Quiz 3 for Biology

What is any illness resulting from the consumption of contaminated food, or of the pathogenic bacteria, viruses, or other parasites that contaminate food?

Foodborne Disease

What are similar, they did evolve from a common ancestor, not independently. (An example is the structure and function of wings)

Homologous

What is a structure that is similar because of descent from a common ancestor?

Homologous Structure

What are the 2 main causes of evolution?

Natural selection and mutation

The theory of evolution by _________ ___________ describes the ______________ for species change over time.

Natural selection, mechanism

Dinosaurs died by what cause?

a mass extinction during Cretaceous period

Where do extremophiles live?

extreme conditions

What is MRSA?

A strain of straph that is resistant to antibiotics

4 differences between humans and primates?

1) a rotating shoulder joint 2) a big toe that is widely separated from the other toes 3) thumbs that are widely separated from fingers 4) stereoscopic vision, two overlapping visual fields

What are six references to the common misconceptions about evolution?

1. Evolution is just a theory 2. Individuals Evolve 3. Evolution explains the Origin of Life 4. Organisms evolve on purpose 5. Evolution is controversial among scientists 6. Other theories should be taught

What are the four basic causes of evolution?

1. Natural Selection 2. Mutation 3. Genetic Drift 4. Gene Flow (migration)

What are four of the past "Great plagues?"

1. Plague of Athens 2. Plague of Justinian 3. Black Death 4. COVID

What are the four common structures of a cell?

1. Plasma Membrane 2. Cytoplasm 3. Genetic Material 4. Ribosomes

What are features that all animals share? (6 total)

1. eukaryotic (multicellular) 2. specialized tissue 3. mobile 4. needs food for energy 5. reproduce sexually 6. determined body shape

How old is the earth, according to science?

4.54 Billion

Anthropoids dominate how much of the animal kingdom?

85%

. Population genetics is the study of ________. A. how allele frequencies in a population change over time B. populations of cells in an individual C. the rate of population growth D. how genes affect embryological development

A

10. Which situation would most likely lead to allopatric speciation? A. A flood causes the formation of a new lake. B. A storm causes several large trees to fall down. C. A mutation causes a new trait to develop. D. An injury causes an organism to seek out a new food source.

A

18. Why do scientists consider vestigial structures evidence for evolution?

A Vestigal structure is an example of a homologous structure that has apparently been reduced through evolution to a non-functional state because its function is no longer utilized by the species exhibiting it.

What is a heritable trait or behavior in an organism that aids in its survival in its present environment?

Adaption

Who, along with Darwin, was a naturalist that came up with the mechanism of evolution independently?

Alfred Russell Wallace

What refers to organisms that grow without oxygen?

Anaerobic

What was the early earth atmosphere composed of?

Anaerobic organisms

What is a character found in two taxa that looks similar because of convergent evolution, not because of descent from a common ancestor?

Analogous Structure

Dolphins and fish have similar body shapes. Is this feature more likely a homologous or analogous trait?

Analogous because dolphins are mammals and fish are not

What is a structure that is similar because of evolution in response to similar selection pressures resulting in convergent evolution, not similar because of descent from a common ancestor?

Analogous structure

What are those that have a similar function and appearance but do not share a common ancestor, they evolved independently?

Analogous structures

. Bioremediation includes _____. A. the use of prokaryotes that can fix nitrogen B. the use of prokaryotes to clean up pollutants C. the use of prokaryotes as natural fertilizers D. All of the above

B

14. Why are alternative scientific theories to evolution not taught in public school? A. more theories would confuse students B. there are no viable scientific alternatives C. it is against the law D. alternative scientific theories are suppressed by the science establishment

B

7. In which of the following pairs do both evolutionary processes introduce new genetic variation into a population? A. natural selection and genetic drift B. mutation and gene flow C. natural selection and gene flow D. gene flow and genetic drift

B

What domains include prokaryotic organisms?

Bacteria and Archaea

What are example of extremophiles?

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

Explain the reason why the imprudent and excessive use of antibiotics has resulted in a major global problem.

Because it has caused people to become resistant to antibiotics

What is a system of two-part scientific names for an organism, which includes genus and species names?

Binomial Nomenclature

What is a microbial community that is held together by a gummy-textured matrix?

Biofilm

What type of animal took dinosaurs niche?

Birds

What was a devastating pandemic that is believed to have been an outbreak of bubonic plague caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis?

Black Death

What is a disease produce by the toxin of the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium botulinum?

Botulism

What is a point on a phylogenetic tree where a single lineage splits to distinct new ones?

Branch point

6. Galápagos medium ground finches are found on Santa Cruz and San Cristóbal islands, which are separated by about 100 km of ocean. Occasionally, individuals from either island fly to the other island to stay. This can alter the allele frequencies of the population through which of the following mechanisms? A. natural selection B. genetic drift C. gene flow D. mutation

C

8. The wing of a bird and the arm of a human are examples of ________. A. vestigial structures B. molecular structures C. homologous structures D. analogous structures

C

What is the difference between micro- and macroevolution? A. Microevolution describes the evolution of small organisms, such as insects, while macroevolution describes the evolution of large organisms, like people and elephants. B. Microevolution describes the evolution of microscopic entities, such as molecules and proteins, while macroevolution describes the evolution of whole organisms. C. Microevolution describes the evolution of populations, while macroevolution describes the emergence of new species over long periods of time. D. Microevolution describes the evolution of organisms over their lifetimes, while macroevolution describes the evolution of organisms over multiple generations.

C

What is used to determine phylogeny? a. mutations b. DNA c. evolutionary history d. organisms on earth

C

Which statement about analogies is correct? a. They occur only as errors. b. They are synonymous with homologous traits. c. They are derived by similar environmental constraints. d. They are a form of mutation.

C

Dobzhansky meant by his remarks that the principle that all life has evolved and diversified from a __________ ___________ is the foundation of biology.

Common Ancestor

What is an evolution that results in similar forms on different species?

Convergent evolution

What is a bacteria that evolved from early phototrophs and oxygenated the atmosphere; also known as blue-green algae?

Cyanobacteria

. What event is thought to have contributed to the evolution of eukaryotes? A. global warming B. glaciation C. volcanic activity D. oxygenation of the atmosphere

D

9. The fact that DNA sequences are more similar in more closely related organisms is evidence of what? A. optimal design in organisms B. adaptation C. mutation D. descent with modification

D

Which of the following situations will lead to natural selection? A. The seeds of two plants land near each other and one grows larger than the other. B. Two types of fish eat the same kind of food, and one is better able to gather food than the other. C. Male lions compete for the right to mate with females, with only one possible winner. D. all of the above

D

Which statement about the taxonomic classification system is correct? a. There are more domains than kingdoms. b. Kingdoms are the top category of classification. c. Classes are divisions of orders. d. Species are the most specific category of classification.

D

What is the engulfment of one cell by another such that the engulfed cell survives and both cells benefit; the process responsible for the evolution of mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotes?

Endosymbiosis

What is the acronym for remembering classification?

Dear King Phillip Came Over For Good Soup

What was the dominant terrestrial animal for 150 million years?

Dinosaurs

What is an evolution that results in different forms in two species with a common ancestor?

Divergent evolution

What is the highest level category in the classification system and that includes all taxonomic classifications below it; it is the most inclusive taxon?

Domain

Levels of Classification

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Theodosius Dobzhansky said, "Nothing makes sense in biology except in the light of ___________.

Evolution

What is an organism that grows under extreme or harsh conditions?

Extremophile

13. The word "theory" in theory of evolution is best replaced by ________.

Fact

What are the evidences for evolution?

Fossils, anatomy, biogeography, molecular biology

What is the flow of alleles in and out of a population due to the migration of individuals or gametes?

Gene Flow

What is the effect of chance on a population's gene pool?

Genetic Drift

Mendel's research was the beginning of studying what?

Genetics

Who is the Father of Heredity?

Gregor Mendel

Who were the important influences on Darwin's life?

Hutton, Lyell, Lamarch, Wallace, Malthus, and his grandfather

How do we know if a species is related?

If they can mate with each other and produce a fertile offspring

What is (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) a very dangerous Staphylococcus aureus strain resistant to antibiotics?

MRSA

What is a broader scale of evolutionary changes seen over paleontological time?

Macroevolution

What is the movement of individuals of a population to a new location; in population genetics it refers to the movement of individuals and their alleles from one population to another, potentially changing allele frequencies in both the old and the new population?

Migration

What is the changes in a population's genetic structure (i.e., allele frequency)?

Mircoevolution

What are the two types of evidence when looking for evolutionary connections?

Morphology (form and function) and Genetic

What is the greater relative survival and reproduction of individuals in a population that have favorable heritable traits, leading to evolutionary change?

Natural Selection

Which scientific concept did Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace independently discover?

Natural Selection

What is a widespread, usually worldwide, epidemic disease?

Pandemic

What is an organism that lives on or in another organism and feeds on it, often without killing it?

Parasite

What is an organism, or infectious agent, that causes a disease?

Pathogen

What did Gregor Mendel do his research on?

Pea Plants

What is a diagram used to reflect the evolutionary relationships between organisms or groups of organisms?

Phylogenetic Tree

What is evolutionary history and relationship of an organism or group of organisms?

Phylogeny

The first forms of life on Earth were thought to be_______.

Prokaryotes

Your friend believes that prokaryotes are always detrimental and pathogenic. How would you explain to them that they are wrong?

Rather than prokaryotes just being harmful, they actually have positive uses. 1. They are used to make foods like cheese, vinager, and cure some meats. 2. By the process of bioremediation, prokaryotes are used to take pollutants out of our ecosystem. 3. Prokaryotes are essential for the digestion of food in our bodies. In addition, they help with the development of the immune system in babies and assist to keep immune system strong in adults.

What is the most specific category of classification?

Species

What is the science of determining the evolutionary relationships of organisms?

Systematics

What is the science of classifying organisms?

Taxonomy

When are similar traits homologous or analogous?

They are homologous when they share an evolutionary path (if they do not, they are analogous)

Where did Wallace and Darwin make their observations?

Tropical Places (Darwin in Galapagos and Wallace in Brazil)

True or False: Many believe evolution to be the unifying theory of biology.

True

What is a physical structure present in an organism but that has no apparent function and appears to be from a functional structure in a distant ancestor?

Vestigal Structure

Mitochondria most likely evolved from _____________.

aerobic bacteria

What is a clade consisting of monkeys, apes, and humans?

anthropoids

Which of the following is not a feature common to most animals?

asexual reproduction

What are humans closest relative?

chimpanzees

What is the feather specialized for insulation?

down feather

The 3 germ layers of embryonic development in humans are?

endoderm: an inner layer ectoderm: an outer layer mesoderm: a middle layer

What is the layer of cells that lines the outer surface of an animal?

epidermis

What is a mammal with a complex placenta, which connects a fetus to the mother; sometimes called placental mammals?

eutherian mammal

Science tells us that the __________ for evolution is compelling and extensive.

evolution

What does the subphylum vertebrate include?

fish, amphibian, reptile, birds and mammals **NOTE: this is the evolutionary progression of animals Know how to defend from Biblical standpoint (animals created individually and some on separate days according to Genesis account).

Positive uses of prokaryotes include:

food (mostly cheeses) removal of pollutants appear in our metabolism and immune system

What are different types of teeth modified by different purposes?

heterodont teeth

21. How does the scientific meaning of "theory" differ from the common, everyday meaning of the word?

in science a theory is a widely accepted and rigorously tested statement, to where the everyday use is more of a guess

Man is of the Order Primates which include what other animals?

lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, and the apes (man included with apes)

What is one of the groups of endothermic vertebrates that possess hair and mammary glands?

mammal

What is in female mammals, a gland that produces milk for newborns?

mammary glands

What is one of the groups of mammals that includes the kangaroo, koala, bandicoot, Tasmanian devil, and several other species; young develop within a pouch?

marsupial

Modern mammals are of 3 broad groups? Give examples.

monotremes (platypus) marsupials (kangaroo) eutherians (rodents)

What is the cause of too little or too many antibiotics?

overuse or incorrect use

What in the structure of birds make them better able to fly?

pneumatic (hollow) bones

What is an air-filled bone?

pneumatic bone

What group of animals includes lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans?

primates

What is a formation of a new species?

speciation

What is two overlapping fields of vision from the eyes that produces depth perception?

stereoscopic vision

What is a four-footed animal; includes amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals?

tetrapod

What is an animal that develops from three germ layers?

triploblast

What is a series of separate bones that surround the spinal cord in vertebrates?

vertebral column