quizzes chp.7-10 ENSC

The graph below shows a comparison between CAFE (corporate average fuel economy) standards for passenger cars and compliance (how much fuel a vehicle actually consumes) among various models of cars. At about what time do cars start showing a significant improvement in their fuel efficiency beyond the standard?

2005

Which of the following are examples of tradeable emission allowances?

A trash collection agency has exceeded its allowable annual emissions set by EPA as it burns trash in an old incinerator. The only way it can operate is to buy additional allowances from the recycling agency that is below its limit., The EPA has set the total allowable annual emissions for SO2 from the Navajo Coal Power generating station in Arizona. However, the coal power plant has exceeded its annual emissions. The only way it can legally exceed this level is to buy additional allowances from other utilities companies that are below their limits.

chemical polution

Agricultural fertilizer runs off into a nearby body of water, causing algae growth to spike. Air pollutants from coal power plants react with water vapor and fall as rain, altering the chemistry of lakes and ponds. Lead from pipes and fixtures enters a city's drinking water.

correct definitions of air pressure

All gases, including air, move from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure., Air gets "thinner" at increasing altitudes as the gas molecules are more dispersed., The air high above the ground weighs down the air closer to Earth's surface, causing the pressure to be higher down below.

sediment pollution

Large amounts of loose soil particles are swept into the waterway from erosion due to logging on a hillside.

Which of the following examples correctly describes a way in which oxygen can move from the biosphere to the lithosphere?

Marine organisms that produce calcium carbonate (CaCO3) die and sink to the seafloor, where they can eventually form limestone

correct statments about minerals

Minerals are extracted from Earth through mining., Humans need to eat certain mineral elements to maintain health., Humans use minerals for decorative purposes.

incorrect statements about minerals

Mining for minerals has a small environmental impact., Minerals are usually found in large deposits, making extraction relatively simple.

incorrect definitions of air pressure

Mountaineers who climb to altitudes above 26,000 feet struggle to breathe because the high air pressure forces the air from their lungs., All gases, including air, move from areas of low pressure to areas of high pressure., Pressure is the amount of volume a gas fills.

biological pollution

Waste from sewer systems contaminates drinking water, causing outbreaks of diarrhea.

Which of the following phrases accurately defines the rock cycle as a whole?

a geological process by which earth recycles and renews its surface

What is the definition of a mineral?

a naturally rock-forming solid that uses sources found in earth's crust

Which of the following descriptions correctly defines the term "emergent property"?

an outcome that stems from the interconnectedness of the parts that form a system

places where groundwater accumulates, saturating cracks and pores of material above a dense layer that it cannot pass through

aquifer

subsurface areas that hold water

aquifer

Which of the following particles are able to move from one place to another because of atmospheric air circulation?

ash from volcanoes, sand and dust from deserts, soot from forest fires

What is the term for a dynamic envelope of gases extending up from Earth's surface that clings to our surface due to gravity?

atmosphere

Which of the following occur due to persistent acid rain in an area?

changes soil composition which limits tree growth, lowers pH levels in lakes, affecting the developmental stages of both insects and fish

Rainwater harvesting is one of the ways to __________water that would otherwise become runoff into rivers or streams. Rainwater-harvesting structures channel water from runoff to underground _______ where the water can be stored for use during times of ___________.

conserve, cisterns, water scarcity

metamorphic rock

deeply buried materials subject to extreme heat and pressure that change one type of rock into another

eviromental impact of Mining of sand and gravel from areas such as riverbeds and beaches.

destruction of aquatic habitats

examples of open systems in relation to matter

earth, an analog watch

Small particles of material are blown or washed away over Earth's surface.

erosion

Wind is air in motion as it flows from low-pressure areas to high-pressure areas.

false

lowest air pressure

further from surface of earth

examples of closed systems in relation to matter

glaciers, a bowl of hot soup, the circulatory system

ways that do not conserve water

growing crops such as citrus and avocados sending water through water channels

all the places on earth that hold water

hydrosphere

the total of all the water reservoirs on Earth

hydrosphere

Open systems

if we consider energy on Earth as a system and observe that energy on this planet comes from the Sun, if we consider water flow in the plumbing of a home as a system and observe that it is disrupted by a burst water main several blocks away, if we consider energy on Earth as a system and observe that no transfer of energy is perfectly efficient (that is, some energy is always lost as heat into space)

closed systems

if we consider matter on Earth as a system and observe the water cycle on Earth, if we consider matter on Earth as a system and observe biogeochemical cycles on Earth, if we consider matter on Earth as a system and observe the various stages of the rock cycle on Earth

the gran canyon is an example of a _________, a surface feature of land that contributes to the ________

landform, topography

communities of life hosted by lakes and ponds

lentic ecosystem

Sediment buried under many layers of material experiences pressures and temperatures high enough to trigger chemical changes and thereby create new rock.

lithification

select the area of the figure that is a sink for oxygen

lithosphere

communities of life hosted by rivers and streams

lotic ecosystem

environmental imapct of Open-pit mines create enormous artificial craters. Mountaintop removal mining fills in stream valleys and levels hilly terrain.

major changes to topography

Materials are buried so deep that extreme heat and pressure transform one type of rock into another.

metamorphism

Which of the following statements about mines is true?

mines have successfully been reclaimed in a number of regions

Examine the map below, which depicts six river systems that run through diverse topographies, both agricultural and urban. Click on the area that includes the delta where about 40% of the area of the contiguous 48 states of the United States drains.

near the gulf of Mexico in the lower Mississippi

primary pollutants

nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in 1 hour carbon monoxide sulfur dioxide (SO2) in 1 hour

What are the two most abundant elements in Earth's atmosphere

nitrogen, oxygen

Which of the following pollutants can be both a primary and secondary pollutant, with its level not exceeding 0.07 ppm in an 8-hour period?

ozone

secondary pollutant

particle pollution (PM2.5) after 1 year at 15.0 µg/m3

Which vehicle—passenger cars or trucks—seems to have better compliance with fuel economy standards?

passenger cars

Which of the following statements about the phosphorus cycle is correct?

phosphorus does not cycle through the atmosphere

examples of macronutrients

phosphorus, nitrogen, oxygen

The green slime in the picture is a buildup of _________ and algae as a result of the process of _________. This is caused by excessive amounts of nutrients, such as nitrogen and _________, from manmade inputs found in ________ that are added to crops to enhance growth.

plants, eutrophication, phosphorus, fertilizer

Although groundwater is a(n) ______ resource, the _____ time for groundwater often exceeds 10,000 years, which means that resupply can lag far behind the human withdrawal rate. Some ________ are even sealed off by surrounding rock, preventing precipitation from infiltrating through the ground. This "fossil water" can have a residence time of millions of years. Withdrawals from such reservoirs that are not renewable are called ____________.

renewable, recharge, aquifers, water mining

the amount of time a molecule such as water spends in a reservoir

residence time

igenous rock

rocks formed by the cooling of molten rock

sedimentary rock

sediment buried under many layers and subject to pressures and temperatures high enough to trigger chemical changes dead matter from once-living organisms such as the calcium carbonate of shells from marine organisms that can be transformed into rock

littoral zone

shallow water near shore, tends to host the greatest quantity and diversity of organism.

In a system, feedback that enhances the change of direction in a(n) _______ is called _________ feedback, while feedback that counteracts the direction of change in a stock is called __________ feedback.

stock, reinforcing, balancing

eviornmental impact of Underground mining causes land at the surface to sink or even collapse into sinkholes.

subsidence

rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and wetland areas

surface water

ways to conserve water

switching from flood irrigation to drip lines, planting drought-tolerant plants, fixing leaky and cracked pipes, water recycling

Which of the following is the phenomenon that bends global airflow and creates winds that blow from east to west in equatorial latitudes, sometimes referred to as the trade winds?

the Coriolis effect

things that do not promote healthy soil

tilling the soil at the end of the garden season applying a broad-spectrum insecticide/pesticide to the soil, providing several inches of water daily (heavy irrigation)

things that promote healthy soil

tilling the soil prior to planting, adding compost to the soil, planting a cover crop at the end of the growing season

Pollutants from automobile exhaust, coal-fired power plants, and agricultural and industrial processes emit sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). These emissions react with water vapor in the atmosphere to form sulfuric acid and nitric acid that falls as "acid rain."

true

Some organisms in the dark deeper zones, such as lanternfish and squid, produce their own light through chemical processes in their bodies, an ability known as bioluminescence.

true

examples of micronutrients

vitamin c, iron, zinc

Rock is melted into magma beneath Earth's surface but can be forced to the surface by colliding tectonic plates.

volcanic activity

which cannot move from 1 place to another because of air circulation

water from oceans, ice from Antarctica

enviornmental impact of heavy metals and acidic drainage present in a mine waste

water pollution

On the figure, each colored area represents a -__________, an area of land that drains to a specific point. Each colored area is named for the major ________- that water in the area drains to.

watershed, river

Rocks at the surface are subject to physical and chemical processes that alter minerals and reduce them to smaller particles.

weathering

pelagic zone

well beyond the shore, further divided based on the extent to which sunlight penetrates the depths