Quiz #6 Honor Us History McCallie Chapin

Significant issues of Gilded Age/Industrial Era

-Wage + wealth disparity 10% owns 75% 2% owns 33% -Working conditions Unskilled, low wage demand Monotonous, dangerous, demoralizing 60 hr/week → 80 steel Highest worker death rate No workman's comp or refs No relationship, loud Worse living conditions Child labor ⅙ , no education or parenting, 3x accidents

RR, Steel, Oil, kerosene, electricity, automobile, banking services

1)Transportation revolution -RR infrastructure $$ -government and private equity -cost efficiencies -mass employment, rail, managers, telegraph, mines and timber 2)Material Revolution 3)Energy Revolution - oil, kerosene Financial services boom Innovation and electrical revolution 4)2nd transportation revolution connections 1→2, 1→3 3→4

Industrial Era (Gilded Age)

1870s - 1890; phase of rapid scientific discovery, standardization, mass production and industrialization

Gilded Age (Industrial Era)

1870s - 1890s; time period looked good on the outside, despite the corrupt politics & growing gap between the rich & poor, time of greed and political corruption

16th, 17th, 18th and 19th Amendments

1913 - 16th Amendment authorized Congress to levy an income tax. 1913 - 17th Amendment gave the power to elect senators to the people. Senators had previously been appointed by the legislatures of their states. 1919 - 18th Amendment prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages. 1920 - 19th Amendment gave women the right to vote.

Zimmerman Note/Telegram

1917 - Germany sent this to Mexico instructing an ambassador to convince Mexico to go to war with the U.S. It was intercepted and caused the U.S. to mobilized against Germany, which had proven it was hostile

William Taft

27th president of the U.S.; he angered progressives by moving cautiously toward reforms and by supporting the Payne-Aldrich Tariff; he lost Roosevelt's support and was defeated for a second term. He signed the first tariff revision since 1897; established a postal savings system; formed the Interstate Commerce Commission; and prosecuted over 75 antitrust violations, far more than pursued by the "trust- buster" Theodore Roosevelt.

Woodrow Wilson

28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize

Tariff policy and other growing concerns and issues of discontent

3rd Paty rise 1892 Farmer's Alliance - Commodities crushed, corn ⅓ down, wheat ⅓ down, cotton ⅔ down, "populist party" RR shipping rates lowered the need need for rivers as transport and allowed for an exponential increase in the amount of food being shipped, overflowing the market and greatly redusing the price of food. Tariffs killing them, were forced to buy all the manufactured goods they needed for survival on a market protected by tariff legislation at artificially high prices while selling what they produced on a largely unprotected and highly competitive market at depressed prices because of oversupply and forgin competition. Debt crushing

Andrew Carnegie

A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry. Carnegie also created a VERTICAL Integration, an idea first implemented by GUSTAVUS SWIFT. He bought railroad companies and iron mines. If he owned the rails and the mines, he could reduce his costs and produce cheaper steel. Big philanthropist.

Cornelius Vanderbilt

A railroad owner who built a railway connecting Chicago and New York. He popularized the use of steel rails in his railroad, which made railroads safer and more economical. Cornelius Vanderbilt did not treat his workers well. Shrewd and aggressive, he became a dominant force in the industry by engaging in fierce fare wars with his rivals. In some cases, his competitors paid him hefty sums not to compete with them. (Throughout his life, Vanderbilt's ruthless approach to business would earn him numerous enemies.)

Henry Ford

American businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents. As a result, he put into practice techniques of mass production that would revolutionize American industry, including the use of large production plants; standardized, interchangeable parts; and the moving assembly line. Was nice to works, allowing them to stay with him and not leave for computition.

Thomas Edison

American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures. If he saw a problem within the general public, he would create an invention to fix that problem, patent it, and sell the patent for profit. 1,093 patents.

J.P. Morgan

An influential banker and businessman who bought and reorganized companies. His US Steel company would buy Carnegie steel and become the largest business in the world in 1901, merged Andrew Carnegie's Carnegie Steel Corporation with nine other steel companies to form the world's largest corporation. Used his personal power and reputation to encourage the formation of trusts and mergers within industries he saw competition with.

Progressive change made on private, municipal, state, and federal levels of government...

Butchers in Washington, D.C., left the city-owned Northern Liberty Market in 1873 in order to build their own market house In Philadelphia, at least five substantial market houses were under the management of private corporations. These were paid for by private stock subscription; these market halls, sometimes referred to as "food department stores," targeted well-to-do patrons, leaving the city-owned markets to the poorer classes. Municipal: Sanitation, beautification, parks Marketplace, public health, utilities Housing rules, police reform, fire rules/fighters education State: Primaries, prostitution, income taxes State amendments, prohibition, suffrage Child labor laws, minimum wage, infrastructure, work comp Federal: 16-19th Pure food and drug act Anti-trust, national parks Federal reserve Meat inspection Beautification

War time propaganda, sedition act, 4 minute men, Eugene Debs

During World War I, propaganda played an important role in shaping public opinion and mobilizing support for the war effort. The United States government created a variety of propaganda campaigns to encourage patriotism, promote enlistment in the military, and demonize the enemy. One of the most notable propaganda campaigns was the Four Minute Men program. The Four Minute Men were a group of volunteers who gave short speeches in public places, such as movie theaters and train stations, to promote support for the war. These speeches were typically four minutes long, and they were designed to be both informative and emotionally stirring. To further promote support for the war effort, the government also passed the Sedition Act of 1918, which made it illegal to criticize the government or the military. The law was used to prosecute individuals who spoke out against the war or who advocated for peace, and it was controversial for its impact on free speech. One of the individuals who was prosecuted under the Sedition Act was Eugene Debs, a labor leader and socialist who had been a vocal critic of the war. Debs was sentenced to 10 years in prison for speaking out against the war effort, and his conviction was upheld by the Supreme Court. Debs' case is often cited as an example of the government's suppression of dissent during the war.

Food administration... Hoover, a winning strategy how? Who was in charge?

During World War I, the United States government created the Food Administration to oversee the production and distribution of food in the country. The Food Administration was led by Herbert Hoover, who was appointed by President Woodrow Wilson in 1917. Under Hoover's leadership, the Food Administration implemented a variety of measures designed to conserve food and increase production. One of the most notable initiatives was the introduction of "Meatless Mondays" and "Wheatless Wednesdays," which encouraged Americans to reduce their consumption of these foods in order to conserve supplies for the war effort. The Food Administration also introduced a variety of other conservation measures, such as "victory gardens," which encouraged Americans to grow their own fruits and vegetables at home. the Food Administration's strategy was successful in helping to conserve food and increase production during the war. By the end of the conflict, the United States was producing more food than ever before, and the country had become a major food exporter. This success was due in large part to Hoover's leadership and his innovative approaches to food conservation and production.

Wilson's position on the war in 1916 presidential election

During the 1916 presidential election, Woodrow Wilson ran on a platform of keeping the United States out of World War I.

Growth of strikes and unions

During the Industrial Revolution, the working conditions in factories, mills, and mines were terrible. Unlike today, the government took little interest in creating safety standards or in regulating how businesses treated workers.The typical industrial employee worked long hours under dangerous conditions for little pay. Many workers were poor immigrants who had little choice but to keep working despite the conditions. If an employee complained, they were fired and replaced.At some point, workers began to revolt. They joined together and created unions in order to fight for safer conditions, better hours, and increased wages. It was easy for factory owners to replace one employee who complained, but much more difficult to replace all their employees if they went on strike together.

What core issues drove progressive changes and why?

Economic inequality: Many progressives believed that the growing gap between rich and poor was a threat to democracy and social stability. They called for reforms that would redistribute wealth and promote economic opportunity for all Americans. Political corruption: Many progressives believed that the political system was corrupt and controlled by wealthy interests. They sought to reform the political process by introducing measures such as direct primaries, secret ballots, and campaign finance regulations. Social justice: Progressives were concerned about issues such as child labor, working conditions, and public health. They worked to improve public health standards, reduce working hours, and establish safety regulations. Conservation: Many progressives were concerned about the depletion of natural resources and the destruction of the environment. They advocated for the conservation of natural resources and the establishment of national parks and forests. Overall, the core issues that drove progressive changes were rooted in a desire for greater equality, justice, and sustainability in American society. They reflected a growing awareness of the problems caused by rapid industrialization and urbanization, and a belief that government had a responsibility to address these problems in the public interest.

Driving innovations and their impact on economy, employment and experience

Economy: The introduction of new technologies during the industrial era led to increased productivity, which in turn led to economic growth. The mass production of goods at a lower cost made them more affordable for consumers, which stimulated demand and further economic growth. The growth of the economy also led to the development of new industries and the expansion of existing ones, creating more job opportunities and driving economic growth even further. Employment: The introduction of new technologies during the industrial era also led to changes in the way people worked. The use of machines in factories and mills replaced many manual labor jobs, leading to a decline in employment in traditional industries such as agriculture and textiles. However, the growth of new industries and the expansion of existing ones created new job opportunities in areas such as manufacturing, transportation, and communications. This led to a shift in the workforce from traditional industries to new ones, and overall employment levels increased. Experience: The introduction of new technologies during the industrial era also had a profound impact on the experience of workers. The use of machines in factories and mills meant that workers were able to produce goods at a much faster rate than before. However, this also led to the introduction of long working hours and dangerous working conditions. Workers often worked in cramped and poorly ventilated spaces, and accidents were common. However, as labor unions grew in strength, workers were able to demand better working conditions and higher wages, leading to improvements in the overall experience of workers.

John D. Rockefeller

Established the Standard Oil Company, the greatest, wisest, and meanest monopoly known in history. Rockefeller demanded REBATES, or discounted rates, from the railroads. He used all these methods to reduce the price of oil to his consumers. His profits soared and his competitors were crushed one by one. Rockefeller forced smaller companies to surrender their stock to his control. Hostile takeover. Rockefeller often bought other oil companies to eliminate competition. HORIZONTAL INTEGRATION.

Economic conditions before and during Gilded Age/Industrial Era

Farming % GDP, 1870 38% --- 1890 24% Total wealth, 1860→16 billion 1890→88 billion Per capita wealth, 1870 $500 --- 1890 $1100 % Urban population, 1870 20% vs 1890 40% Miles of RR, 1870 35,000 vs 1890 242,000 Work week 1890 - 60 hrs, Average pay 10 cents per hour

Populist party

Founded 1891 - called for free coinage of silver and paper money, national income tax, direct election of senators, regulation of railroads, and other government reforms to help farmers People's Party; political party formed in 1891 to advocate a larger money supply and other economic reforms U.S. political party formed in 1892 representing mainly farmers, favoring free coinage of silver and government control of railroads and other monopolies

Schlieffen plan

Germany's military plan at the outbreak of World War I, according to which German troops would rapidly defeat France and then move east to attack Russia. paris for lunch, st. petersburg for dinner

Henry Cabot Lodge and new Republican message

Lodge was a fierce opponent of Wilson's plan for the League of Nations, which he saw as a threat to American sovereignty and an invitation to international entanglements. Lodge believed that the United States should remain neutral in international affairs and that American interests should always come first. He also opposed Wilson's proposal for a treaty of mutual defense between the United States and its allies, arguing that such a treaty would draw the United States into conflicts it could not control. Lodge's views on foreign policy reflected a larger shift in the Republican Party's message during this period. The so-called "new Republican message" was characterized by a focus on American exceptionalism, nationalism, and isolationism. Republicans believed that the United States should remain aloof from the affairs of other nations and focus on its own economic and political interests. This message was particularly appealing to many Americans who were wary of international entanglements and the costs of war.

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

March 1911 fire in New York factory that trapped young women workers inside locked exit doors; nearly 50 ended up jumping to their death; while 100 died inside the factory; led to the establishment of many factory reforms, including increasing safety precautions for workers

American contribution to the war

Military personnel: The United States sent over two million soldiers to Europe to fight on the Western Front. While this was a relatively small number compared to the armies of France and Britain, it was a significant contribution that helped to turn the tide of the war. Supplies and equipment: The United States provided significant amounts of supplies and equipment to the Allied powers, including food, ammunition, medical supplies, and weapons. This support helped to sustain the war effort and keep the Allies fighting. Financial support: The United States provided significant financial support to the Allied powers, including loans and grants that helped to fund the war effort. This support helped to keep the Allied economies afloat and prevent them from collapsing under the strain of the war. Diplomatic support: The United States played an important role in diplomatic efforts to end the war, including President Woodrow Wilson's efforts to negotiate a peace settlement through the League of Nations.

Why did the war end so suddenly?

President Woodrow Wilson's proposal for a peace without victory and his 14 points for peace had gained traction in Europe, and there was a growing belief that a negotiated settlement was possible. Germany liked how his peace was so forgiving, so on November 11, 1918, Germany signed an armistice agreement with the Allies, ending the fighting. The terms of the armistice included the withdrawal of German forces from occupied territories and the cessation of hostilities.

Treaty of Versailles, proposal vs. reality, how does loss play a role?

Proposal vs. Reality: The Treaty of Versailles represented a significant departure from President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points, which had called for a "peace without victory." Instead, the treaty imposed harsh penalties on Germany, including the loss of territory, disarmament, and reparations payments. The treaty also included a provision known as the War Guilt Clause, which held Germany responsible for starting the war. The Role of Loss: Germany was a defeated power at the end of World War I, and as such, it played a significant role in the negotiations leading up to the Treaty of Versailles. The treaty imposed significant penalties on Germany, which was seen by some Germans as a national humiliation. The loss of territory and the heavy reparations payments imposed by the treaty contributed to a sense of bitterness and resentment among the German people, which was exploited by nationalist and fascist political movements in the years following the war. Consequences: The Treaty of Versailles is often seen as a contributing factor to the rise of Nazi Germany and the outbreak of World War II. The harsh penalties imposed on Germany, combined with the economic instability of the interwar period, contributed to a sense of grievance among the German people, which was exploited by nationalist politicians. The treaty also contributed to the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires, which led to the emergence of new states in Europe and the Middle East.

Reparations, war guilt, league of nations

Reparations: One of the main provisions of the Treaty of Versailles was the requirement that Germany pay reparations to the Allied powers for the damages caused by the war. The amount of reparations was set at 132 billion gold marks, a sum that was later reduced to 50 billion gold marks. The imposition of reparations on Germany was a major source of tension and resentment, and contributed to the economic instability of the interwar period. War Guilt: The Treaty of Versailles also included a provision known as the War Guilt Clause, which assigned responsibility for the outbreak of World War I to Germany and its allies. This clause was seen by many Germans as a national humiliation and contributed to the rise of nationalist and fascist movements in Germany in the years following the war. League of Nations: The League of Nations was an international organization created by the Treaty of Versailles to promote peace and cooperation among nations. The League was established in the aftermath of World War I, with the goal of preventing future wars through disarmament, collective security, and the peaceful resolution of disputes. Despite its noble aims, the League was unable to prevent the outbreak of World War II and was dissolved in 1946.

War industry... WIB American mobilization and labor changes

The War Industries Board (WIB) was established in the United States in 1917 to oversee the nation's wartime production efforts. The WIB was responsible for coordinating the production and distribution of war materials, and it played a key role in mobilizing the American economy for the war effort. Created quotas and fixed prices to help stave off inflation during the war. The demand for war materials created millions of new jobs in industries such as steel, munitions, and shipbuilding. The WIB worked with labor unions to establish fair wages and working conditions for workers in these industries, and it played a key role in the growth of the union movement during this period.

Wilson peace plan, moral diplomacy, 14 points

The Wilson peace plan: The Wilson peace plan was a proposal made by President Wilson in 1918 to end World War I. The plan called for a peace without victory, where all sides would compromise and work towards a peaceful settlement. Wilson's plan included the creation of the League of Nations, an international organization that would work towards preventing future wars and resolving conflicts peacefully. Moral diplomacy: Moral diplomacy was a policy put forth by President Wilson in his inaugural address in 1913. The policy stated that the United States would only support countries with democratic governments and would not recognize or support countries with oppressive or undemocratic governments. The policy was intended to promote democracy and support self-determination for all nations. 14 points: The 14 points were a set of proposals put forth by President Wilson in a speech to Congress in 1918. The points outlined Wilson's vision for a just and lasting peace following World War I. The 14 points included proposals for open diplomacy, free trade, disarmament, and the creation of a League of Nations. The points were intended to promote peace and prevent future wars.

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.

Origins of Progressivism

The movement in the late 1800s to increase democracy in America by curbing the power of the corporation. It fought to end corruption in government and business, and worked to bring equal rights of women and other groups that had been left behind during the industrial revolution.

Lusitania, u boats, unrestricted submarine warfare

The sinking of the Lusitania caused outrage in the United States, and President Woodrow Wilson demanded that Germany stop its unrestricted submarine warfare, which involved sinking any ship in the waters around Britain without warning. Wilson saw the sinking of the Lusitania as a direct challenge to American sovereignty, and he warned Germany that the United States would hold it responsible for any further attacks on American citizens or ships. Germany initially backed down and agreed to limit its submarine warfare, but it resumed unrestricted submarine warfare in 1917 in an effort to starve Britain into submission. This decision ultimately led to the United States entering the war on the side of the Allies, as President Wilson saw Germany's actions as a direct threat to American interests and national security. The use of U-boats and unrestricted submarine warfare was a key tactic used by Germany during World War I, and it had a significant impact on the outcome of the conflict. U-boats were highly effective at sinking ships, and they played a major role in Germany's attempts to blockade Britain and cut off its supply lines. However, the use of unrestricted submarine warfare ultimately backfired on Germany, as it brought the United States into the war and undermined Germany's chances of victory.

Why did WW1 escalate as fast as it did?

The system of alliances: In the years leading up to the war, European nations had formed a complex web of alliances that were designed to protect them from attack. When Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia in July 1914, these alliances quickly came into play, drawing in many other countries and escalating the conflict. Military buildup: In the years leading up to the war, many European nations had been engaged in a massive military buildup, driven by fears of potential conflict. These armies were well-equipped and well-trained, making it easier for leaders to pursue military solutions to political problems. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand: The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary in Sarajevo in June 1914 was the spark that ignited the war. Austria-Hungary blamed Serbia for the assassination and declared war, setting off a chain reaction of events that quickly drew in other countries.

Who was the most progressive president and why?

Theodore Roosevelt: Roosevelt was a progressive Republican who championed the regulation of big business and the protection of natural resources. He established the National Parks System, signed the Pure Food and Drug Act, and created the Department of Labor.

Gospel of Wealth

This was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy. Basic idea Trust the rich to do what they do→stay out of their way, don't infringe on their work→ if this happens, they will give all their money away to better the world

Why was there American reluctance for war?

Tradition of neutrality: The United States had a long tradition of staying out of European conflicts and avoiding entangling alliances. Many Americans saw the war as a European problem that the United States had no business getting involved in. Economic interests: Many Americans had economic interests that were tied to Europe, and they were concerned about the impact that the war would have on trade and investment. The United States was also a major creditor nation, and many Americans were worried about the impact that a German victory would have on their investments. Ethnic and cultural divisions: The United States was home to many immigrants from Europe, and there were significant ethnic and cultural divisions among Americans. Many of these groups were sympathetic to their home countries and opposed U.S. involvement in the war. (Germans and Italians)

Tactics and technology used in WW I, how was this different?

Trench warfare: One of the defining features of World War I was the extensive use of trench warfare. This involved digging elaborate systems of trenches and fortifications, and using them to defend against enemy attacks. Trench warfare was made possible by the widespread use of machine guns, which could mow down advancing troops with deadly efficiency. Poison gas: Another new technology introduced during World War I was poison gas. This included chlorine, phosgene, and mustard gas, which could be deployed against enemy troops to inflict horrific injuries and casualties. Poison gas was widely used by both sides, and had a devastating psychological impact on soldiers. Tanks: The introduction of tanks was a major innovation in World War I. These armored vehicles could move across rugged terrain, and were equipped with machine guns and cannons. While the first tanks were slow and unreliable, they were still able to break through enemy lines and disrupt entrenched positions. Airplanes: For the first time in history, airplanes were used extensively in warfare during World War I. Planes were used for reconnaissance, artillery spotting, and bombing enemy positions. Dogfights between enemy planes also became a common occurrence. Submarines: The use of submarines was another major innovation during World War I. Submarines could sink enemy ships from below, and were a major threat to the naval power of Britain and other countries. They also played a key role in the unrestricted submarine warfare that led to America's entry into the war.

Teddy Roosevelt

Twenty-sixth president of the United States; he focused his efforts on trust busting, environment conservation, and strong foreign policy. The Square Deal was Theodore Roosevelt's domestic program, which reflected his three major goals: conservation of natural resources, control of corporations, and consumer protection.

Vertical vs. Horizontal Integration

Vertical Integration is dominating an industry/market by owning every step in the process of making a product. Horizontal Integration means creating a monopoly by shutting down or buying up all your competitors.

Chicago Fire

Was a conflagration that burned from Oct. 8-10, 1871, killing hundreds and destroying several square miles in Chicago, Illinois. Though the fire was one of the largest U.S. disasters of the 19th Century, the rebuilding that began almost immediately spurred Chicago's development into one of the most populous and economically important American cities. Led to the palmer house, this was the "first fireproof building." Also, the event showed the people's quick response in rebuilding Chicago.

Perceptions of progressivism from different groups ie. women, middle class, poor

Women: Women were strong advocates of progressivism, as many of the reforms that progressives pushed for, such as labor protections and public health measures, would benefit women who were working in factories or as domestic workers. Women also pushed for the right to vote, which was eventually granted with the passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920. Middle class: The middle class generally supported progressivism, as they benefited from many of the reforms that were passed during this era, such as workplace safety regulations, public health measures, and antitrust laws that helped to break up monopolies. The middle class also supported progressive policies that aimed to reduce corruption and improve the efficiency of government. The Poor: The poor at times did not fully support progressivism due to the fact that it prevented them from sending the cild labor, because of child labor and work laws, and also dragged their kids away from work to school, so while in the long run it would probably be beneficial, in the short term it was harmful to them.

Cost of war, taxes vs. liberty bonds, why so expensive after the end?

World War I was an expensive conflict for the United States, and the government had to raise large amounts of money to finance its participation in the war. The government used a variety of methods to raise money, including taxes and the sale of Liberty Bonds. Taxes were a significant source of revenue for the government during the war. The government raised income taxes, excise taxes, and other types of taxes to fund the war effort. The taxes were unpopular with many Americans, but they were seen as a necessary sacrifice in order to support the war. In addition to taxes, the government also sold Liberty Bonds to raise money. Liberty Bonds were a type of government bond that were sold to the public to finance the war effort. Americans were encouraged to buy the bonds as a way of supporting the war and helping the government to raise money. The bonds were seen as a patriotic investment, and they were marketed heavily to the public. Initial cost was 33 billion, but total cost 121 billion

Progressivism 1900-1920

a general political philosophy advocating or favoring gradual social, political, and economic reform. Modern Progressivism emerged as part of a more general response to the vast social changes brought by industrialization. Government became more responsible to the people. Several amendments were passed during this time to show more support for Americans.

working conditions (as in how workers were treated by each of the robber barons we have studied)

for all but Ford and maybe Edison were terrible to workers, and this resulted in overwhelming worker sentiment for radical social change surrounding the workplace and workers, culminating in the Growth of strikes and unions. Monotonous, dangerous, demoralizing 60 hr/week → 80 steel Highest worker death rate No workman's comp or refs No relationship, loud Worse living conditions Child labor ⅙ , no education or parenting, 3x accidents

Working conditions in factories

long hours, low pay, unsafe conditions, poor lighting and lack of ventilation

Parties of Progressive Era and why. Where did it come from?

rise of the populist party, A shift in purpose and action Political, social reform - multiple groups, Solving perceived problems of industrial America: Industrial experience, urbanization, growth, unfair economy optimistic, proactive - change through Activism + reform - morality - science