Quiz 1, History 101

Women in these early European societies maintained their traditional roles of daughters, wives, and mothers, subordinate to fathers and husbands and dependent on them in order to live. There were NO exceptions to this!

*False*. Some women were literate, and some worked in professions and trades from midwifery to running businesses to becoming Catholic nuns.

European people who lived in cities and towns and practiced trades and crafts developed self-governing associations (sort of like our modern-day unions) called

*Guilds*

When people FIRST came to North America from Siberia, they fed, clothed, and housed themselves and their families by

*Hunting large game animals as they had done in Siberia.*

People of West Africa, whether in large imperial cities or in small remote villages, most commonly lived in communities organized by

*Kinship, or family relationship to each other.*

The definition for the word "prehistroy" that I gave you in this class is

*"Before written words"*

People in West Africa practiced a form of temporary slavery among themselves. They called this

*"Unfree" labor*

Modern archaeologists have found evidence of original tool technology, a spear point developed for hunting by people in North America about 10,000 years ago, the ______ point.

*Clovis point*

Once European kingdoms and empires began to evolve, their rulers needed money in order to run their governments. They got this money primarily from

*The Merchant class*, who provided money through manufacturing and trade.

Shortly after the first Spanish contact, the French began making regular, semi-permanent contact with Indians through

*The North American fur trade*

When Europeans FIRST began trading in West Africa, they had a positive impact on the African economy by introducing new plants and animals to an already thriving farming culture, and also by bringing in new products for the West African trading networks.

*True*. European traders introduced plants and animals from both Europe and the New World, and manufactured products such as metal tools which West Africans could use and trade.

The results to West Africa of the slave trade were

A. Economic stagnation: farming and trading in African-manufactured goods were damaged when so many men were taken away. B. Tremendous social change: military states, class divisions, gender relations, hereditary slavery. C. Rise of power elites: allows certain tribes possessing European-manufactured weapons, to have power over others. D. All of the above. *All of the Above*

The English also began to investigate the North American continent. Unlike the French, however, the English wanted to found colonies because of

A. Economics: They were competing with Spain for trading networks and wanted to acquire more wealth. B. Social changes caused in part by the Enclosure Laws that turned much farmland into sheep runs and put many farmers out of work and made them homeless. C. Neither of the above. D. All of the above. *All of the above*

During what archaeologists call the Archaic period (roughly 10,000 to 2,500 years ago) Native people in the American Southwest adapted to the land by developing a Desert Culture, a system that included

A. Living in small migratory communities. B. Hunting smaller animals and fishing. C. Gathering naturally growing plants. D. All of the above *All of the above*

West Africans practiced farming for thousands of years. The type of agriculture they practiced was called

A. Slash and burn, like some Indian tribes did. AND C. Shifting cultivation, similar to what we call crop rotation. *Both A and C*

Traditional European societies from about 500 to 1100 A.D. were characterized as

A. Subsistence cultures, meaning they grew food and raised animals to survive B. Oral cultures, meaning they transmitted information by word of mouth. C. Communal cultures, meaning that people worked together in order to survive. D. All of the above. *All of the above*

Because West Africans were able to grow so much food to support themselves, they had free time to engage in

A. Trading items such as salt and gold. B. Building great empires like Ghana, Mali and Songhai. C. Developing superior pottery, crafts, and iron tools. D. All of the Above *All of the above*

According to the Asian migration hypothesis, ONE group of people, the ancestors of ALL Native Americans, first arrived in North America

By *walking across a land bridge from northeastern Asia (Siberia) into North America* at Beringia (now Alaska) and then spreading out to different areas across the Americas.

Farming, which changed the culture and way of life of many Indian people, began in the Americas

In the *highlands of Mexico* about 7,000 years ago when people began cultivating maize (a form of corn).

During their pre-European-contact phase of development, Indian people in the western hemisphere developed a variety of cultures, languages, and ways of life, linked by a system of continent-wide trading networks.

*True*. Native American people in North, Central, and South America developed over 2,000 distinct cultures and about 800 different languages. People traveled all over the continents, linking various regions and cultures by trade.

For the "Middle Passage" portion of the trading triangle, Europeans traders transported African slaves to the New World. Of these slaves

*Two out of three were young, strong men* between the ages of 15 and 30 (chosen for their strength and farming ability).

The MOST negative result of this first contact between the Spanish and Indians was

The *Spanish gave Indians diseases* such as smallpox, the flu, measles, and pneumonia that killed millions of Native Americans.

There is strong evidence that the first contact between North American peoples and Europeans occurred in about the year 1000 A.D. when

*Norsemen* (Vikings) founded a small colony called Vinland (now called L'Anse aux Meadows) in Newfoundland, Canada.

Historians often divide the peopling and setting of North America into two phases. They are

*Pre-contact and contact*: Native Americans in the Americas before Europeans came, and then contact between the two groups after Europeans arrived in the Americas.

First contact between Indians and the Spanish in North America was called

*The Columbian Exchange* (named after Christopher Columbus

Once Europeans began participating in the African slave trade, it turned into a trading triangle that went from Europe (manufactured goods) to Africa (manufactured goods for slaves) to the New World (where slaves were sold and put to work) and then back to Europe (where the final products of slave labor were sold).

*True*.