Race Relations: Exam 1

Historically, racial oppression has been justified through explanations grounded in scientific language. Modern scientists tell us that we share ________ percent of the same genes with other humans and there is much greater genetic variation within traditionally defined racial groups than among them.

99.9

Which demographic is least likely to show implicit racial bias?

African Americans

In the following illustration, where would you place "sense of threat?"

B

Which of the following statements about critical race theory (CRT) is accurate?

CRT challenges the experiences of whites as the normative standard CRT beings with the proposition that racism is engrained in the fabric and system of American society

Politically conservative folks are more likely than politically liberal folks to show implicit racial bias.

True

The "paradox of privilege" is that privilege is not received by individuals, and the granting of privilege has nothing to do with who individuals are as people.

True

"I don't think that they should be provided with unique opportunities. I think that they should have the same opportunities as everyone else. You know, it's up to them to meet the standards and whatever that's required for entrance into universities or whatever. I don't think that just because they're a minority that they should, you know, not meet the requirements, you know." This response to a Detroit Area Survey question is an example of which type of color-blind racism?

abstract liberalism

One of the fundamental ideas of the ________ is that history does not structure our experiences today and that these experiences can either compound as advantages or increase barriers to opportunities. What type of fallacy best describes such thinking ?

ahistorical fallacy

While many people assume that "obvious physical differences" explain racial categories, this logic fails to appreciate: A. that classification is not rigidly linked to skin tones B. physical traits vary enormously among those who are classified as the same race C. classification schemes vary widely, both historically and across national boundaries D. all of these

all of these

Although many people think of Tiger Woods as African American, he considers himself multiracial and invented the term "Calabanasian" to describe himself. This example helps us understand the complex relationship between ___________.

ancestry and tribal membership

Did the assertion that Martin had smoked marijuana in the past influence people's perception of him as a criminal? Was the assertion an example of...

anchoring bias

George's father is an African American and his mother is a white American. Mike's father is a white Italian and his mother is a white American. Why does Mike have a higher degree of freedom when identifying ethnically?

because George's black identity is stigmatized

Race is often described with reference to __________, but there is much more genetic variation within __________ groups than between them.

biological markers; traditionally defined racial groups

The author then asks the following question: "Is this the only time that the major new media has given up partial information or erroneous information about a criminal case? How willing are we to accept information when it fits a narrative that we already believe? Is _________ at work once again?"

confirmation bias

Would Zimmerman have had the same reaction to a middle-aged white man who was dressed and walking exactly the same way as Trayvon Martin? Or might Zimmerman's _________________ have prevented him from seeing that sort of white person at all?

conformation bias

"I guess I would have to say primarily family structure. Maybe it's not being able to support the child and, you know, in school and really encourage. It might be that it's a single-parent family and it's necessary (for them) to get out and get a job, you know, a full-time job and work a part-time job and still try to go to school. Maybe it's not encouraged as much for, like long term, it's mainly survival. I don't know, something, income; if the family is really skimping by it would be really far-fetched, well, it wouldn't be probably necessarily the first thin that a child from (such) a family would think of, you know, expensive college rather than paying the rent, you what I mean (laughs)? So, I mean, you know, the priorities are different." This response is an example of which type of color-blind racism?

cultural racism

"I guess I would have to say primarily family structure. Maybe it's not being able to support the child, and you know, in school and really encourage. It might be that it's a single-parent family and it's necessary (for them) to get out and get a job, you know, a full-time job and work a part-time job and still try to go to school. Maybe it's not encouraged as much for, like long term, it's mainly survival. I dont know, something, income; if the family is really skimping by it would be really far-fetched, well, it wouldn't be probably necessarily the first thin that a child from (such) a family would think of, you know, expensive college rather than paying the rent, you know what I mean? So, I mean, you know, the priorities are different." This response is an example of which type of color-blind racism?

cultural racism

"I think it's due to lack of education. I think because if they didn't grow up in a household that afforded them the time to go to school and they had to go out and get jobs right away, I think it is just a cycle that perpetuates things, you know. I mean, I can't say that blacks can't do it because, obviously there are many, many of them that have succeeded in getting good jobs and all that." This response to the survey question is an example of which type of color-blind racism?

cultural racism

"It is the peculiar triumph of society - and its loss - that is able to convince those people to whom it has given inferior status of the reality of the decree." This quote from James Baldwin is an example of...

diagnosis bias

Who exactly was George Zimmerman referring to as "these ********" when he spoke to the police dispatcher? Could such language have been an example of __________________ at work?

diagnosis bias

In the US, whiteness is the __________ racial category, that with which all other categories are compared and contrasted

dominant

In the United States _______ often creates distinctions and identifies within _______. For instance, four people may be considered white, yet they may each have ancestry and cultural traditions originating from different countries, including Poland, Ireland, England, and Norway.

ethnicity; racial groups

Which of the five fallacies or misconceptions about racism best describes this example? "You read a newspaper article on changing racial attitudes declaring that young adults 18-24 are the least racist in American history. While you hope this is true, you are worried that the research is using a static definition of "racism."

fixed fallacy

Raul is an African American, but he has many other social identities in addition to his racial identity. He is also a young, middle-class college student who identifies as bisexual. Rather than thinking of any particular racial group as a monolithic category, scholars who take an intersectional approach pay attention to:

how multiple dimensions intersect in individuals lives

Can people of color be racist?

if one defines racism as racial prejudice, the answer is yes. People of color can and do have racial prejudices

Banks that are more likely to lend money to whites than to nonwhites and banks that charge higher mortgage rates to nonwhites are examples of

institutional racism

Which of the following best summarizes the process by which systemic white domination of people of colors occurs?

institutional racism

According to the textbook, what are two key forms of racial domination?

institutional racism and interpersonal racism

According to Robert Merton, a fair-weather liberal

is a non-prejudice person who does not discriminate

Which of the following best exemplifies the advice offered by the textbook authors on how whites can contribute to fighting racial injustice?

join an antiracist group on campus to suggest improvements that would make residential life more inclusive

Which of the following five fallacies or misconceptions about racism best describes this example? "Your friend does not believe that racial segregation in schools is a problem today. After all, she argues, the courts ruled segregation unconstitutional many decades ago."

legalistic fallacy

"I think if you are looking for discrimination, I think it's there to be found. But if you make the best of any situation, and if you don't use it as an excuse. I think sometimes it's an excuse because people felt they deserved a job, whatever! I think if things didn't go their way I know a lot of people have a tendency to use prejudice or racism as whatever as an excuse. I think in some ways, yes there are people who are prejudice. It's not only black, it's about Spanish, or women. In a lot of ways there is a lot of reserve discrimination. It's just what you want to make of it." This response to the survey question is an example of which type of color-blind racism?

minimization of racism

"Well, I also think that, you know, where you are in school has to do with the neighborhood that you grow up in and, like I grew up in mainly all-white communities so that community was who I was going to school with. And if that community had been more black, then that would be, I guess, more integrated and that would be just fine. I don't know if there's any way you can change the places in which people live because I think there are gonna be white communities and there are gonna be black communities and, you know, I dont know how you can get two communities like in the same school system." This response to the survey question is an example of which type of color-blind racism?

naturalization

Which of the following statements about institutional racism and interpersonal racism is accurate?

neither institutional nor interpersonal racism are necessarily over; both forms of racism often operate in the habitual commonsense and largely unconscious practice of daily life

Which of the following statements about institutional racism and interpersonal racism is accurate?

neither institutional nor interpersonal racism are necessarily overt; both forms of racism often operate in the habitual commonsense and largely unconscious practices of daily life

Institutional racism is facilitated by different types of power. Which of the following is one of these types of power?

political power

In an attempt to resist stigma, some people of color, especially new immigrants, may highlight their ethnicity and resist American __________.

racial categories

Which of the following best describes racial domination?

racial domination is an organizing force in society that disproportionately offers benefits to some groups and not others

Research findings now establish that automatic white preference on the Race Implicit Association Test is a ____________ of racially discriminatory behavior.

slight predictor

Race and ethnicity are __________ constructs.

social and historical

Race is a _____________ category that is misrecognized as a _____________ category.

symbolic; natural

In "What is Whiteness?" the author states "the important distinction in the United States has always been binary - first between ________________________________.

those who counted as Christians and those who were pagans

In "What is Whiteness?" the author states "the important distinction in the United States has always been binary - first between _____________."

those who counted as christians and those who were pagans, white and non-whites, the rich and the poor

Sometimes speakers use examples of individuals - like Oprah Winfrey or Barack Obama - to suggest that if these individuals were able to triumph over racial barriers, the path is clear for everyone. What type of fallacy best describes such thinking ?

tokenistic fallacy

The "paradox of privilege" is that privilege is not received by individuals, and the granting of privilege has nothing to do with who individuals are as people.

true

The author then asks the following question: "Millions of hoodies are sold every year. Does that make all of the owners suspect, or just those who look like a "particular" way? Is ________ at work here?"

value attribution

The textbook discusses which of the following explanations for why whites are less likely than people of color to identify themselves in racial terms?

whites often than people of color to identify themselves in racial terms