Quiz 3

A researcher used data from the 2014 U.S. National Health Interview Study to test hypotheses about the correlation between smoking and depression. What type of study would this be called? - A quality improvement study - A survey - A Delphi survey - A secondary analysis

A secondary analysis

What do ethnographers strive to acquire? - An ethnonursing perspective - A focused perspective - An etic perspective of a culture - An emic perspective of a culture

An emic perspective of a culture

What is the central concern of a critical researcher? - A critique of the research methods of a completed study - A critique of society and social practices - A critique of existing theories -A critique of self

A critique of society and social practices

A researcher collected stories about how 16 suicide survivors felt when they learned their suicide attempts had failed. What type of qualitative study is this likely to be? - Historical research - Qualitative description - A case study - A narrative analysis

A narrative analysis

Which procedure do grounded theory researchers use to develop and refine theoretically relevant categories? - Bracketing - Intuiting - Constant comparison - Participant observation

Constant comparison

Which is a central issue during the pilot phase of an intervention project? - Cost effectiveness - Feasibility - Efficacy - Utility

Feasibility

Which is not a characteristic of qualitative research design? - It often involves triangulation of data sources. - It tends to be holistic. - It is flexible and can be revised during the course of data collection. - It involves minimum oversight once the study is underway.

It involves minimum oversight once the study is underway.

Clinical trials to test a new intervention often adhere to a sequence of phases. Which phase of a clinical trial focuses on generalizability? - Phase I - Phase II - Phase III - Phase IV

Phase IV

Which is not a type of purposive sampling? - Extreme case sampling - Maximum variation sampling - Snowball sampling - Typical case sampling

Snowball sampling

Some mixed methods designs are sequential. What is a sequential design? - The two strands occur in a single simultaneous phase. - The two strands occur prior to informing the third and fourth strand. - The first strand occurs prior to the second strand. - The sequencing of strands is selected at random.

The first strand occurs prior to the second strand.

Which statement about data collection in qualitative studies is true? - Qualitative researchers are as likely as quantitative researchers to gather biophysiologic data. - Qualitative researchers typically incorporate scales into their data collection protocols. - The main source of data for qualitative studies is in-depth interviews. - The research tradition that uses the greatest diversity of data sources is phenomenology.

The main source of data for qualitative studies is in-depth interviews.

Which statement about sampling in qualitative research is true? - Convenience sampling is considered the most appropriate method of selecting sample members. - Larger samples are considered more useful than smaller samples. - Using randomness in the sampling process is desirable - The type of sampling approach can change and evolve over the course of data collection.

The type of sampling approach can change and evolve over the course of data collection.

A study that focused on the meaning of sacrifice among wounded military personnel during war time would likely be rooted in: - descriptive phenomenology. - grounded theory. - interpretive phenomenology. - ethnography.

interpretive phenomenology

The integration of quantitative and qualitative approaches in a single study constitutes a form of: - hypothesis testing. - theory generation. - triangulation. - methodologic research.

triangulation.

Which statement about sampling in ethnographic studies is true? - Ethnographers sample not only people but also events, records, artifacts, and other features of a culture. - Ethnographers usually have at least 100 key informants in their samples. - Ethnographers avoid conversing with many people, restricting their sample to a few expert cultural consultants. - Ethnographers select key informants using convenience sampling.

Ethnographers sample not only people but also events, records, artifacts, and other features of a culture.

Which statement about sampling is true? - Qualitative researchers do not need to be as concerned as quantitative researchers about the quality of their samples. - Convenience sampling is used by both quantitative and qualitative researchers. - Quantitative researchers establish eligibility criteria, but qualitative researchers do not. - Another name for snowball sampling is volunteer sampling.

Convenience sampling is used by both quantitative and qualitative researchers.

Which is a potential drawback of convenience sampling in qualitative research? - Convenience sampling is only useful at the end of the sampling process. - Convenience sampling is too expensive. - Convenience sampling is inefficient. - Convenience sampling may not yield the most information-rich sources.

Convenience sampling may not yield the most information-rich sources.

Which is a key design decision in mixed methods studies? - Whether to collect both quantitative and qualitative data - How the quantitative and qualitative strands should be sequenced - How to combine sequential and concurrent strands - Whether to tell participants that the study is mixed methods

How the quantitative and qualitative strands should be sequenced

Which statement about collecting self-report data in qualitative research is true? - Most qualitative researchers audio-record their interviews for later transcription. - The most common method of conducting in-depth qualitative interviews is over the telephone. - Interviews for qualitative studies are conversational, so researchers avoid doing any advance preparation that could reduce spontaneity. - When interviewing participants, qualitative researchers ask their questions in a predetermined order to avoid bias.

Most qualitative researchers audio-record their interviews for later transcription.

Which technique do ethnographers use in studying a culture? - Constant comparison - Participant observation - Hermeneutics - Bracketing

Participant observation

Which statement about qualitative design is true? - Qualitative design benefits from having researchers who are intensely involved and reflexive. - Qualitative researchers strive to achieve constancy of conditions in terms of research settings. - The goal of many qualitative designs is to permit causal inferences. - Most qualitative designs involve an explicit, preplanned comparison.

Qualitative design benefits from having researchers who are intensely involved and reflexive.

Which statement is true? - Qualitative design is capable of adjusting to what is being learned during data collection. - The quality of qualitative studies depends on the appropriateness of the statistical analysis. - Qualitative research does not require approval by an Institutional Review Board or ethical review committee. - Qualitative research requires careful control of confounding variables.

Qualitative design is capable of adjusting to what is being learned during data collection.

A qualitative researcher studied women's decision to delay childbearing until their late 30s. Initial study participants referred friends who had made similar decisions. What type of sample is being used with such referrals? - Convenience - Volunteer - Snowball - Purposive

Snowball

Several situations lend themselves particularly well to mixed methods (MM) research. Which situation is not one of them? - An intervention needs to be developed with input from stakeholders, and then a rigorous, formal evaluation will be needed. - The complexity of the problem makes a single approach inadequate. - The creation of a formal instrument is desired, but first the concepts need to be better understood. - The qualitative results are puzzling, and quantitative results will help to explain them.

The qualitative results are puzzling, and quantitative results will help to explain them.

Participant observers can gather a wide range of information about a group or setting under study. Which question is least likely to be considered relevant from a substantive point of view in a participant observation study? - Where will I be able to charge electronic devices needed for data collection? - What are the roles and characteristics of the people being observed? - How often do people communicate and interact with each other? - What are the key activities of this group and how often do they occur?

Where will I be able to charge electronic devices needed for data collection?

In thinking about sampling for a qualitative study, a researcher might ask which question? - How many people do I need to achieve adequate power? - Who would be a rich information source for my study? - Will my sample be representative of the target population? - To which group will I be able to generalize my findings?

Who would be a rich information source for my study?

Hermeneutics is closely allied with which research tradition? - Narrative analysis - Symbolic interaction - Grounded theory - Phenomenology

Phenomenology

Which is most likely to be at "center stage" in a case study? - A phenomenon, such as attempted suicide - A culture within an organization, such as a mental health clinic - A person, such as a person who repeatedly self-harms - A story, such as the life stories of chronic health problems of refugees

A person, such as a person who repeatedly self-harms

Which qualitative research tradition relies on theoretical sampling? - Ethnography - Descriptive phenomenology - Interpretive phenomenology - Grounded theory

Grounded theory

Which qualitative tradition focuses on the manner in which people make sense of and resolve problems that arise within social contexts? - Phenomenology - Grounded theory - Ethnography - Narrative analysis

Grounded theory

Which statement relating to outcomes research is true? - Attributing patient outcomes to nursing actions is fairly straightforward because of the emergence of classification systems. - The American Academy of Nursing rejected Donabedian's framework and created the Nursing Outcomes Model as an alternative. - Nursing sensitive outcomes are patient outcomes that are affected by the quality and quantity of nursing care. - In the Donabedian's framework, nursing process variables include nursing skill mix and nursing experience.

Nursing sensitive outcomes are patient outcomes that are affected by the quality and quantity of nursing care.

Which type of research is designed to document and appraise health care and nursing services? - A process analysis - Outcomes research - An economic analysis - Methodological research

Outcomes research

Which is least likely to be a source of data in historical nursing research? - Photographs - Participant observation field notes - Diaries - Newspaper articles

Participant observation field notes

Which statement about focus groups is true? - Focus group interviews involve going around the room and asking each person in the group the same question. - The person guiding a focus group interview is called a moderator. - Focus groups are less efficient than individual interviews. - Focus group sessions typically involve about 20 people.

The person guiding a focus group interview is called a moderator.

Ethnographers strive to: - understand human cultures. - develop an etic perspective. - link the etic and emic perspectives into a unified whole. - understand the essence of a phenomenon.

understand human cultures.

A nurse researcher conducted a mixed method study about elders who delayed responding to symptoms of heart failure. One research question was "Among elderly patients with heart failure, what are the most frequently reported symptoms?" Which would be a particularly likely second research question in this mixed methods study? - "What are the characteristics of people who delay in responding to their symptoms?" - "Which symptom is associated with the longest delays in response to the symptom?" - "How long a delay is associated with the symptom of dyspnea?" - "Why do elderly patients delay in responding to heart failure symptoms?"

"Why do elderly patients delay in responding to heart failure symptoms?"

In the standard notation for mixed methods designs, what does the following notation signify? QUAN qual - An equal priority concurrent design - An equal priority sequential design - A sequential design with the qualitative strand dominant - A sequential design with the quantitative strand dominant

A sequential design with the quantitative strand dominant

A nurse researcher is studying nurses' experiences with ethically difficult situations and has a list of question areas that need to be covered in each interview. What is that list called? - A photo elicitation - A topic guide - An interview schedule - A questionnaire

A topic guide

Which is true regarding both quantitative and qualitative research? - Both involve the development of eligibility criteria before recruiting study participants - Both involve the use of random samples whenever possible - Both rely on power analysis to estimate sample size needs - Generalizability is a major quality criterion in both types of research.

Both involve the development of eligibility criteria before recruiting study participants

In phenomenological studies, researchers strive to ensure that their own preconceived beliefs and opinions do not influence the emerging data, using which strategy? - Constant comparison - Participant observation - Hermeneutics - Bracketing

Bracketing

Which is not one of the four steps in descriptive phenomenology? - Bracketing - Inferring - Analyzing - Describing

Inferring

Which method facilitates bracketing? - Maintaining a reflexive journal - Intuiting to remain open to meaning - Maintaining a phenomenological text - Exploring being-in-the-world

Maintaining a reflexive journal

Within which qualitative tradition would the following question be addressed? "What is the essence of men's experiences of chemotherapy treatment for prostate cancer?" - Grounded theory - Ethnography - Phenomenology - Qualitative description

Phenomenology

Which is true of the mixed methods research? - Quantitative and qualitative methods are complementary and can help researchers avoid the limitations of a single approach. - A mix of qualitative and quantitative research should be used in all research studies - Using mixed methods is not as popular a research strategy as it was a decade ago. - An advantage of mixed methods research is that people are more likely to participate because the experience is enjoyable

Quantitative and qualitative methods are complementary and can help researchers avoid the limitations of a single approach

What is data saturation? - Sampling to the point at which new information continues to be obtained - Sampling to the point at which the target population is saturated with requests for data - Sampling to the point at which redundancy of information is achieved - Sampling to the point at which maximum variation is achieved

Sampling to the point at which redundancy of information is achieved

Which is not an issue that qualitative researchers attend to in planning a study? - Selecting a study site - Selecting scales to measure key concepts - Identifying equipment that will be needed for field work - Choosing a research tradition to guide the study

Selecting scales to measure key concepts

Which is a key criterion for being included in a sample for a phenomenological study? - The person must belong to a particular culture or social group. - The person must have considerable factual knowledge about the phenomenon being studied. - The person must be willing to be exposed to the phenomenon under study. - The person must have experienced the phenomenon being studied.

The person must have experienced the phenomenon being studied.

Which best describes a typical sample in qualitative studies? - Large and randomly selected - Small and randomly selected - Large and selected not at random - Small and selected not at random

Small and selected not at random

Mixed methods research offers several advantages. Which is one of those advantages? - The potential for enhanced validity - The cost effectiveness of using two methods simultaneously - The opportunity for many publications - The ability to complete the study fairly quickly

The potential for enhanced validity

The term emergent design refers to a design that emerges at which point in a qualitative study? - During the conduct of a literature review - While the researcher develops a conceptual framework - Before the study has begun - While the researcher is in the field collecting data

While the researcher is in the field collecting data