Quiz 2 Roman Empire

Jewish Revolt (AD 66-70)

First Jewish Revolt, (ad 66-70), Jewish rebellion against Roman rule in Judaea. The First Jewish Revolt was the result of a long series of clashes in which small groups of Jews offered sporadic resistance to the Romans, who in turn responded with severe countermeasures including the destruction of Jerusalem. Vespasian partook in the first part of the war, and then his son Titus oversaw the final parts of putting down the revolt.

Dacia

conquered by Trajan in 101-102CE (trajan's campains expanded the empire); now Romania In ancient geography, especially in Roman sources, Dacia (/ˈdeɪʃiə, -ʃə/) was the land inhabited by the Dacians. The Greeks referred to them as the Getae, which were specifically a branch of the Thracians north of the Haemus Mons (the Balkan Mountains). Area was conquered by Trajan.

fulling

laundry work and textile; hard physical labor, human urine used in process

~ius gentium (law of nations)

law for all of mankind, unwritten and customary laws held by all peoples

caldarium

A caladium was a room with a hot plunge bath, used in a Roman bath complex, often heated by an underfloor heating system.

Monte Testaccio

"Broken Pot Mountain" scale of staple foodstuffs and the transport needed to ship it- mostly olive oil pottery from Spain. Monte Testaccio is an artificial mound in Rome composed almost entirely of testae (Italian: cocci), fragments of broken amphorae dating from the time of the Roman Empire for the transportation of olive oil.

~purpurarius

"dyer of purple"; purple was only worn by senators and emperor; very expensive dye from shellfish; Gaius Pupius Amicus (ex-slave) proud of this and had craft equipment carved into tomb.

~insulae

"islands"-- multistory apartment blocks; rented accommodation, high density; lower levels= better, upper = worse and dangerous

Ummidia Quadratilla

"naughty grandma"; owned a troupe of pantomime dancers; kept her grandson from this "improper lifestyle"'; wealthy Roman woman; sponsored a new amphitheater and temple; funded a banquet,

~negotium

"not otium" --> "business" = undesirable opposite, non-existence of leisure.

frigidarium

A frigidarium is a large cold pool at the Roman baths. It would be entered after the caldarium and the tepidarium, which were used to open the pores of the skin. The cold water would close the pores.

~publicani

1st-2nd century CE, movment away from big comapnies of tax collectors, publicani still played a part, but collecting was made the responsibility of hte locals (cheaper option) Publicans were public contractors, in which role they often supplied the Roman legions and military, managed the collection of port duties, and oversaw public building projects. In addition, they served as tax collectors for the Republic (and later the Roman Empire), bidding on contracts (from the Senate in Rome) for the collection of various types of taxes.

tetrarchy

4 man rule; The Roman Empire was divided into East and West, with an "Augustus" emperor for each, along with a subordinate "Caesar" ruler for each.

Acts of the Christian martyrs

Acts of the Martyrs are accounts of the suffering and death of a Christian martyr or group of martyrs. These accounts were collected and used in church liturgies from early times, as attested by Saint Augustine.

Arminius

Arminius (German: Hermann; 18/17 BC - AD 21) was a chieftain of the Germanic Cherusci tribe and a former officer in the Roman military. An auxiliary lieutenant to the Roman general Publius Quinctilius Varus, Arminius used his knowledge of Roman tactics to lead an allied coalition of Germanic tribes to a decisive victory against three Roman legions and their auxiliaries in the historic Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, in 9 AD.

bath terms (from Shelton)

Bathing was a popular recreational activity enjoyed by all; most used public establishments. the public baths developed into fitness centers (with the bathing facilities of course). Old Roman custom deemed bathing only necessary to get off dirt from the day, it developed into a pleasurable experience

Pompeii

City in Italy destroyed by Mt. Vesuvius.

Mons Claudianus

Egyptian grey stone was very prestigious because it was only found 2500 miles from Rome in the middle of the Egyptian dessert (Mons C)-- required immense difficulty and a lot of labor and cash to transport it to Rome. showcased roman power Mons Claudianus was a Roman quarry in the eastern desert of Egypt. It consisted of a garrison, a quarrying site, and civilian and workers' quarters. Granodiorite was mined for the Roman Empire where it was used as a building material.

Aelius Aristides

Example of Greek writing that praised Roman rule. he wrote that Rome surpassed all previous empires, bringing peace and prosperity to the whole worlds Publius Aelius Aristides Theodorus (Greek: Αἴλιος Ἀριστείδης; 117-181 CE) was a Greek orator and author considered to be a prime example of the Second Sophistic, a group of celebrated and highly influential orators who flourished from the reign of Nero until c. 230 CE.

Glycon

Glycon was a snake god, according to the satirist Lucian, who claimed it was created in the mid-2nd century by the Greek prophet Alexander of Abonutichus.

Seven Sages

Greek philosophers and gurus; used in a decoration in a bar in Ostia, but their slogans replaced with themes of defecation (joke against elite culture-- indicating a degree of knowledge of intellectual/high culture to begin with) The title given by ancient Greek tradition to seven early-6th-century BC philosophers, statesmen, and law-givers who were renowned in the following centuries for their wisdom.

Lucian

Lucian of Samosata (about 125 CE - after 180 CE) was a rhetorician[3] and satirist who wrote in the Greek language and is noted for his witty and scoffing nature. He wrote a scathing satire about Alexander the Prophet.

Herculaneum

Neighboring city to Pompeii, also destroyed by eruption of Vesuvius; a cesspit excavated there revealed diet, waste disposal (broken dishes) and jewelry lost.

Perpetua

Perpetua and Felicity (believed to have died in 203 AD) are Christian martyrs of the 3rd century. Vibia Perpetua was a married noblewoman, said to have been 22 years old at the time of her death, and mother of an infant she was nursing. Felicity, a slave imprisoned with her and pregnant at the time, was martyred with her. They were put to death along with others at Carthage in the Roman province of Africa.

~ius civile (civil law)

law from Rome; derived from statutes of plebiscites; decrees of the senate; imperial constitutions; edicts of those possessing the right to issue them; responses of the learned

Septimius Severus

Septimius Severus (/səˈvɪərəs/; Latin: Lucius Septimius Severus Augustus;[4] 11 April 145 - 4 February 211), also known as Severus, was Roman emperor from 193 to 211. He waged a war against the Parthian Empire, and strengthen the northern borders, invading Caledonia. Father of Caracalla.

Tacfarinas

Tacfarinas (died AD 24) was a Numidian deserter from the Roman army who led his own Musulamii tribe and a loose and changing coalition of other Berber tribes in a war against the Romans in North Africa during the rule of emperor Tiberius (AD 14-37).

Bath (Sulis Minerva)

Temple of Sulis Minerva (in Roman town of Bath in southern England), -- case of Romanisation; made in honor of Celtic deity Sulis, now seen as equivalent of Roman Minerva, Roman details, yet also shows a resistance to become entirely Roman. Under the Romans the bathing complex at Bath was presided over by the deity Sulis Minerva. Sulis is the Celtic goddess of healing and sacred waters and Minerva the Roman goddess of wisdom. The creation of the hybrid Sulis Minerva demonstrates the Roman's adaptation of Britain's Celtic traditions to establish their own dominance.

Alamanni

The Alemanni were a confederation of Germanic tribes on the upper Rhine river. First mentioned by Cassius Dio in the context of the campaign of Caracalla of 213, the Alemanni captured the Agri Decumates in 260, and later expanded into present-day Alsace, and northern Switzerland, leading to the establishment of the Old High German language in those regions.

Arch of Titus in Rome

The Arch of Titus is a Roman Triumphal Arch which was erected by Domitian in c. 81 CE at the foot of the Palatine hill on the Via Sacra in the Forum Romanum, Rome. It commemorates the victories of his father Vespasian and brother Titus in the Jewish War in Judaea (70-71 CE) when the great city of Jerusalem was sacked and the vast riches of its temple plundered.

Battle of Teutoburg Forest

The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest (the Varian Disaster)—took place in the Teutoburg Forest in 9 CE, when an alliance of Germanic tribes ambushed and decisively destroyed three Roman legions and their auxiliaries, led by Publius Quinctilius Varus.

Franks

The Franks are historically first known as a group of Germanic tribes that inhabited the land between the Lower and Middle Rhine in the 3rd century AD, and second as the people of Gaul who merged with the Gallo-Roman populations during succeeding centuries,

Goths

The Goths were an East Germanic people, two of whose branches, the Visigoths and the Ostrogoths, played an important role in the fall of the Western Roman Empire. During the 2nd and 3rd centuries they were gradually pushed onto Roman territory by migrating nordics who settled from Scandinavia into modern Russia.

Carthage

The history of African Christianity opens in the year 180 with the accounts of two groups of martyrs who suffered at Scillium, a city of Numidia, and Madaura. Twenty years later a flourishing Church existed in Carthage, already the centre of Christianity in Africa. This is the city from which the Church Father Tertullian came from.

palaestra

The palaestra was a part of the gymnasium in the baths where people would go to exercise, often wrestling and other combat sports, before going on to wash in the baths.

apodyterium

The primary entry in the public baths, composed of a large changing room with cubicles or shelves where citizens could store clothing and other belongings while bathing

tepidarium

The tepidarium was the warm (tepidus) bathroom of the Roman baths heated by a hypocaust or underfloor heating system. The specialty of a tepidarium is the pleasant feeling of constant radiant heat which directly affects the human body from the walls and floor.

Great Fire of 64 AD

caused widespread devastation, before being brought under control after six days. Differing accounts either blame Emperor Nero for initiating the fire or credit him with organizing measures to contain it and provide relief for refugees. In response to the accusations that he was responsible for the fire, ***Nero blamed the devastation on the Christian community in the city, initiating the empire's first persecution against the Christians.

defense-in-depth

a defense technique that involved layers of defense, instead of defending at the border.

tomb of Eurysaces

a rich baker who made a large memorial for himself and wife; tomb in shape of bread making equipment

~procurator

a special financial officer in the provinces appointed by the emperor, looked after the imperial estates and watching brief over the tax collection; keep an eye on the governor and could blow whistle. A fiscal procurator (procurator Augusti) was the chief financial officer of a province during the Principate (30 BCE - 284 CE). A procurator Augusti (often called the Praesidial Procurator, i.e., a garrison/ troop commanding procurator), however, might also be the governor of the smaller imperial provinces (i.e., those provinces whose governor was appointed by the emperor, rather than the Roman Senate). The same title was held by the fiscal procurators, who assisted governors of the senatorial provinces (known as a legatus Augusti pro praetore, who were always senators). In addition, procurator was the title given to various other officials in Rome and Italy.[4]

Romanization

becoming Roman. (does the conqueror's work for them). usually bottom up--> adoption of Roman architecture, town planning, crockery, kitchenware, fabrics, food, drink) Romanization included the assimilation of aspects of Roman culture into the local culture of a province or territory. This may have included the elite adopting customs, dress and rituals of the Roman elite as well as receiving Roman education. The use of Roman material goods and culture was also indicative of a gradual Romanization.

Caracalla

emperor who made all pp in Roman empire citizens; murdered his younger brother/rival (Geta); also was murdered.

fables of Phaedrus

ex-salve from the Imperial household, who wrote during Tiberius' reign; his stories reveal the inequities of Roman society; animal fables: pitted little animals vs creatures of power

Gaius Julius Zoilos

ex-slave, imperial agent, wealthy benefactor of his home town; culturally bilingual-- elaborate tomb with two images of him- left: Roman toga w/ scroll and orating, right= Greek cloak and Greek hat

~mandata

few instructions given by the emperor A form of imperial legislation that included instructions to subordinates, especially provincial governors. Trajan's responses to Pliny the Younger would often serve as mandata.

Masada

fortress where in 73 CE 960 Jewish rebels opted for suicide rather than submit at end of a long siege. A fortification on top of a rock plateau in southern Israel/Judea. Herod the Great built palaces for himself on the mountain and fortified Masada between 37 and 31 BCE. According to Josephus, the siege of Masada by troops of the Roman Empire at the end of the First Jewish-Roman War ended in the mass suicide of 960 people - the Sicarii rebels and their families hiding there.

~Oracles of Astrampsychus

fortune telling kit, 92 questions to ask a fortune teller, with more than a thousand possible answers; revealed the anxieties and worries of common people of the time

manumission

giving of freedom (dismissal from hand)

Q. Lollius Urbicus

governor of Britain between 139 and 142 CE, died at Hadrian's wall; sponsored building in northern Britain and family tomb at other end of the Roman world in home town in Algeria (shows mobility in Roman Empire) Quintus Lollius Urbicus was governor of Roman Britain between the years 139 and 142, during the reign of the Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius. He is named in the Historia Augusta, although it is not entirely historical, and his name appears on five Roman inscriptions from Britain; his career is set out in detail on a pair of inscriptions set up in his native Tiddis, near Cirta, Numidia. He oversaw the initial construction of the Antonine Wall.

Mesopotamia

invaded by Trajan in between 114-117CE, Trajan went as far as modern Iran (furthest east that any roman power formally extended, but not for long-- Trajan died on the way back, an effigy took his place in triumphal chariot, and Hadrian immediately hands the conquered lands back) Mesopotamia was the name of two distinct Roman provinces, the one a short-lived creation of the Roman Emperor Trajan in 116-117 and the other established by Emperor Septimius Severus in ca. 198, which ranged between the Roman and the Sassanid empires, until the Muslim conquests of the 7th Century.

'functional literacy'

it is heavily debated how much of the Roman Empire was literate; but in urban communities, many small traders, craftsmen, and slaves may have had some level of basic literacy and numeracy to do their jobs; this sort of functional literacy may have gave the "middling" ppl some stake in what we would think of high classical culture (ex: Virgil's Aeneid) the level of literacy and ability of an adult to read and write. The literate were usually educated slaves and the wealthy and political elite.

Antonine plague (described by beard pg 439)

lasted more than a decade (from mid 160s CE); much of Roman Empire suffered a pandemic, likely smallpox (brought by soldiers serving in the East); 1-30% of the population died

Boudicca

led uprising in Britain in 60CE; part of family of elite collaborators, widow of Prasutagus (leader of Britons in eastern England and Roman ally)-- left half of his kingdom to daughter and other half to emp; soldiers plundered his property, raped his daughters, and flogged his widow-- spurring Boudicca to rebel. Boudicca was the Celtic Queen of the Iceni tribe of modern-day East Anglia, Britain, who led a revolt against Rome in 60/61 CE, and was eventually defeated after wreaking havoc in Roman Britain.

~collegia

local trade associations; members were slaves and freedmen; subscription fees-- had funeral paid for; helped with shared sense of identity, common interests

Plutarch

made most systematic attempt to define the relationship between Greece and Rome, discussing differences and similarities; exploring religions, politics, and traditions that distinguished or united the two cultures; he also compares great men from both cultures to show the strengths and weaknesses of the two cultures. Plutarch later named, upon becoming a Roman citizen, Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus (c. AD 46 - AD 120) was a Greek biographer and essayist, known primarily for his Parallel Lives and Moralia.

Togidubnus

native ruler in Britain, crucial middleman between Roman governor and provincial population (helped with taxation, loyalty, etc). Tog was given Roman citizenship, acted as a local source of authority in the new province Tiberius Claudius Cogidubnus (or Cogidumnus, Togidumnus or similar) was a 1st-century king of the Regnenses or Regni tribe in early Roman Britain. Was considered a client ruler after the Roman Conquest.

Sassanid dynasty

new Persian empire following the collapse of the Parthian Empire; founded by Ardashir, it had a tough, strict focus, and introduced the revival of Zoroastrianism (while persecuting other religions)

brazier

oven for preparing hot dishes and drinks; often found in bars

papyrus

paper; helped preserve personal stories about everyday crime, violence, and thuggery (in Roman Egypt-- dry climate helped preserve them)

Juvenal

poet; described how contents of chamber pots were chucked on all corners from upper floor windows; also complained about noise at night

pandemic

sickness spread, especially in cities; the poor diets of the poor made them more susceptible; public baths were breeding grounds of infection

Aphrodisias

small Roman town, excavations give us all we know about Zoilos, original and final home-- elaborate tomb found there.

Timgad

small town in North Africa (on edges of Sahara, est. 100 CE-- as a settlement of veteran Roman soldiers); founded by Trajan as a colony for veterans; provided military stability (held off invaders)

Constitutio Antoniana (AD 212)

speech in which Caracalla extended citizenship to all Romans (except slaves)

~otium

state of being in control of one's own time. a bit like leisure.

~Satyricon of Petronius

story of an rich ex-slave (Trimalchio); the story is a parody of someone with too much money; Trimalchio always gets proper elite behavior wrong... prejudices of people who were poor and became rich (looked down on)

Hadrian's Wall

suggested that the border was becoming less fluid, stretched across England; construction required a lot of military man power; mostly turf (some stone sections); hints at a sense of ending; give Roman power physical form Hadrian's Wall (Latin: Vallum Aelium), also called the Roman Wall, Picts' Wall, or Vallum Hadriani in Latin, was a defensive fortification in the Roman province of Britannia, begun in 122 AD in the reign of the emperor Hadrian.

Cn. Julius Agricola

was governor of Britain (77-85 CE, unusually long); his biography (written by son-in-law Tacitus) revealed Agricola's military success, Domitians jealousy, and critique of autocracy (that didn't allow for trad. Roman values of virtue and military prowess); also Agricola (like most Romans trying to educated civilizations)-- promoted education that introduced Roman habits into British high society (unusual for Romanization to be imposed directly above) Gnaeus Julius Agricola (/əˈɡrɪkələ/; 13 June 40 - 23 August 93) was a Gallo-Roman general responsible for much of the Roman conquest of Britain. Written by his son-in-law Tacitus, the De vita et moribus Iulii Agricolae is the primary source for most of what is known about him,[1] along with detailed archaeological evidence from northern Britain.[2]

curse tablet

we know about cloak crime in Roman Bath because ppl went to the sacred spring of Sulis (local goddess) and inscribed a curse on the thief on small lead tablets and cast them into the water. a type of curse found throughout the Greco-Roman world, in which someone would ask the gods, place spirits, or the deceased to perform an action on a person or object, or otherwise compel the subject of the curse.

Pausanias

yet while aristides praised Rome, Pausanias wrote a guidebook for Greece that doesn't mention Rome at all- ignores building erected by Romans or paid for by Romans. Pausanias (c. AD 110 - c. 180) was a Greek traveler and geographer of the 2nd century AD, who lived in the time of Roman emperors Hadrian, Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius. He is famous for his Description of Greece, a lengthy work that describes ancient Greece from his first-hand observations.