QUIZ QUESTIONS
7. Coffee, soda and chocolate all contain the legal drug ________.
A. Caffeine
11. Most professions practice ________ by establishing rules for their members' behavior.
A. Self-regulation
6. Billing for services not rendered, paying kickbacks for referring patients, and falsifying prescriptions are examples of ____________ fraud.
A. health care
6. Drug use was very common in the United States in the late ________ century. Dozens of over-the-counter products containing opium, and its derivatives (such as morphine) were used across the country by people with headaches, toothaches, menstrual cramps, sleeplessness, depression, and other problems. A. 17th B. 18th C. 19th D. 20th
C. 19th
15. Most robberies are committed by: A. strangers B. young persons from low socioeconomic backgrounds C. males D. all of the above
D. all of the above
1. According to current research on the social disorganization theory, what elements are common to communities with the highest crime and victimization rates?
- low participation in voluntary organizations - few networks of friendship ties - low levels of collective efficacy, or community supervision of adolescents and of other informal social control mechanisms - high levels of residential mobility, population density, single-parent homes, dilapidated housing, and poverty
16. In a social science research study, hypotheses are tested by asking if the _____________ variable influences the dependent variable.
A. Independent
14. Prostitution is legal in the state of ________.
A. Nevada
17. The administration of a questionnaire to collect information from respondents is called a _________________.
A. Survey
6. Supporters of Merton's adaptations to anomie theory argue that strain is a product of differences between a person's educational/occupational aspirations and expectations. A. True B. False
A. True
9. Killing a person with "malice aforethought" is categorized as _____________ murder.
A. first degree
8. Data about the following crime is NOT collected for the National Crime Victimization Survey: A. Rape B. sexual assault (not rape) C. murder D. aggravated assault
C. murder
15. Which of the following groups tend to have more punitive views for punishing criminals? A. females over 40 years old with a college degree B. males and females between 25-40 years old who work for government agencies C. religious fundamentalists D. members of the Universal Unitarian Congregation
C. religious fundamentalists
5. Criminology grew from the field of ___________. A. psychology B. anthropology C. sociology D. law
C. sociology
11. Which of the following is committed primarily by teenage boys working in groups as amateur motor vehicle thieves? A. Stripping B. Racing C. Chopping D. Joyriding
D. Joyriding
9. Property crime is highest in the ________ and lowest in the ________. A. Northeast, South B. Southwest, Mid-West C. Northwest, Northeast D. South, Northeast
D. South, Northeast
17. According to Table 10-1, the percentage of female murder offenders is ________.
A. 12%
16. Neither the Uniform Crime Report nor the National Crime Victimization Survey address white collar crime. A. True B. False
A. True
18. Only the crimes documented by police agencies become part of the Uniform Crime Report. A. True B. False
A. True
14. Persons over age 65 are more likely to be victims of violent crime than younger persons. A. True B. False
B. False
20. Which of the following crimes is most likely to be reported to law enforcement? A. simple assault B. robbery C. homicide D. aggravated assault
C. homicide
11. According to the National Crime Victimization Survey, households in the ________________ region experience the highest rates of victimization for property crimes. A. Southern B. Northern C. Eastern D. Western
D. Western
10. Which of the following are subcategories of murder and nonnegligent manslaughter as defined by criminal law? (Check all that apply.) A. 2nd degree murder B. voluntary manslaughter C. justifiable homicide D. felony murder
A. 2nd degree murder B. voluntary manslaughter D. felony murder
6. Which of the following would Marx consider bourgeoisie? A. A factory owner B. A factory worker C. A small business owner D. A convicted criminal
A. A factory owner
19. Violence against women is: A. A global epidemic B. A problem only in Western nations C. Is not significant in third world countries D. Often over reported
A. A global epidemic
14. In a self-fulfilling prophecy, the social—psychological and practical consequences of official labeling thus lead to deviance ________.
A. Amplification
16. The term sexual ________ may be defined as sexual contact without the consent of the victim that does not include intercourse.
A. Assault
14. The ____________ hypothesis is based on men feeling threatened by women's increasing equality when compared to male counterparts.
A. Backlash
12. Which of the following statements reflects a basic similarity between white-collar crime and street crime? A. Both types of crime involve stealing and violence B. Both types of crime involve government cooperation C. Only one involves stealing and violence D. Both types of crime have similar economic costs
A. Both types of crime involve stealing and violence
2. Police and politicians violate the public trust by accepting ________ and kickbacks.
A. Bribes
14. Individual _____ include demographic variables such as age, gender and race impact a person's fear of crime.
A. Characteristics / Factors
20. ________ refers to an individual's investment of energy and emotion in conventional pursuits, such as getting a good education.
A. Commitment
10. ___________ theory rests on the idea that members of society do not agree on social norms due to their different levels of wealth and power.
A. Conflict
16. The ________ theory suggests that social institutions serve the interests of the powerful in society and are dysfunctional for many other members of society.
A. Conflict
9. The ________ perspectives stress that social institutions help create social stability.
A. Consensus
18. Rape is defined as sexual intercourse without the ____________ of the victim.
A. Consent
23. In an experimental research study, the participants subjected to experimental conditions are compared to the _____________ to see whether the experimental conditions had any effects on the participants.
A. Control group
15. A ____________ is a behavior or act that is punishable by criminal law.
A. Crime
8. A" _______________" occurs when a city's news media suddenly devote significant attention to a small number of crimes and falsely suggest that crime is rampant.
A. Crime wave
14. Vigiliante terrorism, assassinations, and civil disobedience are examples of _________________.
A. Crimes against government
18. In a social science research study, hypotheses are tested by asking if the independent variable influences the ____________ variable.
A. Dependent
13. ________ created the term white-collar crime to describe crime committed by and within corporations.
A. Edwin Sutherland
7. Despite some recent publicized prosecutions of prominent individuals accused of corporate crime, the legal treatment of corporate criminals continues to be ________. A. Fairly lenient B. Fairly tough C. Extremely lenient D. Extremely tough
A. Fairly lenient
15. Some researchers assert that the killing of thousands of Native Americans by European settlers and U.S. military, significantly reducing their population, is an example of ____________.
A. Genocide
8. The Nazis committed ________ against the Jews when they attempted extermination.
A. Genocide
7. Crime by ________ is also called state-crime.
A. Government
18. At the individual level, situational prevention especially focuses on burglary and motor vehicle theft and takes the form of target ________: efforts to make residences and businesses more difficult to burglarize, and motor vehicles less vulnerable to theft of the vehicle and/or of its contents.
A. Hardening
4. Critics of consensual crime laws argue that these laws generally do not work and may do more ________than good.
A. Harm
21. ________ Marxism considers the ruling class a small, unified group that uses the law to dominate the poor and to advance its own interests.
A. Instrumental
7. The ________ theory is similar to integrated strain-control theory, as it emphasizes that strong childhood bonds to parents reduce the risk for delinquency and weak bonds raise this risk, in particular by increasing associations with delinquent peers.
A. Interactional
18. The following fact indicates that homicide is largely a(n) ________ crime: For single-offender, single-victim homicides, 92 percent of African-American murder victims are murdered by African-American offenders.
A. Intraracial
3. Which of the following best describes the term occupational crime? A. It is committed by individuals in the course of their occupation for personal gain B. It is a very recent activity, only occurring in the last decade C. It is committed only by corporations D. It is a product disorganized neighborhoods and poverty
A. It is committed by individuals in the course of their occupation for personal gain
17. According to the textbook, Hirschi's social bonding theory has been used to explain the consistently low crime rate in ____________ as compared to other industrialized countries.
A. Japan
9. Evidence suggests rape myths are part of the larger culture and, as such, are ________ from the culture. A. Learned B. Biologically transferred C. Extricated D. Mandated
A. Learned
11. A self-defense mechanism known as ___________ includes giving up any hope of improvement and becoming passive helps women cope with repeated batterings.
A. Learned Helplessness
7. The ________ instead insisted that crime causes real distress, and thus crime prevention and control are essential. A. Left realists B. Right realists C. Center idealists D. Upper idealists
A. Left realists
8. Criminologists have begun to pay attention to the onset and termination of antisocial behavior, delinquency, and crime at different stages over the ________: infancy, childhood, adolescence, young adulthood, and beyond. A. Life course B. Power ages C. Personality stages D. Time cycle
A. Life course
20. Research studies that combine intensive interviewing with multiple surveys over a significant time period are called _______________ studies.
A. Longitudinal
10. Two of the most common rape ________ are that women like to be raped and "ask" to be raped by their dress, behavior, or both.
A. Myths
13. Which of the following is most accurately reflects research about victim-offender relationships in rape and sexual assault cases? A. National surveys found that strangers committed approximately 40% of rapes and sexual assaults reported by respondents. B. National surveys found that strangers committed approximately 50% of rapes and sexual assaults reported by respondents. C. National surveys found that strangers committed approximately 65% of rapes and sexual assaults reported by respondents. D. National surveys found that strangers committed approximately 75% of rapes and sexual assaults reported by respondents.
A. National surveys found that strangers committed approximately 40% of rapes and sexual assaults reported by respondents.
5. Cigarettes contain the legal drug ________.
A. Nicotine
22. Standards of behaviors that are part of all societies are called social __________.
A. Norms
5. Political ________ theory stresses that movements are more likely to arise when changes in the national government promise it will prove receptive or vulnerable to movement challenges.
A. Opportunity
20. Feminist scholars see rape and battering as inevitable consequences of ________, or male dominance.
A. Patriarchy
4. Which of the following is NOT one of the four areas generally addressed in feminist criminology? A. Peacemaking with females B. Victimization of women C. Gender differences in crime D. Explanations of women's criminality
A. Peacemaking with females
6. Which of the following supports Tittle's control balance theory? A. People with a control surplus, such as corporate executives, tend to commit crime B. People with a control deficit, such as corporate executives, tend to commit crime C. People with low self-control, such as the urban poor, tend to commit crime D. People with unbalances testosterone levels, such as the urban poor, tend to commit crime
A. People with a control surplus, such as corporate executives, tend to commit crime
9. Occupational crime is committed by individuals in the course of their occupation for ________ gain.
A. Personal
16. Many feminists also call for the banning of ________, especially the type that depicts sexual violence.
A. Pornography
17. Crime by government and other established interests is crime by those with ________.
A. Power
10. ________ is sometimes known as "the world's oldest profession."
A. Prostitution
21. __________________ research involves observing people and conducting intensive interviews.
A. Qualitative
20. Critical perspectives are often called social ________ theories, focusing on how people respond to crime and criminals.
A. Reaction
1. The _____________ Theory asserts that victimization requires 1) an attractive target, 2) a likely offender, and 3) nobody present to stop the crime.
A. Routine Activities
22. ________ killing involves the methodological taking of human life one at a time of a period of days, weeks, months and even years.
A. Serial
7. The male proportion of larceny arrests is lower than for the other crimes because females are more involved in one type of larceny, ________, than they are in other crimes. A. Shoplifting B. Burglary C. Motor vehicle theft D. Identity theft
A. Shoplifting
5. After getting five speeding tickets, the court suspended Kimberly's driver's license for one year. After the suspension, Kimberly paid over $750 in fines and court costs and took a driver improvement class. When she finally started driving again, Kimberly was extremely careful to follow every traffic law so she would not have to endure another suspension or financial repercussions for traffic offenses. This is an example of ____________ deterrence.
A. Specific / Individual
17. Disintegrative shaming, or ________, occurs when offenders are treated like outcasts and no effort is made to forgive or to involve them in community affairs.
A. Stigmatization
8. Marvin Wolfgang argues that a(n) _____ explains the high level of violence among poor, urban males. A. Subculture of violence B. Ethos of aggression C. Subculture of opportunity D. Ethos of anomie
A. Subculture of violence
12. The gender ____________ thesis rests on the assumption that men are victims of intimate partner violence as often as women.
A. Symmetry
4. At the individual level, situational prevention especially focuses on burglary and motor vehicle theft and takes the form of ________: efforts to make residences and businesses more difficult to burglarize, and motor vehicles less vulnerable to theft of the vehicle and/or of its contents. A. Target hardening B. Community casting C. Victim building D. Guardian enhancing
A. Target hardening
6. Which of the following is an example of state-corporate crime? A. The explosion of the Challenger space shuttle B. The disaster of Affordable Care Act rollout C. The implosion of the real estate market D. The bombing of civilian villages during the Vietnam War
A. The explosion of the Challenger space shuttle
20. Which of the following best describes sex trafficking? A. The forcing of girls and young women (and occasionally males) into prostitution or sexual slavery B. The regulation of the sex industry in places such as Nevada C. The movement of people who want to engage in sex with prostitutes, such as sailors D. The use of transportation devices, such as vans, to transport sex workers
A. The forcing of girls and young women (and occasionally males) into prostitution or sexual slavery
15. Katz suggests that much property and violent crime is committed for "sneaky ________" or excitement
A. Thrills
11. Females are more likely than males to use illegal drugs ________, whereas men are more likely to use illegal drugs for excitement. A. To cope with depression and other psychological distress, often stemming from sexual abuse B. To impress their friends and gain respect among their cohort C. In order to increase their ability to stay alert and supervise their children D. As a means of escaping poverty and finding economic success
A. To cope with depression and other psychological distress, often stemming from sexual abuse
15. The deadliest drug of all is ________, which kills about 435,000 people each year from lung cancer, emphysema, heart disease, and other illnesses. A. Tobacco B. Alcohol C. Heroin D. Marijuana
A. Tobacco
12. Sex ________ involves the forcing of girls and young women (sometimes males) into prostitution or sexual slavery.
A. Trafficking
10. In the early 1900s, more than 70,000 poor and/or African American persons were involuntarily sterilized, in part, to reduce future crime. A. True B. False
A. True
12. The high level of economic inequality in the United States is one explanation for its high homicide rate. A. True B. False
A. True
13. The National Crime Victimization Survey has limitations that may include underreporting certain crimes. A. True B. False
A. True
14. In the early 1990s, crime declined less in states with the greatest increase in imprisonment rates than in states with lower increases in imprisonment rates. A. True B. False
A. True
14. The National Crime Victimization Survey has limitations that include overreporting certain crimes. A. True B. False
A. True
15. Sexual assault can occur without the use of force. A. True B. False
A. True
4. Research shows that there are big differences in how people perceive the criminal justice system among racial and ethnic groups. A. True B. False
A. True
5. A problem affecting many women of color in regards to reporting sexual assault is fear of and hostility toward law enforcement. A. True B. False
A. True
5. The Lifestyle Theory assumes that the habits and behavioral patterns of potential crime victims increases chances that crimes will occur. A. True B. False
A. True
6. Data from the Uniform Crime Report arrest reports and National Crime Victimization Survey show similar results for the race, gender, and age of offenders. A. True B. False
A. True
6. Immigrants tend to have lower crime rates than persons born in the United States in similar socioeconomic conditions. A. True B. False
A. True
6. Males with an extra Y chromosome (XYY) are more likely to be arrested for petty theft than males without the extra chromosome (XY). A. True B. False
A. True
7. People who acquire a social imagination are better able to understand and change the social forces underlying their private troubles. A. True B. False
A. True
8. Poor maternal and childhood nutrition are increasingly recognized as risk factors for delinquency and crime. A. True B. False
A. True
8. The National Incident Based Reporting System will replace the Uniform Crime Report and provide include significantly more information than the UCR. A. True B. False
A. True
9. According to the 2014 National Crime Victimization Survey, most females who reported being victims of assault, rape, sexual assault, or robbery knew the offender. A. True B. False
A. True
9. It is reasonable to believe that social policies to 1) reduce smoking and alcohol use during pregnancy, and 2) improve prenatal health care and nutrition could result in future crime reduction. A. True B. False
A. True
15. The main source of crime statistics in the United States is the FBI ___________________.
A. Uniform Crime Report
12. Restorative justice is popular among native peoples in the United States and Canada and in some socialist nations and can include such things as ________. A. Victim impact panels B. Community corporal punishment C. Offender defiance statements D. Capital punishment
A. Victim impact panels
4. Much ________ terrorism takes place in the form of hate crimes.
A. Vigilante
10. News media gives more attention to who they deem innocent or _____ victims.
A. Virtuous
3. In the 1830s, major East Coast US cities: A. Were plagued by mob violence. B. Were plagued by juvenile delinquency. C. Saw a major drop in violent crime. D. Saw a slight drop in crime committed by women.
A. Were plagued by mob violence.
16. According to Table 10-1, which of the following is true? (Select all correct answers.) A. White persons commit more murders than Latinos. B. Females are more likely than males to be victims of murder. C. There are more African American murder victims than white murder victims. D. Footnote "a" implies that some information about victims and offenders is not known.
A. White persons commit more murders than Latinos. C. There are more African American murder victims than white murder victims. D. Footnote "a" implies that some information about victims and offenders is not known.
10. Which of the following factors led, indirectly or directly, to the development of the classical and neoclassical perspectives on crime? A. a growing scientific understanding of natural and social phenomena B. an increasing reliance on religious beliefs for criminal justice decisions C. the reliance on juries to determine a defendant's guilt D. all of the above
A. a growing scientific understanding of natural and social phenomena
8. Police accepting cash from drug suspects and dealers as part of an agreement to "look the other way" is a ___________.
A. bribe
2. My parents used marijuana when they were my age, so why can't I? This would be an example of
A. condemnation of the condemners
11. In the 1950s and 1960s, sociologist Walter C. Reckless developed his ________ theory of delinquency, which stressed that inner and outer restraints help prevent juvenile offending.
A. containment
13. Hank grew up in an environment without any opportunities to experiment with drinking alcohol. When he went away to college at age 20, he was tempted to drink some beer with his roommates. Yet, Hank knew the legal drinking age was 21, and he did not want to get a ticket for underage drinking. To avoid legal troubles, Hank decided to wait until his 21st birthday to try drinking beer. This is an example of ___________________ deterrence.
A. general
2. Regardless of lifestyle, people living in or near high-crime areas called ______________ are more likely to be crime victims than persons living outside these areas.
A. hot spot
8. A killing that occurs when a perpetrator acts recklessly, but without the intention to cause death, is called ______________________.
A. involuntary manslaughter
22. According to the differential association theory, techniques of and attitudes regarding criminal behavior are ________ within intimate personal groups.
A. learned
10. An individual committing an unlawful act for personal gain during the course of their employment is an example of ________ crime.
A. occupational
9. Low ________, including the tendency to act impulsively and to care about oneself more than others, develops during childhood and results from inadequate parenting.
A. self control
6. The proportion of males arrested for larceny offenses is impacted by the large proportion of females who are arrested for _____________.
A. shoplifting
17. The roles that criminals play and the social networks that support their criminal ways is known as ___________.
A. social organization
6. Historically high rates of homicide in the ____________ have commonly been attributed to a regional code of honor that demands responses to insults and other offenses.
A. south
10. Property crime is highest in the __________ region of the United States.
A. southern
4. Family ________ refers to the way the family is set up or organized.
A. structure
12. Sociology uses some of the same research methods as the hard sciences. A. true B. false
A. true
14. Although many studies suggest that violent television and movies contribute to real-life violence, the actual effect of media violence remains unclear. A. true B. false
A. true
1. Even if offenders concede that they are about to harm someone or something, they may reason that their target deserves the harm. This is a neutralization technique known as denial of the ________.
A. victim
13. Arrest data by race indicates that most persons who commit property offenses are __________.
A. white
21. According to the National Crime Victimization Survey (2014) which of the following age group experienced the highest rate of robbery victimization? A. 18-20 B. 21-24 C. 25-34 D. 35-49 E. 50-64
B. 21-24
5. Which of the following would Marx consider proletariat? A. A factory owner B. A factory worker C. A government employee D. A high ranking politician
B. A factory worker
3. One of the rape myths is that women "ask" or "deserve" to be raped by the way behave and thus precipitate their own victimization. Which of the following is an example? A. A woman who stays single into her 30s B. A woman who enters a bar alone C. A woman who joins the military D. A woman who participates in sports
B. A woman who enters a bar alone
3. Which of the following is true about violent crime victimization for college students? A. According to the NCVS, overall rates of violent crime victimization from 1995 to 2002 were higher for college students than nonstudents. B. According to the NCVS, overall rates of violent crime victimization from 1995 to 2002 were higher for male college students than male nonstudents. C. According to the NCVS, overall rates of violent crime victimization from 1995 to 2002 were higher for female college students than female nonstudents. D. none of the above
B. According to the NCVS, overall rates of violent crime victimization from 1995 to 2002 were higher for male college students than male nonstudents.
1. This view, often called the ________ or the Mafia mystique, was popularized in important congressional hearings beginning in the 1950s. A. Emigrant inversion concept B. Alien conspiracy model C. Migrant invasion principle D. Immigrant transnational
B. Alien conspiracy model
18. Which is NOT true of drug laws? A. Cost more than $50 billion annually B. Are extremely effective in reducing crime C. They create the very crime and problems they are intended to stop D. Are good for organized crime
B. Are extremely effective in reducing crime
4. The primary intent of the persons committing ________ is to benefit the organization for which they work. A. Occupational crime B. Corporate crime C. Organized crime D. Property crime
B. Corporate crime
9. National self-report surveys of drug use: A. Are completely accurate B. Exclude people whose illegal drug use may be especially high, such as the homeless, prisoners, and runaway teenagers C. Include such people as inmates, college students and government officials who are often illegal drug users D. Rarely measure drug use among teenagers, judges and illegal immigrants
B. Exclude people whose illegal drug use may be especially high, such as the homeless, prisoners, and runaway teenagers
7. Most studies have found a strong link between high testosterone levels and criminal offending. A. True B. False
B. False
8. Labeling theory assumes that poor, minority people are less likely than other categories of people to be arrested or to suffer other legal sanctions. A. True B. False
B. False
8. Who sells the stolen goods to customers, many of whom are in legitimate occupations and recognize the shady nature of their transaction? A. Boomers B. Fences C. Movers D. Snitches
B. Fences
2. Which of the following is a foundation of the classical school of criminology? A. For crime deterrence, the severity of punishment is more important than the swiftness of punishment. B. For crime deterrence, the swiftness of punishment is more important than the severity of punishment. C. For crime deterrence, the severity and swiftness of punishment are equally important. D. none of the above
B. For crime deterrence, the swiftness of punishment is more important than the severity of punishment.
9. One cornerstone of democracy is: A. Government surveillance and arrest B. Freedom of movement and lawful dissent C. Wealth redistribution D. Executive fiat
B. Freedom of movement and lawful dissent
6. Intimate partner violence occurs: A. Mostly in wealthy neighborhoods B. In all neighborhoods regardless of social status C. Mostly in low-income neighborhoods D. In predominantly minority neighborhoods
B. In all neighborhoods regardless of social status
16. Many scholars favor theoretical ________ because they feel that neither a social process nor a structural approach can adequately explain crime by itself. A. openness B. Integration C. limitations D. metaphors
B. Integration
19. Burgess and Akers argued that criminal behavior and attitudes are more likely to be ________ if they are reinforced, or rewarded, usually by friends, family, or both. A. Innate B. Learned C. Biological D. Institutional
B. Learned
6. Which of the following is one of the reasons many people may have an unrealistic view of crime? A. Lack of access to crime data B. Media overdramatization C. Poor FBI crime data D. Inaccurate textbooks
B. Media overdramatization
13. Individuals and groups often commit terrorism and other ________ to change the status quo. A. Secular violence B. Political violence C. Popular violence D. Sectarian violence
B. Political violence
1. Which of the following could be considered a victimless crime? A. Arson B. Prostitution C. Homicide D. Theft
B. Prostitution
19. Labeling theory adopts a ________ definition by assuming that nothing about a given behavior automatically makes it deviant. A. Nationalist B. Relativist C. Corporatist D. Pessimist
B. Relativist
10. Which of the following focuses on restoring the social bond between the offender and the community? A. Retributive justice B. Restorative justice C. Reactive justice D. Recidivist justice
B. Restorative justice
2. What is considered is "at the heart" of much of girls' and women's law breaking? A. Poverty B. Sexual abuse C. Feminism D. Racism
B. Sexual abuse
21. Attachment, commitment, and involvement are elements of ________. A. Neutralization B. Social bond C. Power-control D. Rational choice
B. Social bond
8. Which of the following best reflects what Peter Berger referred to as the "debunking motif"? A. Sociological research often shows that conventional wisdom is correct rather than false. B. Sociological research often exposes false claims about reality and taken-for-granted assumptions C. Sociologists prefer to research "urban legends" and show that they are largely true. D. Sociologists tend to seek justice rather than wisdom when conducting research.
B. Sociological research often exposes false claims about reality and taken-for-granted assumptions
27. Like conflict theory, radical theory's views seem less relevant for ________ than for consensual offenses and political criminality. A. White-collar crime B. Street crime C. Environmental crime D. Government
B. Street crime
17. Most self-report studies rely on ______________ to provide data to researchers. A. incarcerated offenders B. Teenagers C. police officers D. random samples of citizens in different locations
B. Teenagers
17. In 1920, a constitutional amendment banned alcohol manufacture and sale and began what era? A. The Steroid era B. The Prohibition era C. The Smugglers era D. The Ether era
B. The Prohibition era
3. Which of the following is a reason that homicide rates are higher in the United States than other industrialized countries? A. Criminal sentences are too weak to deter homicides. B. The availability of handguns is greater in the U.S. than other countries. C. Countries like the U.S. with violent pasts usually have high rates of violent crimes. D. all of the above
B. The availability of handguns is greater in the U.S. than other countries.
16. Social organization refers to: A. The role all of the community in preventing crime. B. The roles that different property criminals play and the social networks that support their criminal ways. C. The individual characteristics of property criminals. D. The risks and benefits of property crime depending on the community.
B. The roles that different property criminals play and the social networks that support their criminal ways.
18. The 9/11 terrorism is an example of the fourth type of terrorism, ________ terrorism (also called global terrorism). A. Vigilante B. Transnational C. Government D. sponsored
B. Transnational
16. Police and political corruption is also a: A. Crime against world culture B. Violation of public trust C. Crime against human nature D. Violation of foreign policy
B. Violation of public trust
21. Some feminists distinguish between ________, which depicts sexual violence against women, and ________, which depicts respectful nudity and consensual, loving sexual interaction between adults. A. Soft-core pornography, violent pornography B. Violent pornography, erotica C. Erotica, violent pornography D. Pedophilia, high-class pornography
B. Violent pornography, erotica
14. Sutherland coined the term ________ and studied the seventy largest U.S. corporations and found that they had violated antitrust, false advertising, bribery, and other laws. A. Economic-crime B. White-collar crime C. Corporate crime D. Business-crime
B. White-collar crime
4. Most homicides are committed by: A. a stranger B. a person the victim knows C. a family member or intimate partner D. a gang member
B. a person the victim knows
11. The structural approach: A. addresses mostly victimless crimes. B. addresses mostly street crimes. C. addresses both street crimes and victimless crimes. D. addresses all types of crime including street crimes, property crimes, and victimless crimes.
B. addresses mostly street crimes.
10. What is the source of data for the National Crime Victimization Survey? A. crime reports taken by local and state police officers B. data collected during interviews of randomly selected households C. a combination of data from police agencies, schools, and hospitals D. none of the above
B. data collected during interviews of randomly selected households
10. Durkheim believed that anomie results from: A. people's lack of religious or moral training. B. fast changes in society that leave people not knowing where they fit in. C. having a peer group with deviant values. D. all of the above
B. fast changes in society that leave people not knowing where they fit in.
5. The neutralization theory is based on feelings of ______________ with regard to crime. A. fear and anxiety B. guilt and shame C. power and revenge D. forgiveness and peace
B. guilt and shame
13. Which of the following is NOT one of the factors impacting the effects of differential association? A. how often one spends time with friends B. how an individual became acquainted with one's friends C. how much time on the average one spends with them during each association D. how much importance one places on one's associations
B. how an individual became acquainted with one's friends
7. Anthropological evidence supports the view that gender ________ helps to explain violence against women. A. discrimination B. inequality C. bias D. norms
B. inequality
12. Neoclassical explanations of crimes: A. are based on religious doctrine, emphasizing morality or lack of morality of persons who commit crimes B. rely on economic thinking, emphasizing rationality of persons who commit crimes C. are rooted in psychological explanations, emphasizing deviance of persons who commit crimes D. look to biological traits, emphasizing genetic traits of persons who commit crimes
B. rely on economic thinking, emphasizing rationality of persons who commit crimes
3. Social structure theories: A. started in the 1700s when Jeremy Bentham's book, An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, was published. B. started in the 1800s when Emile Durkheim asserted the importance of social facts on human behavior. C. have been underlying foundations of crime theories since the middle ages D. none of the above
B. started in the 1800s when Emile Durkheim asserted the importance of social facts on human behavior.
12. Which of the following would not be included in the National Crime Victimization Survey data? A. adult males who were victims of intimate partner violence B. victims who died as a result of intimate partner violence C. adolescents who suffered serious injuries as a result of child abuse D. None of the above would be included in the National Crime Victimization Survey data.
B. victims who died as a result of intimate partner violence
4. According to Figure 11-1, which age group of women is most likely to be victimized by intimate partner violence? A. 12-17 B. 18-24 C. 25-34 D. 35-49 E. 50 and older
C. 25-34
1. Which of the following comprise the vast majority of property offenders? A. Professional B. Intimate C. Amateur D. Thrill seeker
C. Amateur
3. Which of the following would be an example of secondary deviance? A. An offense occurs in the neighborhood, and police fail to identify a suspect, thus encouraging the perpetrator to reoffend B. A town lacks important community efforts such as after school activities which lead youths to engage in crime C. An offense occurs in the neighborhood, and a youth is suspected. He becomes angry and resentful and "acts out" D. A town passes a law such as truancy and begins to arrest many juveniles for what is a new crime
C. An offense occurs in the neighborhood, and a youth is suspected. He becomes angry and resentful and "acts out"
2. High-level burglars: A. Are adolescents and young adults who get together to commit spontaneous, unskilled burglaries as a lark B. Tend to be older than low-level ones and more apt to spend time searching for attractive targets C. Are the most skilled of all and tend to act in groups of two or more D. Tend to be individuals who act alone and who commit only in poor areas
C. Are the most skilled of all and tend to act in groups of two or more
24. Many radical criminologists blame ________ for much of the crime the United States suffers. A. Socialism B. Fascism C. Capitalism D. Communism
C. Capitalism
15. Which of the following considers law and crime the result of conflict among various kinds of groups in society, not just economic classes? A. Neoclassical theory B. Consensus theory C. Conflict theory D. Control balance
C. Conflict theory
14. Which of the following is not one of the principles of Sutherland's differential associations? A. Criminal behavior is learned B. Criminal behavior is learned in interaction with other persons in a process of communication C. Crime is the result of a lack of serious punishments for deviant behavior D. Differential association may vary in frequency, duration, priority, and intensity
C. Crime is the result of a lack of serious punishments for deviant behavior
11. Which of the following aims to change the existing order and includes such actions as terrorism, assassination, and other political violence? A. Civil unrest B. Civil disenfranchisement C. Crimes against government D. Crimes against incumbants
C. Crimes against government
3. Positivism is based on the premise that: A. Persons who intentionally maintain optimistic attitudes are less likely to commit crime than persons who give into negative perspectives. B. People commit crime because they believe the rewards of crime are more beneficial than the potential risks. C. Criminal behavior results from forces outside the individual. D. all of the above
C. Criminal behavior results from forces outside the individual.
9. The example that anthropologists found that sexual acts condemned in some societies are often practiced in others is an example of ____________. A. Anomie B. Normlessness C. Deviance being relative in space D. Deviance being relative in time
C. Deviance being relative in space
12. Matza argued that delinquents are not constantly delinquent and instead ________ into and out of delinquency. A. Spin B. Turn C. Drift D. Fall
C. Drift
5. Which of the following has received significant media attention compared to other professional fraud and costs between estimates of $77 billion and $259 billion per year? A. Construction fraud B. Real estate fraud C. Health care fraud D. Education fraud
C. Health care fraud
22. Power-control theory: A. Largely ignores the role gender and class play in crime B. Suggests that criminals accumulate power to control their own destinies C. Highlights the roles played by both gender and class in crime D. Focuses too heavily on the role of biology
C. Highlights the roles played by both gender and class in crime
11. Which of the following is true? A. In the United States, the "typical" murder starts as a domestic dispute then escalates to violence with a firearm. B. In the United States, the "typical" murder is a planned event arising from ongoing disagreement, greed, jealousy, or anger. C. In the United States, the "typical" murder is a mostly spontaneous event arising from an argument that escalates to the use of a firearm. D. In the United States, the "typical" murder is an unplanned act of self defense.
C. In the United States, the "typical" murder is a mostly spontaneous event arising from an argument that escalates to the use of a firearm.
7. Which of the following is true about Miller's Focal Concern of toughness? A. It involves the ability to achieve a goal by the use of wits rather than physical force. B. Lower-class people have a particularly fatalistic outlook on life. C. It arises from the fact that many lower-class boys are raised in female-headed households and thus lack adequate male role models. D. Adults usually want their children to stay out of trouble, but lower-class adolescents sometimes gain prestige with their friends.
C. It arises from the fact that many lower-class boys are raised in female-headed households and thus lack adequate male role models.
3. Which of the following best describes civil disobedience? A. It is the violation of the law and almost always includes serious violence such as murders. B. It is a violation of the law by corporations in order to increase profits. C. It is the violation of law for reasons of conscience and is usually nonviolent and public. D. It is completely legal as long as all participants are 18 years or older.
C. It is the violation of law for reasons of conscience and is usually nonviolent and public.
3. Burglars tend to target homes that are: A. Close to the street so they can easily access the getaway vehicle B. At least two stories so they can toss items from the upstairs to the lawn C. Less visible to possible scrutiny by neighbors and people passing by D. Within just a few miles of where they sell their stolen goods
C. Less visible to possible scrutiny by neighbors and people passing by
4. In his study of suicide, Durkheim found that: A. Catholics had higher rates of suicides than Protestants. B. People in groups with high social integration had higher suicide rates. C. People in groups with high social integration had lower suicide rates. D. Social integration did not play a role in suicide rates. See Ch. 1 page 3.
C. People in groups with high social integration had lower suicide rates.
5. Democratic theory suggests that: A. Democratic countries have higher crime rates than dictatorships. B. Courts should base their sentencing on public opinion. C. Policy decisions by public officials should reflect public opinion. D. Whenever possible, police should hold public meetings on policy decisions.
C. Policy decisions by public officials should reflect public opinion.
4. In the 1930s, a new approach emerged that emphasized structural causes of urban crime (e.g., the breakdown of communities) over moral failings. It is known as _____. A. social engineering B. social construction C. Social disorganization D. social cohesion
C. Social disorganization
13. Some scholars think that high homicide rates in the South arises from a ________ in which disputes that might fade away in other regions become deadly in the South. A. Lesser availability of law enforcement B. Greater availability of opportunity C. Southern subculture of violence D. Southern subculture of illiteracy
C. Southern subculture of violence
22. A key issue in the nation's response to pornography is: A. That pornography is completely legal even if minors are involved B. The Supreme Court of the US has refused to rule on pornography cases C. That pornography is very difficult and perhaps impossible to define precisely D. No laws have been passed to stop or limit that pornography
C. That pornography is very difficult and perhaps impossible to define precisely
12. According to arrest data, the typical property offender is ________. A. African-American B. Latino C. White D. Asian
C. White
3. Self-report studies: A. show that juvenile delinquency is mostly limited to youths from low-income families. B. provide unique insights about why juveniles commit delinquent acts. C. have only recently started to address serious crimes like robbery and rape. D. all of the above
C. have only recently started to address serious crimes like robbery and rape.
13. The _________ anomie theory is based on the principle that crime in the United States is a reflection of achievement, individualism, and emphasis on wealth. A. structural B. functional C. institutional D. psychological
C. institutional
7. The routine activities theory has been popular for several decades because: A. it reflects society's changing views and values regarding acceptable behavior. B. it has been used to justify changes in law to deter crime. C. it has been used to explain differences in crime rates for different people and different locations. D. none of the above
C. it has been used to explain differences in crime rates for different people and different locations.
7. The media's exaggeration and misrepresentation of crime that influences public perspectives is known as _________. A. crime waves B. crime myths C. overdramatization D. structural factors
C. overdramatization
4. Which early explanation of crime relied on the size and shape of a person's skull to determine a person's tendency for criminal behavior? A. atavism B. somatology C. phrenology D. none of the above
C. phrenology
13. Which of the following would be considered a mala prohibita crime? A. murder B. shoplifting C. public intoxication D. rape
C. public intoxication
11. Which of the following describes an individual's perception about the proper punishment for persons convicted of crimes? A. individual characteristics B. relativism C. punitiveness D. sentencing disparity
C. punitiveness
9. Durkheim's theory of suicide: A. was based on his religious views and upbringing. B. was based on a meta analyses of prior research. C. was based on scientific observations of the effects of social integration. D. all of the above
C. was based on scientific observations of the effects of social integration.
11. Which of the following is NOT an issue addressed by the labeling theory? A. how labeling effects continued criminality B. how society defines deviance and crime C. whether social forces in the community support labeling D. whether there is discrimination in how labels and official sanctions are applied
C. whether social forces in the community support labeling
12. All of the following EXCEPT ____ are characteristics of people who are more likely than others to support the death penalty? A. being white B. having lower level of education C. working in a non-union job D. living in areas with higher homicide rates and larger proportions of African Americans.
C. working in a non-union job
1. The ____________ theory relies on people from divergent backgrounds agreeing on shared social norms and obeying those norms because they represent all parts of society.
Consensus
15. Which is the most important social bond element and refers to the degree to which we care about the opinions of others, including parents and teachers? A. Empathy B. Commitment C. Involvement D. Attachment
D. Attachment
5. Examples of ________ include better street lighting, camera surveillance, and the reconfiguring of physical space to establish clearer sight lines. A. Nationally integrated tactical strategies B. Regional individual marginal strategies C. Neighborhood drastic crime control strategies D. Community level situational strategies
D. Community level situational strategies
2. One myth about rape is that a woman who ________ wants to have sex. A. Attends college B. Accepts a ride home C. Lives alone D. Dresses attractively
D. Dresses attractively
3. Regarding family structure, the most studied component is ________ in the form of a household headed by a single parent, usually the mother, because of divorce, birth out of wedlock, or, less commonly, the death of a parent. A. Family bonding B. Family functioning C. Family values D. Family disruption
D. Family disruption
1. Which views on crime developed in the mid-1970s, in part because labeling and conflict theories neglected gender? A. Masculine B. Classical C. Freudian D. Feminist
D. Feminist
13. Which perspective focuses on many aspects of women's criminality, including the problems that women inmates face in jail and prison? A. Fascist B. Rational C. Socialist D. Feminist
D. Feminist
12. From 1946 to 1963, for example, the military subjected up to 300,000 soldiers and civilians to radiation during atomic bomb tests in Nevada and elsewhere. This is an example of: A. Corporate neglect B. Military crime C. Vigilante terror D. Illegal experimentation
D. Illegal experimentation
11. The classical school would suggest which of the following regarding legal punishment for a crime? A. The focus should be on rehabilitation. B. It should reflect community standards. C. Its basis should be rooted in religious texts such as the Koran. Torah, or Bible. D. It should be severe enough to deter potential criminals from offending.
D. It should be severe enough to deter potential criminals from offending.
19. Which of the following is true regarding prostitution? A. It was deemed illegal in the late 1700s. B. The first record of prostitution was recorded in France in 1875. C. Almost a third of all states have legalized prostitution. D. It was legal in brothels in many US cities through the early 1900s.
D. It was legal in brothels in many US cities through the early 1900s.
18. In the United States, restorative justice has probably been used most often for ________ offenders who commit relatively minor offenses. A. White collar B. Mentally ill C. Repeat D. Juvenile
D. Juvenile
1. Which of the following is true about mass murder? A. The most common mass murder weapon is a homemade bomb. B. About 50% of mass murders are domestic violence related. C. Most mass murders are spontaneous, resulting from incidents that escalated into severe violence. D. Most mass murders are committed by males.
D. Most mass murders are committed by males.
23. Which of the following best represents peacemaking criminology? A. Peacemaking criminology suggests that crime is a by-product of war B. Peacemaking criminology contends that criminals lack the ability to find compromise with their victims C. Peacemaking criminology argues that groups with legislative power have the power to decide which behaviors will be illegal and that crime stems from the lack of peace among various interest groups D. Peacemaking criminology views crime as just one of the many forms of suffering that characterize human existence
D. Peacemaking criminology views crime as just one of the many forms of suffering that characterize human existence
10. Social processes such as ________ affect our chances of becoming or not becoming criminal offenders. A. Broken windows, poor nutrition, and inequality B. Strain, atavism, and superego C. playing video games, watching violent movies/television, excessive "screen time" D. Peer influences, socialization, and interactions with family members
D. Peer influences, socialization, and interactions with family members
2. The sociological perspective stresses that: A. Crime can be traced to biological abnormalities. B. People make decisions based on free will. C. Crime is largely the result of personality defects. D. People are social beings more than mere individuals.
D. People are social beings more than mere individuals.
14. Jack Katz argued that much violent and property crime is done for excitement and ________ because they offenders are excited by the idea of stealing and by the prospect of obtaining objects they desire. A. Nasty nights B. Quick collections C. Fast fences D. Sneaky thrills
D. Sneaky thrills
16. When government agencies and corporations cooperate to commit illegal or socially harmful activities these activities are called _______ crimes. A. Cooperative B. Mutual C. Public-private D. State-corporate crime
D. State-corporate crime
12. Having not been raised with values such as courtesy and hard-work, lower-class boys do poorly in school and experience _____, or strain. A. Social structure B. Institutional anomie C. Cultural disintegration D. Status frustration
D. Status frustration
13. To the extent that illegal drugs are connected to crime, A. The connection results primarily from cultural acceptance of drug use B. The connection results primarily from illegal immigration C. The connection results primarily from drug legalization D. The connection results primarily from laws against these drugs
D. The connection results primarily from laws against these drugs
26. John Braithwaite argues that: A. Even positive labels have negative results in they are disliked by the individual B. The success of shaming is dependent upon one's genetic characteristics such as skin color C. Labeling is particularly effective tool for elderly offenders D. The type of shaming involved in labeling makes a crucial difference for continued deviance
D. The type of shaming involved in labeling makes a crucial difference for continued deviance
8. One myth blames battered women for being hit and says that: A. The assaults do not really have a negative impact B. They seek the attention, even if it is negative C. The battery should be considered normal and acceptable D. They must have done something to anger their male partners
D. They must have done something to anger their male partners
15. Which of the following best describes a "typical" corporate criminal? A. African-American male B. Latin female C. Asian female D. White male
D. White male
1. Which of the following questions do crime theories attempt to answer? A. Why are some people more likely than others to commit crime? B. Why are some categories or kinds of people more likely than others to commit crime? C. Why are short and long term effects of crime different for different groups of people? D. a & b E. all of the above
D. a & b
10. The 2014 National Crime Victimization Survey showed that: A. Males were more frequently victimized by violent crime than females. B. The age group reporting the most violent crime victimization was 12-17. C. The group experiencing the highest rate of property crime victimization was African American. D. a & b E. all of the above
D. a & b
11. The deterrence theory: A. is based on the idea that potential punishments stop some people from committing crime. B. is closely tied to the Rational Choice Theory. C. relies on citizens believing laws are necessary and respect the need for enforcement. D. a & b E. all of the above
D. a & b
16. Fear of crime has negative consequences for how people, especially _________________, live their daily lives. A. females B. poor people living in urban areas C. males with children D. a & b E. all of the above
D. a & b
19. Researchers have found that _______________ is a factor leading to homicide. A. alcohol use B. arguments between people who know each other C. greed D. a & b E. all of the above
D. a & b
5. The differential opportunity theory attributes crime in certain places to: A. people having different levels of accessing good jobs or education to be successful. B. people having different levels of access to become involved in organized crime to be successful. C. people having different levels of access to cultural opportunities and travel. D. a & b E. all of the above
D. a & b
11. Which of the following is true? A. Adolescents' impulsive behaviors and low self-control have been attributed, in part, to areas of the brain which are not fully developed. B. Most criminologists agree that age is one of the strongest factors associated with crime. C. Self-report research shows that a little more than 5% of teenagers are responsible for most of the serious crimes committed by that age group. D. all of the above
D. all of the above
14. Which of the following is true about surveys? A. They require respondents to answer interview questions. B. They are one of the most important types of research in criminology. C. Much of the information collected through surveys is superficial. D. all of the above
D. all of the above
17. Which of the following is an example of rape? A. vaginal sexual intercourse without the victim's consent B. anal sexual intercourse without the victim's consent C. oral penetration by sex organ without the victim's consent D. all of the above
D. all of the above
19. Which of the following is true based on the National Crime Victimization report? A. The chance of "anybody" becoming a victim of violent crime during a given year is relatively low. B. The NCVS indicates that many people will be a victim of at least one violent or property crime during their lifetimes. C. The risk of becoming a victim of crime varies significantly based on a person's age, race, ethnicity, gender, and social class. D. all of the above
D. all of the above
2. Which of the following explains why males commit more murders than females? A. Males have higher testosterone levels which leads to aggression and violence. B. Males are typically stronger and bigger and more capable of committing homicide. C. For males at lower socioeconomic levels, masculinity includes physical competition, violence, and drinking which are associated with homicide. D. all of the above
D. all of the above
24. Which of the following is a goal of criminal law? A. Protect the rights and freedoms of the nation's citizenry B. Help keep the public safe from crime and criminals C. Articulate our society's moral values and concerns D. all of the above
D. all of the above
25. Which of the following is true about the critical perspectives on crime? A. They examine power differences among groups of people to explain crime. B. They are sometimes referred to as social reaction theories. C. They focus on people's reactions to crime and criminals. D. all of the above
D. all of the above
4. The Rational Choice Theory (RTC): A. is based on an economic model of decision making. B. assumes there will always be people who are motivated to commit crime. C. rejects criminogenic conditions of urban neighborhoods as rationale for criminal behavior D. all of the above
D. all of the above
5. Which of the following is true about the FBI Uniform Crime Report? A. The FBI started publishing the UCR in the 1930s. B. The FBI relies on local and state police agencies to provide crime data for the report. C. The UCR consistently shows that there are more property crimes than violent crimes. D. all of the above
D. all of the above
7. Studies indicate that attorneys who prosecute sexual assault cases: A. prefer cases with victims who are articulate and presentable to a jury. B. recognize that cases with victims with prior criminal records or questionable past behavior are less likely to result in defendant conviction. C. acknowledge that certain victims will be more credible than others. D. all of the above
D. all of the above
7. The validity of the FBI Uniform Crime Report has been questioned because: A. Discriminatory arrest practices result in a distorted picture of the typical offender. B. The number of crimes in the UCR is under reported every year. C. The UCR minimizes the seriousness of white collar crimes. D. all of the above
D. all of the above
9. Lower crime rates for females than males: A. are attributed to girls being raised to be less assertive than boys. B. have been explained by girls having less delinquent peers than boys. C. are partly due to parents paying more attention to their daughters' behavior than their sons' behavior. D. all of the above
D. all of the above
9. Structural factors are: A. resource that often portrays crimes in disproportionate ways that arouses. B. influences society's cultural beliefs regarding value on human life and personal property, and affects penalties stipulated by legislators on crime. C. a growing body of research addressing the nature and sources of public attitudes about crime D. community characteristics such as social integration, quality of living conditions, and various demographic variables in neighborhoods.
D. community characteristics such as social integration, quality of living conditions, and various demographic variables in neighborhoods.
19. When a respondents in a research study represent a random sample of an entire population, researchers can ________________ the results of the random sample to the entire population. A. associate B. compare C. contrast D. generalize
D. generalize
3. Which of the following is not a legal defense to a crime? A. duress B. entrapment C. accident D. heat of passion
D. heat of passion
6. Which type of crime has a greater marginal deterrence than others? A. expressive offenses B. private offenses C. high commitment offenses D. instrumental offenses
D. instrumental offenses
3. Lombroso's initial theory of atavism was based on the belief that a person's tendency towards criminality was based on: A. Intelligence B. disposition C. body shape D. measurements of body parts
D. measurements of body parts
15. Which of the following is a criticism of the routine activities theory? A. focusing on the victim instead of the offender B. focusing on the offender instead of the victim C. placing too much emphasis on what motivates an offender D. none of the above
D. none of the above
17. Which of the following is true? A. News reports focus on violent crimes that tend to occur more often than property or quality of life crimes. B. News reports focus on property crimes that tend to occur more often than violent crimes. C. News reports focus on the interests of the communities they serve. D. none of the above
D. none of the above
23. Which of the following is true? A. There are about twice the number of deaths resulting from illegal drugs (cocaine, heroin, marijuana, etc.) as deaths from alcohol and tobacco. B. The number of deaths resulting from illegal drugs (cocaine, heroin, marijuana, etc.) and deaths from alcohol and tobacco are about the same.. C. There are about twice the number of deaths from tobacco and alcohol as there are from illegal drugs (cocaine, heroin, marijuana, etc.). D. none of the above
D. none of the above
4. Which of the following is true? A. According to the National Crime Victimization Survey, only 30% of persons who had money or property stolen recovered all of it. B. According to the National Crime Victimization Survey, over half of the victims of motor vehicle theft lost time from work because of the crime. C. According to the NCVS, about half of robbery victims are physically injured during the crime. D. none of the above
D. none of the above
5. Why is the victim-offender relationship reported as unknown in crime data? A. to protect the privacy of victims and defendants who may not have been found guilty yet B. to protect the investigating law enforcement agency from liability from false accusations C. to protect the integrity of ongoing investigations D. none of the above
D. none of the above
7. According to information provided in the textbook, which of the following is true about aggravated assault? A. Over half of aggravated assaults involve the use of a firearm. B. The dynamics of aggravated assault closely resemble the dynamics of homicide. C. The aggravated assault rate trend declined significantly from the early 1990s to 2014. D. Most aggravated assaults are planned in advance. E. B&C
E. B&C
13. Which of the following individual traits have been associated with increased rates of crime victimization? A. early onset of puberty B. experiencing harsh physical punishment in childhood C. having a mental disorder D. b & c E. all of the above
E. all of the above
13. Which of the following is listed as a crime myth in the textbook? A. Teenagers are heavily involved in violent crime. B. Crime is rampant. C. Minorities are more heavily involved in crime than non-minorities. D. a & b E. all of the above
E. all of the above
14. Rodney Stark's theory of deviant places: A. focuses on the physical aspects of neighborhoods as they relate to crime. B. provides an ecological explanation for crime. C. relies on the foundation that elements of urban neighborhoods provide opportunities for criminality. D. b & c E. all of the above
E. all of the above
18. Which of the following reflects research about the effects of dropping out of school and delinquency? A. Youths who drop out of school are more likely to engage in delinquent behavior than youths who stay in school. B. Youths who drop out of school are less likely to engage in delinquent behavior than youths who stay in school. C. Variables including social class and prior delinquency should be considered when measuring the effects of dropping out of school on delinquent behavior. D. a & c E. all of the above
E. all of the above
5. Lombroso's research to support his theory of atavism was flawed because: A. He was not able to reproduce his initial research findings. B. Lombroso may have used measurement techniques to fit his theory instead of using objective methods. C. There was a good chance that the prisoners had not actually committed a crime. D. b & c E. all of the above
E. all of the above See pp. 102-103. The textbook does not make option "a" clear (although it is true) so credit was awarded.