Quizzes for Exam 2
4 months
Kendra has just learned to grasp an object with her whole hand. Assuming typical development, what age is Kendra?
concrete
Kyla is 7 years old. Which of Piaget's stages of cognitive development is she most likely working to accomplish?
crawling
A brain scan shows that Kaya's motor areas have matured. Based on this maturation, one might predict that Kaya engages in which of the following behaviors?
an off-center retinal ganglion cell
A cell is maximally responsive to a stationary ring of light. This cell is MOST likely:
nystagmus
A common form of constant eye motion is referred to as:
critical
A developmental window during which some event has a long-lasting influence on the brain is called a(n) _____ period.
hypercomplex cell
A(n) _____ is maximally responsive to moving bars but also has a strong inhibitory area at one end of its receptive field.
7 years
According to Piaget, when do MOST children master conservation of liquid volume?
principle of proper mass
According to the _____, the amount of neural tissue dedicated to a specific function is proportional to the amount of processing that function requires.
2 years
At what age does cell division and migration associated with language areas in the brain become complete?
growth cones
Axons find their way to their connections through the use of their own:
succeed at this task and be able to recognize the object.
In copying simple line drawings, you would expect a patient with damage to her ventral pathway to:
increased
Blocking the receptors in the target organ that respond to pituitary hormones will result in _____ activity of the hypothalamus.
cortex
Both patients in this activity had damage to the:
understand verbal instructions
Both patients in this activity were able to
genetic instructions, timing, and neighboring cells.
Cell differentiation is determined by:
experience or activity patterns of the cells
Chemicals draw cells to areas in the brain, but what determines specifically where the cells line up in the brain?
fewer; smaller
Children raised in a low-SES environment are exposed to _____ words and have a _____ vocabulary than children raised in a high-SES environment.
12 months
Children start to form a vocabulary around:
reduced white matter volume.
Compared with their more advantaged peers, children from lower-SES families typically show:
vertebrate embryos look very similar.
Darwin's view that all vertebrates arose from the same ancestor was seemingly supported by the observation that:
opti ataxia
Damage to the dorsal stream can lead to:
frontal cortex
Darnell's ability to perform the Tower of Hanoi task have recently improved compared with his performance on the same task 3 years ago. From this, one might infer maturation of his:
Prenatal exposure to drugs may increase the likelihood that a child will use drugs later in life.
Drugs can have an impact on brain development and later behaviors. Which of the following statements BEST summarizes our current understanding of these effects?
stress
Early exposure to _____ may leave children more susceptible to depression later in life.
be associated with abnormalities in brain structure and behavior.
Exposure to stress or drugs in fetuses during gestation has been shown to:
chemical; electrical
For taste and olfaction, _____ molecules signal _____ messages in receptors.
spina bifida and anencephaly
Genetic abnormalities can result in the neural tube not closing properly. Which of the following are considered neural tube disorders?
she has undergone neural maturation in the structures underlying language.
Imani's language production is newly emerging. From this, one can infer that:
They will show increased dendritic branching in their cortex.
If a female rat is exposed to a complex environment during pregnancy, what is the expected outcome for her pups?
fewer; decreased
If damage to the basal ganglia ultimately reduced the number of action potentials in the thalamus, one would expect _____ action potentials in the cortex and _____ movement production.
enhancing dendritic growth in the cortex.
In middle-age rodents, removing the ovaries has resulted in:
responsive to a particular orientation of light
In the primary visual cortex, cells are arranged in functional columns where all the neurons within the column will are:
100 degrees
In the primary visual cortex, cells are arranged in functional columns. If one column housed neurons that responded maximally to light at 90 degrees, you would expect the neighboring column to respond best to light at:
one eye
In the primary visual cortex, ocular dominance columns are maximally responsive to information coming from:
psychobiotics
Jarrod has been taking probiotics, and he believes that the treatment is reducing his anxiety. This treatment is referred to as:
compulsive eating
John recently suffered from a stroke that caused damage in his ventromedial hypothalamus. What would you predict the impact on his behavior will be?
reductions in cortical surface area in the frontal lobe.
Lower SES is associated with:
radial glial cells
Migrating neurons find their way by using _____ to travel to their final location.
right; lateral
Moving your left foot requires neuronal activity in the _____ hemisphere of the motor cortex to be transmitted down the _____ corticospinal tract to the muscles of the foot.
left hemisphere; lateral
Muscle control of fingers on the right side of the body is controlled by the _____ motor cortex and _____ corticospinal tract.
anterior; do not cross
Muscles of the body's midline are controlled by axons in the _____ corticospinal track, which _____ in the brainstem.
motor cortex
Neurons in the _____ adjust the firing of action potentials in response to the force needed for skilled movements.
day 15
On what day of development does the embryonic disc begin to form?
only the receptive field of the hypercomplex cell has an inhibitory region.
One way that a hypercomplex cell is different from a complex cell is that:
concurrent discrimination task
One way to measure trial-and-error learning in the laboratory is to use a:
concurrent discrimination task.
One way to measure trial-and-error learning in the laboratory is to use a:
visual form agnosia
Patient D. F. has a condition known as _____, which means that she cannot use vision to properly identify and recognize objects, but she can use vision to properly guide actions.
cannot use vision to properly guide actions
Patients with optic ataxia, which was demonstrated by patient R. V.:
prefrontal cortex; motor cortex
Planning and producing skill movements requires cortical areas in the frontal lobe. Planning or deciding on a particular movement relies primarily on the _____; producing actual movement relies primarily on the _____.
of the father may have a more profound effect on the brain development of the child than those of the mother.
Preconceptual experiences:
an increase; motor cortex
Sandra tried to pick up her coat off the floor but was unsuccessful the first time because the coat was stuck under the corner of a book. Therefore, the second attempt required more force to pick up the coat. The increased force of the movement is coded by _____ in the response rate in the _____.
cessation of food consumption
Stimulation of the cells in the ventromedial hypothalamus of a rat results in:
premotor cortex
Swimming involves muscle movement in multiple regions of the body. What cortical area is involved in coordinating the multiple movements required of swimming?
a bar of light oriented at a particular angle and moving in a particular direction.
The BEST stimulus for a complex cell is:
a bar of light oriented at a particular angle.
The BEST stimulus for a simple cell is:
neural tube
The _____ is the structure in the early stage of brain development from which the brain and spinal cord develop.
top
The _____ part of V1 is represented in the lower part of the occipital lobe.
nonmatching-to-sample learning task
The _____ requires that the participant move an object to receive a food item. Then the participant is presented with the same object she or he had to move before and a novel object. The second presentation requires that the participant move the novel object to receive the food item.
disproportionately large.
The area in V1 that receives information from the fovea is:
modulate; produce
The basal ganglia nuclei _____ but do not directly _____ movement.
neurogenesis; cell migration or differentiation
The developing brain can more easily cope with injury that occurs during _____ than during _____.
parietal lobe
The dorsal stream goes from V1 in the occipital lobe to the:
how; what
The dorsal stream is known for the _____ function, and the ventral stream is known for the _____ function
The nervous system works by juxtaposing excitation and inhibition
The hypothalamus receives inputs from a number of brain structures that can increase or decrease the likelihood of a behavior occurring. Which of the 10 principles of nervous system function BEST reflects this statement?
human embryo is an adult in miniature.
The idea of preformation states that the:
results in changes in the structure of the hypothalamus.
The presence of testosterone in early development:
striate cortex
The primary visual cortex is also known as the:
Brain systems are organized hierarchically and in parallel.
The production of motivated behavior can be thought of as a funnel, in which the cerebral hemispheres send their many inputs to the hypothalamus, which in turn connects to brainstem circuitry. Which principle of nervous system function does this statement BEST reflect?
V1 cells; retinal ganglion cells
The receptive fields of _____ are larger than the receptive fields of _____.
fovea
The region of sharpest vision is on the:
A specific set of motor neurons is myelinated during this period.
Theoretically, as behavior changes, brain changes also occur. What brain changes have been found to correlate with infants developing the ability to grasp things in a pincer grasp?
what; how
The ventral stream is the _____ pathway, and the dorsal stream is the _____ pathway.
temporal lobe
The what stream in vision involves which cortical lobe?
2-6 years
What ages are included in Piaget's preoperational stage?
lower-than-typical weight, smaller frontal lobes, and have larger ventricles
What brain characteristics are commonly associated with schizophrenia?
prefrontal cortex
What cortical area is primarily involved in the decision to move forward and hug someone
The infants grow faster and leave the hospital earlier than children who are not touched.
What is the impact of tactile stimulation on premature infants?
Long-term deprivation leaves long-term abnormalities in cognitive and social skills.
What was learned from the Romanian orphans who were adopted throughout the world?
Jason's uncovered eye made the correct connections, but the covered eye made irregular or disorganized connections.
When Jason was born, he had an infection in his eye, and to treat it, the doctor put a patch over Jason's eye for a very long time. Which of the following MOST likely happened?
Brain development does not dictate behavioral outcomes.
When considering brain development and behavior, which of the following statements is NOT true?
Hormones can affect the speed of development of the brain, and they can affect the overall amount of area dedicated to specific functions in the brain.
When considering the effects of hormones on brain development, which of the following statements is TRUE?
succeed at this task despite being unable to describe the object
When grasping an odd-shaped object, you would expect a patient with damage to their dorsal stream to:
a series of neural relays
When information comes in from the senses, the information goes through _____ that allow the sensory system to mediate its responses in a sequential order.
during the last half of gestation and the first few months of life
When is the brain most susceptible to devastating outcomes from a brain injury?
The cell becomes excited and fires action potentials frequently.
When light strikes the center of an on-center cell receptive field, which of the following happens?
hippocampus
Where in the brain do neurons continue to develop throughout the life span?
a sensory region that stimulates a receptor cell or neuron
Which of the following BEST describes a receptive field?
planning
Which of the following functions develops the latest in humans?
18-year-old Jamal, who is in his first year of college
Which of the following individuals would be expected to efficiently perform difficult versions of the Tower of Hanoi task?
The receptive field has two distinct regions: an excitatory region and an inhibitory region.
Which of the following statements about the receptive field of a retinal ganglion cell is TRUE?
Rods are used to see in bright light conditions, and cones are used in dim light conditions.
Which of the following statements related to rods and cones is FALSE?
the Tower of Hanoi task
Which of the following tests might be used to test the ability to "plan" in the brain?
Progenitor cells
_____ are precursor cells derived from stem cells that migrate and produce a neuron or glial cell.
Amblyopia
_____ is a condition in which vision in one eye is reduced as a result of disuse, usually caused by a failure of the two eyes to look in the same direction.
Testosterone; estrogen
_____ is secreted by males and is responsible for the distinguishing characteristics of a male, and _____ is secreted by females and is responsible for the distinguishing characteristics of a female.
Osmotic; hypovolemic
_____ thirst is a result of a high concentration of dissolved chemicals, whereas _____ thirst is a result of a drop in overall fluid volume.
photoreceptors
are specialized retinal neurons that transduce light into neural activity.
Sensation; perception
is the registration of sensory stimuli from the environment, and _____ is the subjective experience of these sensory stimuli.
Complex stimuli like faces
would maximally stimulate cells in the temporal cortex.
