QUIZ

What does it mean if a chemical has a high specific heat capacity?

It takes a large amount of energy for the temperature of the chemical to change. The temperature of the substance changes slowly. -Yes. A high specific heat capacity means more energy is required to change temp. -Yes. With a fixed amount of energy input a substance with high heat capacity will change temp. more slowly.

LIQUIDS

Particles are spread apart Particles move slowly through a container No definite shape but do have a definite volume Flow from one container to another Viscosity - resistance of a liquid to flowing Honey - high viscosity Water - low viscosity

SOLIDS-

Particles are tightly packed and close together Particles do move but not very much Definite shape and definite volume (because particles are packed closely and do not move) Most solids are crystals Crystals are made of unit cells (repeating patterns) The shape of a crystal reflects the arrangement of the particles within the solid Amorphous Solid: A solid with no defined shape (not a crystal) A solid that lacks an ordered internal structure Examples: Clay, PlayDoh, Rubber, Glass, Plastic, Asphalt Allotropes: Solids that appear in more than one form 2 or more different molecular forms of the same element in the same physical state (have different properties) Example: Carbon Powder = Graphite Pencil "lead" = graphite Hard solid = diamond

gases

Particles are very far apart Particles move very fast No definite shape and No definite volume

BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE

Particles extremely close together Particles barely move Only found at extremely cold temperatures Basically Bose-Einstein is a cold solid Lowest energy of the 5 states/phases of matter

Potassium and Strontium aren't apart of the group of Transitional metals, no roman numerals will be written down for compounds.

Potassium and Strontium aren't apart of the group of Transitional metals, no roman numerals will be written down for compounds.

Why do carbonic and sulfuric acid require two H+ ions to bond, but HCl and HNO3 only have one H+?

Sulfate and Carbonate have a charge of -2. That Shows that two H+ ions need to be there in order for them to be neutralized.

Why are cohesive and adhesive forces important for life?

They play a role in many water-based processes in biology, including the movement of water to the tops of trees and the drainage of tears from tear ducts in the corners of your eyes^11start superscript, 1, end superscript. A simple example of cohesion in action comes from the water strider (below), an insect that relies on surface tension to stay afloat on the surface of water.

As water temperature gets colder, the density

increases

Polyatomic Ions

ion that is made of more than one atom. An example of a polyatomic ion is the sulfate ion, SO42-. Sulfate is composed of one sulfur atom and four oxygen atoms and overall sulfate has a negative two charge.

Water is the only substance on Earth that is

present in all three states of matter. This means that water is present as a solid, liquid, and gas. Earth is the only planet where water is present in all three states. All three phases may be present in a single location or in a region. The three phases are solid (ice or snow), liquid (water), and gas (water vapor).

Cohesion

refers to the attraction of molecules for other molecules of the same kind, and water molecules have strong cohesive forces thanks to their ability to form hydrogen bonds with one another. -Cohesive forces are responsible for surface tension, a phenomenon that results in the tendency of a liquid's surface to resist rupture when placed under tension or stress. Water molecules at the surface (at the water-air interface) will form hydrogen bonds with their neighbors, just like water molecules deeper within the liquid. However, because they are exposed to air on one side, they will have fewer neighboring water molecules to bond with, and will form stronger bonds with the neighbors they do have. Surface tension causes water to form spherical droplets and allows it to support small objects, like a scrap of paper or a needle, if they are placed carefully on its surface.

When liquid of different densities are mixed together those liquids with the lower densities move to a position above those with higher densities. Notice this is an inverse relationship. Low densities = Top of mixture High densities = Bottom of mixture What happens to the position of water as it cools from 4 degrees C to 0 degrees C?

the cooler water moves toward the top.

Atmospheric conditions refer to

the temperature and pressure of air at sea level.

How does water get to the top of plants? Cohesion & Adhesion

- Cohesion among water molecules causes them to pull one another upward against gravity - Adhesion contributes too, as water adheres to the wall of the vessels, so it can travel upward

Naming

- w/ suffix you have no cross - no suffix, use cross -COVALENT- 2 negatives, use suffix, no cross -IONIC- Positive, Negative, No suffix, cross, polyatomic, and roman numerals.

Adhesion

-is the attraction of molecules of one kind for molecules of a different kind, and it can be quite strong for water, especially with other molecules bearing positive or negative charges. For instance, adhesion enables water to "climb" upwards through thin glass tubes (called capillary tubes) placed in a beaker of water. This upward motion against gravity, known as capillary action, depends on the attraction between water molecules and the glass walls of the tube (adhesion), as well as on interactions between water molecules (cohesion). The water molecules are more strongly attracted to the glass than they are to other water molecules (because glass molecules are even more polar than water molecules). You can see this by looking at the image below: the water extends highest where it contacts the edges of the tube, and dips lowest in the middle. The curved surface formed by a liquid in a cylinder or tube is called a meniscus.

Chemical-

-water, air and other substances react with minerals in rocks, and change the chemical composition of the minerals. Water is the main agent of chemical weathering. Water mixes with carbon dioxide in the air to form a weak acid that dissolves limestone to form caves. Chemical weathering also results from exposure to oxygen in air, causing oxidation. Oxidation occurs when a metal such as iron is exposed to oxygen and water. Rusting of cars and other metal objects are examples of objects undergoing oxidation.

Universal Solvent

Solvent- liquid dissolves in particle Solute- particle/ liquid that gets dissolved in the solvent. - water is solvent that dissolves most solutesUniversal Solvent If solute molecules are polar,like water, the positive ends of water attracted to the negative ends of the solute. -

What is the difference between the alcohols (methanol and ethanol) and the alkanes (pentane and hexane).

The alcohols have more -OH groups

Heat of Vaporization-

The cooling of a surface occurs when the liquid evaporates Ex: water boils 🡪 as the steam leaves the water it takes the heat with it, and the water cools Ex: Your body sweats so the water will absorb your heat then evaporate to cool you.

D = m/v What happens to the density if the mass remains constant, but the volume increases.

The density would decrease

Specific Heat Capacity

The heat capacity of a substance is generally the amount of energy (heat) that is required to heat one gram of that substance one degree of temperature. The formula for heat capacity is: c=\frac{q}{mass*\Delta T}c=mass∗ΔTq​ where q is the amount of energy input (joules), and T is the temperature (deg. C). The units of heat capacity are Joules/gram/deg. C.

Consider the water molecule. Which of the options below describe its characteristics?

Water has no carbon atoms Water has 2 -O-H bonds. -Although there is only one oxygen atom, the two hydrogens attached to it, create two different -O-H bonds, which behave like two separate -OH groups. 9.

5 Principles of Kinetic Molecular Theory

-All matter is made of tiny particles (atoms) Molecules of an Ideal Gas exert no attractive forces on each other These particles are in constant random motion When particles collide with each other or the container, the collisions are perfectly elastic (no energy is lost) The average kinetic energy of molecules is directly proportional to temperature

Which of the following are evidence from your data collection? Select all that apply:

-Ethanol has a higher boiling point than methanol. -Hexane has a higher boiling point than pentane.

D = m/v What happens to the density if the mass remains constant, but the volume decreases.

-The density would increase. Yes, If the volume decreases, this decrease the denominator which would result in a larger density. ?

Hydrogen Bonds

-The electrons in the molecule tend to be distributed in a rather asymmetric way, making the oxygen side negatively charged relative to the hydrogen side. This simple structural feature leads to a kind of interaction between water molecules known as hydrogen bonding, in which the opposite charges attract each other. -This gives water properties that, in many cases, break the trends observed for other simple liquids. For example, unlike most other substances, a fixed mass of water takes up more room as a solid (ice) than as a (liquid) because of the way it molecules form a specific regular structure. Another example is the surface tension of liquid water, which is roughly twice that of other non-polar, simpler, liquids. -that one possibility for explaining the apparent extra phase of water is that it behaves a little bit like a liquid crystal. The hydrogen bonds between molecules keep some order at low temperatures, but eventually could take a second, less-ordered liquid phase at higher temperatures. This could explain the kinks observed by the researchers in their data.

Gas, Liquid, Solid

-The image below shows how molecules are arranged in different ways depending on the state of matter.

Which of the following statements are true regarding water? Select ALL that apply.

-Water's unique properties have allowed diverse forms of life to evolve and survive on Earth. -Water is a polar molecule, with a slightly positive and slightly negative side.

Weathering-

-breaking of rocks into smaller fragments, describes changes that occur in place. -mechanical and chemical.

Physical properties

-can be observed without changing the substance. Some examples include, color, smell, melting point, and texture.

How many states of matter do you think there are?

5 -(solid, liquid, and gas)

they found a kink in properties such as the water's surface tension and its refractive index (a measure of how light travels through it) at around

50℃.

Silver:

Ag+

Water changes phases from a liquid to a solid (ice) at 0 degrees C. Where do you expect ice to form in water based on what you now know about the density of water?

At the top of the water

Cadmium

Cd2+

How does ethanol differ from methanol, and hexane from pentane?

Ethanol and hexane have more carbons than methanol and pentane. -Yes, Ethanol has 3 carbons vs. 2 in methanol, and hexane has 6 vs. 5 in pentane.

PHASE CHANGE DIAGRAM-WATER

Explanation of Phase Diagram: Y axis-Temperature (°C) X axis- Heat Energy Line A - Heating ice Line B - Melting (temperature stays the same until all the ice has melted) [Reverse is Freezing (temperature stays the same until all the water has frozen)] Line C - Heating water in liquid form Line D -- Boiling (temperature stays the same until all the liquid has turned into water vapor) [Reverse is Condensation (temperature stays the same until all the water vapor has turn back into a liquid)] Line E - water vapor or steam A diagram showing the conditions at which substance exists as a solid, liquid, or vapor Shows the temperature and pressure required for the 3 states of matter to exist Conditions of pressure and temperature at which two phases exist in equilibrium are indicated on a phase diagram by a line separating the phases

What is the effect of the -OH group on surface tension?

If a molecule has an -OH group it will have a higher surface tension.

Which of the following statements are true regarding states of matter ("phases")?

Molecules at higher temperatures have higher energies.

Does our claim about carbons hold-up across chemical types?

No. methanol and ethanol have the same or higher boiling points than pentane or hexane, even though they have less carbons.

Hydrogen bonds are stronger than other intermolecular forces.

True

Zinc:

Zn2+

Specific Heat

amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost before it actually changes temperature Water has a high specific heat Water can absorb or release large amounts of heat with only a slight change in its own temperature. Ex: Water takes a long time to boil Because of this water stabilizes air temperatures Cool water absorbs heat from warm air Ex: Coastal cities have mild weather

As water temperature gets colder than 4 degrees C, the density

decreases

phase of a substance is determined by

how its molecules are configured, many physical properties of that substance will change abruptly as it goes from one state to another.

Many transition elements can have

more than one charge when they become an ion. Copper ions, for example, can be Cut or Cu-t. As another example, iron ions are sometimes Fe2+ and sometimes Fest.

The more carbons in the chain,

the higher the surface tension. -Within each group as the number of carbons in the chain increase so too does the surface tension.

Mechanical-

- weathering breaks apart rocks without changing their chemical composition. The growth of vegetation such as tree roots can result in broken rocks and pavement and damages to streets and houses, and is an example of mechanical weathering; Ice wedging is another example of mechanical weathering. When water freezes in cracks, it expands and forces rocks to break apart. The process is repeated when the ice melts or thaws and the water freezes again increasing rock fractures.

How do the properties of water change depending on its state? Use evidence from the text to support your answer.

-The state changes the amount of energy and physical properties. When moving from a liquid to a gas, the molecules evaporate and become spread apart, without confines of their space. Also it no longer has a visible form because of how spread out and fast the molecules become from interacting with heat. -in lowest temperature, the water's state is in solid, with molecules inside in rigid forms with hardly any movements. In high temperature, which results in the water to be in gas state, the molecules are wild with high energy, moving around freely

Transitional metals-

-Transition metals are those metals whose valence electrons exist in the d-block of the periodic table. -This allows them to have multiple oxidation numbers -We must take this into consideration when naming transition metal ionic compounds

Erosion-

-describe the removal and transport of earth materials from one location to another

Bellyflop concept

-high surface tension (water acts like a solid when you hit it suddenly). If you jumped into a pool with a lower surface tension, a belly flop wouldn't hurt as much.

States of matter, also called "phases", are a

-key concept in the study of systems made from atoms and molecules. Roughly speaking, a system formed from many molecules can be arranged in a certain number of configurations depending on its total energy. At higher temperatures (and therefore higher energies), the molecules have more possible configurations and so are more disorganized and can move about relatively freely (the gas phase). At lower temperatures, the molecules have a more limited number of configurations and so form a more ordered phase (a liquid). If the temperature goes down further, they arrange themselves in a very specific configuration, producing a solid.

water molecule

-made of three atoms bonded together. Two of these atoms are hydrogen and one atom is oxygen. The hydrogen ions have a positive electrical charge. The oxygen atom has a negative electrical charge. The hydrogen atoms are located on one side and the oxygen atom on the other. This means that the side with the hydrogen ions has a slightly positive charge. The other side, the side without the hydrogen ions, has a slightly negative charge. The water molecule is a polar molecule. -A water molecule. The side with the hydrogen atoms has a slightly positive charge. The side with the oxygen atom has a slightly negative charge. Water has remarkable properties. Water expands when it freezes, even though all other substances contract. This means that in the winter ice on a pond or lake will float. Water has high surface tension because polar molecules tend to stick together.That's why drops stick together or some bugs can walk on the surface of a pond.Without water, life might not be able to exist on Earth. If it did exist, it would not be as diverse or as complex.

Changes in temperature affect the

-motion of atoms and ultimately the state of matter of those atoms.

For example, if changes in the environment (such as temperature) cause changes in a substance's physical properties,

-then this can potentially be used for sensing applications. Perhaps more fundamentally, biological systems are mostly made of water. How biological molecules (such as proteins) interact with each other likely depends on the specific manner in which water molecules arrange to form a liquid phase. Understanding how water molecules arrange themselves on average at different temperatures could shed light on the workings of how they interact in biological systems.

TERMINOLOGY for PHASE CHANGES

Melting-commonly used to indicate changing from solid to liquid Freezing-Changing from a liquid to a solid Melting and freezing occur at the same temperature 2 types of boiling: boiling and evaporation Evaporation takes place only at the surface of a liquid or solid while boiling takes place throughout the body of a liquid Particles have high kinetic energy Particles escape and become vapor Condensation-used to indicate changing from a vapor to a liquid Sublimation - when a substance changes directly from a solid to a vapor The best known example is "dry ice", solid CO2 Deposition-when a substance changes directly from a vapor to a solid (opposite of sublimation) Example-formation of frost Points to Know: Melting Point-Temperature when solid turns to a liquid Freezing Point-Temperature when liquid turns to a solid Boling Point-Temperature when a liquid turns to a vapor Doesn't boil unitl vapor pressure coming off liquid is equal to the air pressure around it Since air pressure changes with height, water does not always boil at 100°C Condensing Point-Tempeature when vapor turns to liquid

PLASMA

Particles are extremely far apart Particles move extremely fast Only exists above 3000 degrees Celsius Basically, plasma is a hot gas When particles collide, they break apart into protons, neutrons, and electrons Occurs naturally on the sun and stars

GASES AND PRESSURE

STP Standard Temperature and Pressure Standard Pressure is 1 atm Standard Temperature is 0°C or 273 K K = 273 + °C °C = K - 273

What happens to the specific heat capacity as the amount of water in the solution increases?

The heat capacity increases

The bonding within the water molecule is unequal and this creates polarity within the bonds and the molecule itself. Select the descriptions that describe the polarity.

The hydrogen has a slightly positive charge. The oxygen has a slightly negative charge.

Describe hydrogen bonding.

The hydrogen of a water molecule is attracted to the oxygen of a different water molecule.

What is a claim that we can make about the effect of -OH groups on boiling point?

The more -OH groups the higher the boiling point. -Yes. We see that even molecules with less carbons can have a higher boiling point if they have an -OH group.

What is a claim that can be made about the boiling point of similar chemicals that have carbon?

The more carbons in the chain the higher the boiling point. -Yes, if a molecule has carbon, the more carbons resulted in increased boiling points.

What kind of bond connects the oxygen and hydrogen within a water molecule?

covalent

Phosphoric acid is made from the phosphate ion and H+ ions. Write the formula for phosphoric acid.

There are three H+ ions that need to be neutralized because phosphate has a charge of -3.

How many -O-H bonds are found in water? How does that affect its surface tension?

Water has 2 -O-H bonds Water has the highest surface tension. -Although there is only one oxygen atom, the two hydrogens attached to it, create two different -O-H bonds, which behave like two separate -OH groups. That's right. Water was stretched the most.

How does the specific heat capacity of water compare to other chemicals?

Water has a higher specific heat capacity than most other chemicals.

How has water allowed life to become so diverse and complex on Earth? Cite evidence from the text that best supports this idea.

Water has allowed life to become so diverse because it is present in all three stages. Life needs water to survive, and with it being in three forms it gives more variety for the user. Also, it is a polar molecule which is unique. - Water allowed life to become so diverse and complex on Earth because in general, "life might not be able to exist on Earth. If it did exist, it would not be as diverse or as complex." Earth is the only place where "it can be found in all three states." Because of this, it allows for water to appear in different forms that alludes to such diverse living conditions and a much more complex variety of organisms to thrive and survive.

Density-

a measure of how compact the atoms or molecules are within a substance or how much mass there is in a given space (volume) Water compared to other liquids (like syrup) is not very dense. Water is more dense as a liquid than as a solid -When water freezes and becomes ice, the polarity causes hydrogen bonds to form but there is air in between Causes expansion Ice floats in water. If this didn't happen all the icebergs would sink- water levels would rise. Ice floats on top and insulates water below- fish can live.

Surface tension-

a measure of the force necessary to stretch or break the surface of a liquid Hydrogen bonds between water molecules at surface of water resist breaking creating an "invisible film" This allows some insects to walk/run on water

Polar Molecule-

a molecule with positive and negative charged regions In water, electrons shared unequally Oxygen is more electronegative, giving it a partial - charge Hydrogen atoms get a partial + charge This causes the - end of one water molecule to be attracted to the + end of a different water molecule

What characteristic of the water molecule give it special properties? Select all that apply.

hydrogen bonding -Hydrogen bonds give water a positive and negative end, which allows water molecules to stick together easily and give it special properties (described in paragraphs seven and eight).

When liquid of different densities are mixed together those liquids with the lower densities move to a position above those with higher densities. Notice this is an inverse relationship. Low densities = Top of mixture High densities = Bottom of mixture What happens to the position of water as it cools from 10 degrees C to 4 degrees C? As water cools from 10 C to 4 C...

the cooler water moves to the bottom.