quiz 8

Which process below is defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience?

learning

Which of the following are reasons why punishment is sometime ineffective for learning?

All the above (It must be applied immediately in order to be effective, It doesnt teach or promote an alternative, acceptable behavior It can lead to undesirable results, such as fear, passivity, or hostility)

What is a key distinction between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?

Classical conditioning makes associations between two stimuli; operant conditioning associates a behavior with its consequence.

You have neurons in your brain that are innately more likely to fire when you are looking at a red light. If you spend a lot of time driving in America, those neurons might also slightly more likely to fire when you see a yellow light. This is an example of:

Hebbian learning

Each piece of information that you know

Is stored as a distributed pattern of activation across many areas of the brain

Steve and his husband Jim both work full time. Since Steve usually arrives home first, he takes on the burden of cooking and cleaning, but he is becoming frustrated with the current division of chores. Which of the following learning approaches is likely to work best to increase Jim's participation in the household duties?

Steve should ignore negative behaviors and notice and reward positive behaviors, gradually increasing Jim's participation in cooking and dish washing.

According to Hebb's Law, two neurons are more likely to influence one another if

They have both been active at the same time

When Jane had leukemia as a child she had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she went through a year of treatment, the waiting room started to make her nauseous. The waiting room became:

a conditioned stimulus

Sara allows her dog, Isabel, to run freely at a local park. When a truck drives by and its engine backfires loudly, Isabel quickly jumps up on her hind legs and barks loudly. Isabel's response illustrates ____.

a reflex

Nick wants to encourage his 6-year-old daughter, Anna, to help with family chores. He makes an outline of a rainbow with seven bands so that Anna can color in a band each time she does a chore. If she does seven chores in a week, coloring in the full rainbow, she gets $1. Nick's technique demonstrates which methods?

a token economy, positive reinforcement, and fixed ratio schedule

Maria wants to teach her dog Max the command, "Get beer, Max." This involves going to the refrigerator and opening it by pulling on a dishtowel tied to the handle, taking out a can of beer with his mouth, and bringing it to her dinner guest. Which of the following training methods is likely to work best?

chaining and positive reinforcement

The formation of associations between two stimuli, which occur subsequently in time, is referred to as _____.

classical conditioning

Dr. Graham exposes rats to a vanilla scent prior to receiving a food pellet in the left corner of their cage, but provides no food after exposure to a lemon scent. After several trials, upon smelling a vanilla scent, the rats wait at the far left corner of the cage regardless of whether a food pellet is present. However, they do not wait in the far left corner when exposed to the lemon scent. What is the unconditioned stimulus in the experiment?

food pellet

Eli is afraid of bees, and has been ever since he was nearly stung by one a few months ago. Lately, his father has been very distressed to see that Eli is now afraid of any flying insect, even tiny ones like gnats. The fact that Eli gets terribly afraid and runs to another room whenever he sees a flying "bug" demonstrates _____.

generalization

The process of associating a behavior with its consequences is known as ____.

operant conditioning

You are annoyed at your roommate for never cleaning up after themselves in the bathroom. You want to use negative reinforcement to get them to clean up after themselves more often. Which of the following would be an example of negative reinforcement:

stopping some behavior you do that they do not like, in exchange

counter-conditioning in which people relax while being exposed to stimuli that elicit fear is referred to a ________.

systematic desensitization

Classical conditioning seldom occurs when a(n) ____________ repeatedly comes before a(n) ____________.

unconditioned stimulus (US); neutral stimulus (NS)

In which of the following scenarios is Roxie, the dog, most likely to rapidly learn to associate a conditioned stimulus with food?

​Each morning, Roxie's owner opens the squeaky kitchen cupboard, pours dog food into a bowl, and immediately puts the bowl of food on the floor for Roxie to eat.

What was a key finding of the Bobo doll experiment?

​Reprimanding the person on the video for their aggressive behavior slightly reduced the children's aggressive behavior.