that are so sedentary that the ancient Greeks believed them to be plants. Majority of the species are marine, although some are found in fresh water. Have folded body walls and irregular shapes. Lack body symmetry, but some radically symmetrical. http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/porifera/po...

5. Describe three adaptations of arthropods that helped them become successful in terms of numbers.

There are 5 classes of arthropods: Insecta (insects) respiration by tracheae Arachnida - ( spiders, scorpions, ticks, mite) respiration by tracheae, book lungs Diplopoda - (millipedes) respiration by tracheae Chilopoda - (centipedes) respiration by tracheae Crustacea - (lobsters, crayfish, crab) live in water and respiration by gills

8. How would you create a worm farm and why? Laughing

You will need a plastic bin, old news paper and dirt. The worms can be found virtually anywhere or you can purchase live warms from Walmart. The next step is place the news paper that it covers the bottom of the plastic bin. Fill the bin with dirt on the news paper until the bin is half-full. The third step fill with live organic non-acidic food waste the worm can feed from. One of the benefits of a worm farm is to enrich the soil and make natural fertilizer. it is a great compost and they eat the news paper and trash. Easy to produce.

b. radial and bilateral symmetry

bilateral symmetry in which only one plane divides the animal into mirror images. head (anterior) and tail (posterior). Where as radial symmetry with parts arranged around a central axis.

b. Cartilaginous fishes and bony fishes

cartilage: flexible, lightweight bone: hard, heavy

a. Amphibian and reptile

Reptiles are ectothermic vertebrates with dry scaly skin. They are both vertebrates. Compare the skin of amphibians and reptiles. Retile skin is dry and scaly while amphibians skin is rubbery. Adult amphibians also exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide through their skin which increases their oxygen supply.

2. What are the advantages of having a coelom?

A coelom has many advantages: the digestive system can become more complex, coelomic fluid assists body processes and acts as a hydrostatic skeleton. In protostomes, the mouth appears at or near the blastopore, the first embryonic opening, and the coelom develops by a splitting of the mesoderm. The coelom's chief advantage is flexibility. As internal organs such as the heart, lungs, liver, and intestines develop, they push into the coelom. The fluid of the coelom cushions the organs, protects them, and enables them to shift as the animal bends and moves.

a. blastula and gastrula

A fluid-filled ball of cells called a blastula Gastrula is the folding of the blastula folds. gastrula, which is composed of two or three tissue layers called primary germ layers

6. What is a water vascular system?

A network of water-filled canals that branch into extensions called tube feet. Tube feet function in locomotion, feeding, and gas exchange.

e. protostomes and deuterostomes

Bilaterally symmetrical animals are protostomes if the gastrula's first indentation forms into the mouth. In deuterostomes, the first indentation develops into the anus.