Rad 111
Which of the following set of exposure factors would be best for upper-limb radiography?:
57 kV, 200 mA, 1/20 sec, small focal spot, detail-speed screens
What is the current annual effective dose limit for occupational exposure?
5rem
Which chest oblique position will best demonstrate the heart?
60 degrees LAO
How much rotation of the hands is required for the AP oblique bilateral (Norgaard method) hand projection?
45*
The palm of the hand is formed by:
5 metacarpals
Minimally, how long should the patient remain in position before making the exposure when performing a projection in the lateral or dorsal decubitus position?
5 min
A radiograph of the hand is underexposed and nondiagnostic. The following analog (film screen) exposure factors were used: 50 kV, 2 mAs, 40-inch (102 cm) SID. Which of the following sets of exposure factors should be used during the repeat exposure?
50 kV, 4 mAs, 40 inches (102 cm)
When correctly placed, gonadal shielding will reduce gonadal dose by ____ if gonads are in the primary x-ray field.
50-90
What is the annual whole body effective dose (ED) for a technologist?
50msv
What is the degree of body rotation for the PA oblique, LAO position of the chest during a cardiac series?
55 to 60 degrees
A low SNR is desirable in digital imaging.
False
Misrepresentation of object size or shape as projected onto radiographic recording media is the general definition for:
distortion
Situation: A 16-year-old female patient enters the ER with a possible kidney stone. She complains of pain in the right lower pelvis region. Which of the following options should be taken in regard to gonadal shielding?
do not use it
A patient is lying on her back. The x-ray tube is horizontally directed with the CR entering the right side of the body. The image receptor is adjacent to the left side of the body. What is the radiographic position?
dorsal decubitus
In the AP upright projection of the abdomen, the patient should be positioned
erect with back against Bucky or other image receptor
The syndesmosis, suture, and gomphosis joints belong to which structural joint group?
fibrous joints
Which of the following is NOT one of the cardinal principles of radiation protection?
filtration
When positioning for a PA projection of the finger (digits 2-5)
fingers should be spread slightly
Which of the following controlling factors will most affect radiographic resolution?
focal spot size
A hole in a bone for transmission of blood vessels and nerves is called a:
foramen
: The interphalangeal joints have a(n) ____ type of joint movement.
ginglymus
Which of the following joints displays a "hinge" type of movement?
ginglymus
Which of the following statements about a PA projection of the Abd is not true?
gonadal dose is greatly increased in comparison to the AP projection
Which of the following is the SI unit for the rad?
gray
The greater omentum extends from the transverse colon to the
greater curvature of stomach
Which of the following fractures is described as an incomplete fracture with the cortex broken on one side of the bone?
greenstick
Which carpal articulates with both the fourth and fifth metacarpals?
hamate
In protective or reverse isolation the dirty tech
handles the equipment
A fracture that occurs through the pedicles of the axis (C2), with or without displacement of C2 or C3, is termed _____ fracture.
hangmans
Which condition is characterized by blister-like sores occurring on the lip and adjacent tissue?
herpes labias
Which of the following is required to penetate all thoracic anatomy?
high kVp
Any plane passing through the body at right angles to its longitudinal axis is termed
horizontal
What is the orientation of the CR while obtaining an x-ray projection with the patient placed in a decubitus position?
horizontal
Which of the following bones is classified as a long bone?
humerous
Which type of body habitus requires that the image receptor be placed crosswise rather than lengthwise for a PA chest?
hypersthenic
The technologist must ____ manual exposure factors for a patient with severe ascites
increase
The technologist must ____ manual exposure factors for a patient with severe ascites.
increase
How should the original kV range be changed with a fiberglass cast applied for a wrist or forearm radiographic procedure?
increase 3-4
Situation: A patient enters the emergency department (ED) to be treated for severe trauma. The physician orders an AP supine chest to evaluate the lungs. What can the technologist do to reduce the magnification of the heart?
increase SID as much as possible
What is the term describing the energy of the x-ray photon in digital imaging?
kilivoltage
An autoclave is an apparatus used to
kill all microorganisms
sterilization procedures
kill(s) all micro-organisms
A general rule states that radiographic grids should be used in chest radiography for ____.
kilovoltage above 100 kV
Which of the following is the primary projection used to demonstrate anterior or posterior displacement of fractures of the hand or wrist?
lateral
The female gonadal dose is greatest for which of the following?
lateral decubitus
Which position best demonstrates fluid in the pleural cavity
lateral decubitus
Range of exposure intensities that will produce an acceptable image is the definition for exposure:
latitude
When only the optical density needs to be changed, only the _____ should be adjusted.
mAs
Which of the following factors primarily controls radiographic density in the analog image?
mAs
In which of the four major quadrants of the abdomen would the gallbladder be found?
right upper quadrant
The application of specific image processing to reduce noise in an image is termed:
smoothing
Which of the following would not be located in the thoracic cavity?
spleen
PSP imaging plates are scanned with an ultrabright light source to produce the visible image.
False
Which of the following methods is used to demonstrate the carpal canal?
Gaynor-Hart (tangential)
Which of the following is NOT an ALARA concept?
Have older technologist always hold patients.
Identify the Inverse Square Law Formula (exposure formula).
I1/I2=D22/D12
How should the original kV range be changed with a fiberglass cast applied for a hand, wrist or forearm radiographic procedure?
Increase 3 to 4 kV
FPD-TFT-based systems can be used for both grid and nongrid examinations.
T
At the level of ____, the trachea bifurcates into the right and left primary bronchi.
T5
The heart is located in the anterior chest at the level of
T5-8
For images to demonstrate the diaphragm, the CR is directed to enter at the level of:
T9-10
The xiphoid tip corresponds to the level of
T9-10
For anterior oblique radiographs of the chest, the side of interest is generally farthest from the image receptor.
True
The lateral abdomen position will best demonstrate the prevertebral region.
True
Which of the following is credited with the discovery of x-rays in 1895
Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen
The part of the lung that extends above the clavicle is termed the:
apex
Which condition is the absence of spontaneous respiration?
apnea
For which type of body habitus will the stomach be the lowest?
asthenic
Which condition may result in a collapsed lung
atelectasis
What type of projection is created with the CR directed along or parallel to the long axis of the body?
axial
To ensure that the diaphragm is included on the erect abdomen projection, the top of the image receptor can be placed at the level of the:
axilla
What is the most effective method to reduce the production of scatter radiation?
collimate
Bones are composed of an outer layer of compact bony tissue called the:
compact bone
A rounded process at an articular extremity is called a:
condyle
What type of tissue binds together and supports the various structures of the body?
connective
The ability of a digital imaging system to distinguish between similar tissues is the definition for:
contrast resolution
The greater the bit depth of a digital system, the greater the:
contrast resolution
Which of the following is the SI unit for Roentgen (R)?
coulomb/kilogram
The IR is positioned ____ for a PA chest image of a hypersthenic patient
crosswise
A digital storage and image management system defines a:
digital archive.
A serious fracture in which the bones are not in anatomic alignment is called:
displaced
A series of "boxes" that gives form to the image is the definition for:
display matrix
If a bone is projected longer or shorter than it actually is on the radiographic image, it is known as:
distortion
Which of the following is considered to be most radiosensitive?
fetus
Which type of procedure would be performed in surgery to realign a fracture?
open reduction
Local or generalized infection of bone or bone marrow caused by bacteria introduced by trauma or surgery is a condition termed:
osteomyelitis.
The term portrait describes the long dimension of the image receptor that is aligned ____ to the long axis of the anatomy.
parallel
The term portrait describes the long dimension of the image receptor that is aligned ____ with the long axis of the anatomy.
parallel
The lungs are composed of a light, spongy, elastic substance called the:
parenchyma
The outer portion of the sac that lines the abdominopelvic cavity is termed the:
parietal peritoneum
The radiographic term projection is defined as:
path or direction of the central ray.
Which of following is NOT one of the evaluation criteria used in the evaluation of images?
patient condition
Of the following factors, which one must be applied to demonstrate possible air and fluid levels in the chest?
patient in erect position
The unsharp edge of the projected image is termed:
penumbra
The tissue lining the medullary cavity of bones is called the:
periosteum
The space between the two layers of peritoneum is called the:
peritoneal cavity
The serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic walls is called the
peritoneum
What is the name of the double-walled tissue that lines the abdominopelvic cavity?:
peritoneum
Which specific anatomy is better visualized with a fan lateral as compared with the other lateral projections of the hand?
phalanges
What is the name of the structure that serves as a passageway for both food and air?
pharynx
Each digital image is two dimensional and is formed by a matrix of:
pixels
Moving the foot and toes downward is:
plantar flexion
What is the name of the double-walled serous membraneous sac that encloses the lung?
pleura
Which condition is the abnormal escape of fluid into the pleural cavity?
plural effusion
Radiographs of the hands, wrist, feet, and toes are routinely displayed on the illuminator with the digits:
positioned toward the ceiling
A "soft-copy radiograph" is defined as a:
radiographic image viewed on a computer monitor.
For the PA projection of the wrist in ulnar deviation, the central ray is angled
0*
: For each scattering event, the intensity of scatter radiation 1 meter from the patient is approximately _____ of the intensity of the incident beam at the patient.
0.1%
Pregnant technologists should not exceed ____ dose per month.
0.5msv
Federal guidelines require gonad shielding for which of the following: 1) when the gonads lie in the primary beam 2) if the clinical objective of the exam is not compromised 3) when the patient has reasonable reproductive potential
1 2 3
Which of the following terms are used to describe x-ray "projections"? 1) AP oblique 2) transthoracic 3) lateromedial
1 2 3
Which of the following technical factors is most ideal for adult chest radiography?
120 kV, 400 mA, 1/40 sec, 72-inch SID
How much CR angle is required for the AP semiaxial projection for the lung apices
15 to 20 degrees cephalic
A radiograph was taken using 120 kVp, in order to reduce the density on the image to 1/2 the original, what new kVp is used?
15% rule Answer:102 kVp
What is the annual effective dose for education and training?
1mSv
A patient enters the emergency department (ED) with a piece of wire in the palm of the hand. What is the minimum number of projections required to be taken for this radiographic study?
2
After entering the hilum, each primary bronchus divides. How many primary branches are there in the left lung?
2
All radiographs must be identified with which of the following? 1) radiographer's name 2) patient's name or ID number 3) right or left marker
2 and 3
After entering the hilum, each primary bronchus divides. How many primary branches are in the right lung?
3
An ellipsoidal joint allows movement in ____ directions.
4
Which of the following technical factors should be chosen when 20 mAs is desired and the patient being imaged has difficulty remaining still?
400 mA at 0.05 sec
:Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged by diffusion within the:
ALVEOLI
If the central ray enters the anterior body surface and exits the posterior body surface, the x-ray projection is termed:
AP
Clavicles will appear horizontally above the lung apices in what radiographic view?
AP Lordotic
Situation: A patient comes to radiology with a clinical history of pneumoperitoneum. The patient is able to stand and lie recumbent. Which one of the following projections will demonstrate the severity of this condition?
AP erect abdomen
Identify the quality factor (QF) of alpha radiation.
20
: A dose of ______rads to the lens of the eye will induce cataractogensis in _____% of the irradiated population.
200,100
The central-ray angulation for the tangential projection (inferosuperior) of demonstrating the carpal canal is:
25-30*
The hand consists of how many bones?
27
The asthenic body type makes up approximately ____ of the population.
10%
The leakage radiation limit for x-ray tubes is less than _____ at 1 meter from the tube housing
100 mR/hr
Grids are generally not required unless the anatomy measures greater than _____ cm in thickness.
10cm
L4 and L5 are located at the level of the
. superior aspect of the iliac crests
Which of the following pertains to a lateral chest image with accurate positioning that was obtained with the right side positioned adjacent to the IR?1. The heart shadow demonstrates increased magnification.2. The left lung demonstrates the sharpest recorded details.3. The left hemidiaphragm is demonstrated inferior to the right hemidiaphragm.4. One and a half inches (4 cm) of space separates the posterior and anterior ribs.
1 and 3
Which of the following terms are used to describe "body positions"? 1.) upright 2.) axial 3.) prone
1 and 3
An AP chest image obtained with the patient rotated into an RPO position demonstrates: 1. the left SC joint superimposed over the vertebral column 2. the left posterior ribs with greater length than the right posterior ribs 3. a manubrium superimposed over the fourth thoracic vertebra4. elevated lateral clavicular ends
1 and 3 (superimposed)
How far should the patient stand in front of the grid device before leaning backwards for the lordotic position
1 ft.
Involuntary motion can be caused by which of the following? 1) peristalsis 2) spasm 3) breathing
1&2
An RAO chest image with poor positioning demonstrates nearly equal lung fields on both sides of the vertebral column and nine posterior ribs above the diaphragm. How could the positioning setup be adjusted for an optimal image to be obtained? 1. Take the exposure after the second full inspiration. 2. Increase the degree of patient obliquity. 3. Decrease the degree of patient obliquity. 4. Move the IR and central ray inferiorly
1, 2
Voluntary motion can: 1. result from patient breathing 2. be controlled by using a short exposure time 3. result from peristaltic activity 4. be identified as sharp bony cortices and blurry gastric and intestinal gases
1, 2
The respiratory system proper consists of the: 1) larynx 2) trachea and bronchi 3) right and left lungs
1, 2, 3
Upon inhalation the lungs expand: 1. vertically 2. transversely 3. anteroposteriorly
1, 2, 3
A supine abdominal image with accurate positioning demonstrates the: 1.outline of the psoas major muscles and kidneys 2.superior margin of the symphysis pubis 3.spinous processes aligned with the midline of the vertebral bodies 4.long axis of the vertebral column aligned with the long axis of the collimated field.
1, 2, 3, 4
The folds of peritoneum that support the abdominal organs are called the: 1.) omenta 2.) mesentery 3.) pleura
1,2
A lateral hand projection obtained with the hand in slight external rotation demonstrates the1. shortest of the second through fourth metacarpals anteriorly situated.2. radius posterior to the ulna.3. second metacarpal posterior to the other metacarpals.4. pisiform posterior to the distal scaphoid
1,2,3
Which of the following positions are used to demonstrate the hand in the lateral projection?1.) ulnar surface down, hand extended2.) radial surface down, hand extended3.) ulnar surface down, finger in "fan lateral"
1,2,3
Sharply recorded details are demonstrated on extremity images when1. motion is controlled.2. a large focal spot is used.3. a small IR is used for computed radiography images.4. a large OID is used.
1,3(no large)
An AP lordotic chest image with accurate positioning demonstrates:1. the medial ends of the clavicles projected superior to the lung apices 2. the lateral borders of the scapulae within the lung field 3. equal distances from the vertebral column to the SC joints 4. nearly horizontal posterior and anterior portions of the first through fourth ribs
1,3,4
The superior margin of the greater trochanter is about ____ inches superior to the symphysis pubis
1- 1 ¼''
The millisievert (mSv) is equal to _____ of 1 sievert
1/1000
How many individual body systems comprise the human body?
10
How many ribs should be visible above the diaphragm on a PA chest radiograph?
10
The cumulative (ED) lifetime dose for an occupationally exposed worker is _____ mSv ´ years of age.
10
The right lung is about how much shorter than the left?
2 inches
Where must the CR be centered for an AP projection of the abdomen if a PA chest is not included in the acute abdominal series?
2 inches (5 cm) above iliac crest
Where is the center of the IR positioned for an AP abdominal radiograph done in the left lateral decubitus position to demonstrate free air
2 inches above illiac crests
Where is the center of the IR positioned for an upright PA abdominal radiograph?
2 inches above the iliac crests
When using AEC, which ionization chamber(s) is/are normally activated for the PA projection of the chest?
2 upper outside chambers
: On an upright PA projection of the Abd to demonstrate air-fluid levels the CR is directed to enter
2" above the iliac crest
Which of the following organs lie in the pelvic cavity? 1.) kidneys2.) rectum3.) urinary bladder
2, 3
How much should the technique be adjusted from the routine for an AP abdominal image in a patient who has a large amount of bowel gas? 1. Increase the mAs 30% to 50% 2. Decrease the mAs 30% to 50% 3. Increase the kVp 5% to 8% 4. Decrease the kVp 5% to 8%
2, 4 (decrease)
A PA chest image obtained on expiration demonstrates: 1.a narrower and longer heart shadow 2.an underexposed image if exposure is not increased when a manual technique is used3.a broader and shorter heart shadow 4.fewer than 10 posterior ribs above the diaphragm
2,3,4
The minimum total filtration (inherent plus added) required for diagnostic x-ray equipment producing 70 kV or greater is _____ mm aluminum equivalent.
2.5
Which of the following sets of exposure factors would be best for an adult upper limb study using an analog (film-screen) system?
64 kV, 300 mA, 1/30 sec, small focal spot, detail-speed screens
Which of the following factors must be applied to minimize magnification of the heart?
72-inch SID
A well-inspired average adult chest PA projection will have a minimum of ____ posterior ribs seen above the diaphragm.
8
How many carpal bones are found in the wrist
8
The most common IR size and the number of images on the IR for radiographs of the wrist are:
8 ´ 10 inch (18 ´ 24 cm), one image
A radiograph of the abdomen is underexposed and must be repeated. The original analog exposure factors used were 65 kV with 25 mAs. The technologist decides to keep the mA at the same level but change the kV to increase radiographic density. How much of an increase is needed in kilovoltage to double the density?
9-10 KV
For a lateral projection of the wrist, the elbow must be flexed:
90*
The AP oblique projection, RPO position of the chest corresponds to and essentially produces the same image as the:
: PA oblique projection, LAO
:To ensure that the inferior margin of the abdomen is included on a KUB radiograph, the technologist should palpate the
: greater trochanter or symphysis pubis.
Which of the following projections demonstrates the pisiform free of superimposition?
AP oblique
Situation: A patient comes to radiology with a possible mass beneath the right clavicle. The PA and left lateral chest projections are inconclusive. Which additional projection can be taken to demonstrate this possible mass?
Apical lordotic
of the following is a condition in which all or part of a lung is collapsed, requiring an increase in manual exposure factors
Atelectasis
Which of the following fractures involves the distal fifth metacarpal?
Boxers
The laryngeal prominence is a positioning landmark located at the level of
C5
Blood and body fluid recommendations are issued by the:
CDC
Which of the following imaging modalities often requires the use of oral and intravenous contrast media for studies of the abdomen?
CT
Which of the following is NOT a functional classification of joints?
Cartilaginous
Which of the following terms is the opposite of ipsilateral?
Contralateral
A standard that ensures that all digital imaging equipment can communicate with each other is referred to as:
DICOM
A barrel chest (pectus carinatum) appearance on a lateral chest radiographic image is characteristic of what pathologic condition?
Empyema
Which of the following is a secondary growth center for endochondral ossification?
Epiphyses
A patient enters the ED with a possible hemothorax in the right lung. With help, the patient can sit erect on a cart. Which of the following routines would best demonstrate this condition?
Erect PA and erect right lateral on cart
Situation: A patient enters the ER with a possible perforated duodenal ulcer. The patient is ambulatory. Which of the following projections will best demonstrate intraperitoneal air in the abdomen?
Erect PA chest
:A radiograph of a PA oblique of the hand reveals that the midaspect of the fourth and fifth metacarpals is superimposed. What specific positioning error has been committed?
Excessive rotation of the hand and/or wrist
What is the primary disadvantage of performing an AP projection of the chest rather than a PA?
Increased magnification of the heart:
Which region of the peritoneum is the spleen located?
Intraperiteneum
Which of the following is a special form of radiation that is capable of creating electrically charged particles by removing orbital electrons from the atom of the material with which it interacts?
Ionizing radiation
____ relates to the same side of the body or part.
Ipsilateral
For images to demonstrate the kidneys (kidney shots) during abdominal radiography, which may or may not include the inferior portion of the diaphragm, the CR is directed to enter at the level of
L1-2
The iliac crest corresponds with the ____ vertebral level.
L4-5
A patient is erect facing the image receptor. The left side of the body is turned 45° toward the image receptor. The CR enters the posterior aspect of the body and exits the anterior. What is this radiographic position?
LAO
An RAO chest position corresponds with what posterior oblique position?
LPO
:Which plane must be parallel with the IR to prevent distortion of the thoracic structures during lateral chest radiography?
MIDSAGGITAL
Which aspect of the long bones is responsible for the production of red blood cells?
Medullary cavity
A patient arrives in radiology with a metal foreign body in the palm of the hand. Which of the following hand routines should be performed on this patient to confirm the location of the foreign body?
PA and lateral in extension projections
:Situation: An ambulatory patient comes to radiology with a clinical history of possible pneumonia. The patient complains of pain in the center of her chest. What positioning routine should be performed on this patient?
PA and left lateral
A network system with an array of hardware and software that connects all imaging modalities is termed a(n):
PACS
What is the name of the dense fibrous membrane that covers bone?
Periosteum
What is the projection for the PA finger?
Phalanges demonstrate equal concavity
Why is the right kidney usually lower in the abdomen than the left kidney?
Presence of the liver
Which of the following muscles must be demonstrated on a well-exposed abdomen projection?
Psoas major
What is the complete term for RIS?
Radiology information system
A radiograph of a PA projection of the hand reveals that the distal radius and ulna and the carpals were cut off. What should the technologist do to correct this problem?
Repeat the PA projection to include all the carpals and about 1 inch (2.5 cm) of the distal radius and ulna.
Which region of the peritoneum is the pancreas located?
Retroperitoneum
Situation: A dorsal decubitus abdomen is ordered on a patient. The patient is placed on his back on a cart. The CR will enter the left side of the patient with the patient's right side against the image receptor. What type of marker should be used?
Right and decubitus markers
Which of the following abdominal regions would contain the right colic (hepatic) flexure?
Right lateral lumbar
Which of the following is NOT one of the four image quality factors of an analog radiograph?
Source image receptor distance (SID)
Which of the following precautions reduces radiation exposure to the technologist during a fluoroscopic procedure to the greatest degree?
Standing as far away as possible from the radiation scatter fields
The patient's head and neck are hyperextended with the top of the skull directly against the image receptor. The central ray enters just below the chin. Which specific projection has been performed?
Submentovertical
Why must the technologist slightly angle the CR caudad for most AP projections of the chest?
This prevents clavicles from obscuring apices of lungs
: Situation: A radiograph of an AP KUB reveals that the obturator foramina are cut off from the bottom of the image. The kidneys and symphysis pubis are demonstrated. What centering adjustments should the technologist make to improve this image?
This radiograph is correctly centered. No centering adjustments are needed.
The prominent protuberance found on the anterior aspect of the ilium is the:
anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)
Which of the following factors has the greatest effect on resolution of the digital image?
acquisition pixel size
If the lateral decubitus position is used to demonstrate fluid in the pleural cavity, which side must the patient lie on?
affected side
Two abdominal radiographs have been obtained, on one the patient was placed in the supine position, on the other the patient was placed in the upright position, no marker was present to indicate which image is which- which of the following would indicate the upright image?
air and fluid levels appear layered with air superior to fluid
Which term has replaced exposure in describing the amount of energy transferred to a mass of air by the photons?
air kerma
Highly complex mathematical formulas applied during digital processing of the image are termed:
algorithms
Increasing the SID to 48 inches (123 cm) from 40 inches (102 cm) and adjusting the mAs accordingly will:
along with the use of a small focal spot, decrease penumbra.
: Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged by diffusion within the:
alveoli
After ionization, an ion pair is created. An ion pair consists of:
an atom and its separated electron.
An upright position with the arms abducted, palms forward, and head forward describes the _____ position.
anatomic
Which of the following is classified as a sellar joint?
ankle joint
Which condition is the absence, or almost complete absence, of oxygen from inspired gases, arterial blood, or tissues?
anoxia
:Where does the trachea lie in relation to the esophagus
anterior
Which of the following is the optimal placement of the hands placed for a PA projection of the chest
back of hands low on hips
Which specific type of joint allows multiaxial movement?
ball and socket
The lower concave area of the lung is termed the
base
Which of the following best describes the position of the thymus gland?
behind manibrium
The number of shades of gray that can be demonstrated by each pixel is the definition for:
bit depth
:A fracture of the metacarpal neck is known as a ____ fracture.
boxers
During an AP chest radiograph, which of the following receives the highest radiation dose?
breasts
Which of the following energy sources will erase any residual latent image from an exposed PSP imaging plate?
bright light
The intensity of light that represents the individual pixels in the digital image on the monitor is the definition for:
brightness
The device used to measure a part thickness is called a ____.
caliper
Examples of "flat" bones are the:
calvaria, ribs, scapulae, and sternum.
The third metacarpal of the hand articulates with the:
capitate
The internal prominence or ridge where the trachea bifurcates into the right and left bronchi is termed the:
carina
Which of the following structures is considered to be most inferior?
carina
Which of the following bones is classified as a short bone?
carpal bones
Which special projection of the wrist is ideal for demonstrating possible calcification in the dorsal aspect of the carpals?
carpal bridge
The joint found between the base of the third metacarpal and carpal bone is the
carpometacarpal
Which term describes the breaking down of body cells or substances?
catabolism
The term that refers to parts away from the head of the body, or angling away from the head of the body is:
cauded
When using AEC, which ionization chamber(s) are activated for a left lateral projection of the chest?
center chamber
The lowest level of structural organization in the human body is the _____ level.
chemical
The AP lordotic position is used to demonstrate the lung apices free from superimposition of what structure(s)?
clavicles
The technologist must ____ manual exposure factors for the patient with a large ileus
decrease
Which of the following changes will improve spatial resolution?
decrease OID
A radiograph of the abdomen demonstrates involuntary motion caused by bowel peristalsis (involuntary contractions). Which of the following factors will best eliminate this problem during the repeat exposure?
decrease exposure time
The amount of blackness seen on a processed radiograph is called:
density
What is the primary center for bone growth termed?
diaphasis
Which of the following is an x-ray "projection"?
dorsoplantar
The application of specific image processing to increase the visibility of the image margins is the definition for:
edge enhancement
The first metacarpophalangeal joint has a(n) ____ type of joint movement.
ellipsoidal
Which of the following systems of the human body includes all ductless glands of the body?
endocrine
After birth, a separate bone begins to develop at the ends of long bones. Each end is called the:
epiphysis
What type of tissue covers internal and external surfaces of the body?
epitheal
What is the name for the structure that serves as a lid over the larynx to prevent aspiration of food or fluid?
eppiglottis
What is the most optimal position of the patient for demonstration of air-fluid levels during chest radiography?
erect
A numerical value that is representative of the amount of radiation that strikes the digital image receptor is termed:
exposure indicator
A numerical value that is representative of the exposure the digital image receptor receives is termed:
exposure indicator
The adjustable collimator light field must be accurate within 5% of the selected SID.
f
PA or AP oblique projections are placed on the view box with the patient's right side of the body facing the viewer's right.
false
Tangential and axial projections are the same type of projection.
false
The carpal most frequently fractured is the trapezium.
false
When placing radiographs of the lower leg, the toes of the foot must be pointing upward.
false
What is another common term for the greater omentum?
fatty apron
Which of the following conditions is not considered a pathologic indication for an acute abdominal series?
infection
Which of the following topographic landmarks corresponds to L2-3 vertebral level?
inferior costal margin
: Which respiratory condition occurs most commonly during the colder months?
influenza
Which of the following factors has the greatest negative impact on SNR?
insufficient mAS
Which term describes the exchange of gases within the cells of all the body organs and tissues?
internal respiration
What is the name of the joint found between the proximal and distal phalanges of the first digit?
interphalangeal
What is the removal of an electron from and atom called?
ionation
Of the landmarks listed below, the two most important landmarks for chest positioning are:
jugular notch and vertebra prominens.
If a patient is unable to stand for an upright AP abdominal radiograph, which position should be used?
left lateral decubitus
Situation: A patient is in the intensive care unit with multiple injuries. The attending physician is concerned about a pleural effusion in the left lung. The patient had surgery recently and cannot be placed in the erect position. What position would be best to rule out the pleural effusion
left lateral decubitus
What is the name of the tongue-shaped process on the anterior-medial border of the left lung?
lingula
What structure manufactures bile
liver
Which of the following organ(s) is/are the largest found in the abdomen?
liver
What is the general term for a position in which the long axis of the body is angled in relationship to the image receptor rather than the central ray (e.g., special chest projection)?
lordotic
Short scale contrast (in the analog image) is the result of:
low kV
:The area between the two lungs is called the:
mediastinum
What region of the chest contains the heart, aorta, esophagus, trachea, bronchial tubes, and thymus?
mediastunum
Long bones have a central cylindrical cavity called the:
medullary cavity
Which of the following is placed perpendicular to the long axis of the grid for a lateral projection of the abdomen?
midcoronal plane
Which plane must be accurately parallel with the IR to prevent distortion of the thoracic structures during a lateral chest radiograph?
midsaggital
When AP/PA abdominal radiography is performed, which of the following is perpendicular to the plane of the IR?
midsaggital plane
When the body is properly positioned for a PA oblique of the chest, the CR will enter the body:
midway between the lateral surface of the elevated side and the spine
Exposure time is usually expressed in units of:
milliseconds
The technical factors for an abdominal radiograph should be set to produce:
moderate-high contrast
Situation: A patient enters the ED with a possible scaphoid fracture. The patient is unable to assume the ulnar deviation position. Which of the following positions should be performed to confirm the diagnosis?
modified stetcher
Insufficient kV or mAs when using computed radiography (CR) will result in a
mottled image
Which of the following body systems helps to regulate body temperature?
nervous
A random disturbance that obscures or reduces clarity is termed:
noise
If a response to radiation is expected no matter how small the dose, then that dose-response is ____.
nonthreshold
What type of collimator will automatically restrict the x-ray beam to the size of the image cassette or image receptor?
positive beam limitation
Changing or enhancing the electronic image to view it from a different perspective or improve its diagnostic quality is the general definition for:
post-proccessing
Contrast in the digital image is primarily affected by:
predetermined algorithms.
Which of the following factors has the greatest effect on the brightness of the digital image?
processing software
For a PA oblique projection of the first digit (thumb) the hand is placed in the:
prone position
For a PA projection of the second digit, the central ray is directed to the:
proximal interphalangeal joint
On an AP supine abdomen radiograph, the right iliac crest appears higher than the left, what error if any occurred?
pt, was not straight
The image receptor should be turned crosswise in what circumstance?
pt. has a brood chest
:Of the following factors, which one must be applied to demonstrate possible air and fluid levels in the chest?
pt. in erect position
When imaging the abdomen of pediatric patients, the biggest challenge often comes from:
pt. movement
: The thymus gland is at its maximum size at
puberty
Which of the following describes the energy that is absorbed in matter from any type of ionizing radiation, and is considered the unit of absorbed dose?
rad
Which of the following is the branch of science concerned with the methods of interaction and the effects of ionizing radiation on living systems
radiobiology
A representation of the patient's anatomic structures that can be obtained, viewed, manipulated, and stored digitally is the definition for:
radiographic image.
The ability to visualize very small structures on a radiograph is termed:
recorded detail
Which term describes the return of swallowed food into the mouth?
regurgitation
The purpose of placing a support under the knees during AP supine abdominal radiography is to:
relieve back strain and make the patient more comfortable
Which of the following is the unit of dose equivalent or occupational exposure?
rem
What is the cavity posterior to the peritoneum?
retroperitoneum
The AP oblique bilateral hands projection ("ball-catcher's position") is performed to evaluate for early signs of:
rheumatoid arthritis
Which of the following radiographic studies would best benefit by applying the anode heel effect?
ribs
When using AEC (automatic exposure control) for a PA chest projection, which ionization chamber(s) should be activated?
right and left chambers
Situation: A patient comes to radiology with possible bleeding within the abdomen. The patient is unable to stand or sit for any projections. Which of the following projections would be most effective in demonstrating fluid within the abdomen for this patient?
right lateral decubitus
Situation: A patient enters the ED with a possible pneumothorax in the left lung. Due to trauma, the patient can't stand or sit erect. Which of the following positions would best demonstrate this condition?
right lateral decubitus
In which of the four major quadrants of the abdomen would the cecum be found
right lower quadrant
A PA chest radiograph reveals that the left sternoclavicular joint is closer to the spine than the right joint. What specific positioning error has been committed?
rotation in LAO
:Situation: A radiograph of an AP abdomen demonstrates elongation of the left iliac wing and narrowing of the right iliac wing. Which one of the following positioning errors produced this radiographic outcome?
rotation to the left (LPO)
A radiograph of an AP abdomen demonstrates elongation of the left iliac wing and narrowing of the right iliac wing. Which one of the following positioning errors produced this radiographic outcome?
rotation to the left LPO
The phosphors in computed radiography IRs are very sensitive to
scatter radiation
In addition to exposure index number, what is another common term for the exposure indicator value that indicates the correct exposure factors were selected for a computed radiography procedure?
sensitivity numbers
What is the name of the small oval-shaped bone found in tendons?
sesamoid bones
What type of protective shield is NOT in contact with the patient's body?
shadow shield
For AP oblique projections of the chest, the side of interest is generally:
side closes to IR
For PA oblique projections of the chest, the side of interest is generally
side farther from IR
Which of the following is the SI unit for the rem?
sievert
The number of x-ray photons that strike the digital receptor can be considered as:
signal
A recumbent oblique position in which the patient is lying on the left anterior side rotated anteriorly, with the right knee and thigh flexed is termed:
sims position
The patient position most commonly used to perform a radiograph of a finger (digit) is
sitting at end of the table
Which of the following joints is NOT a synovial joint?
skull suture
The total destruction of microorganisms is accomplished through the use of:
sterilization
The jugular notch is located on the:
sternum
Which of the following bones is part of the axial skeleton?
sternum
: When no threshold dose for radiation exists, the effect is known as_______.
stochastic
Which of the following terms best describes a partial dislocation of a joint?
subluxation
A flat and upright or two-way abdomen consist of which of the following?
supine and erect abdomen
What is the respiration phase for an AP abdominal radiograph done in the supine position?
suspended on expiration
The structural term for a freely movable joint is:
synovial
The electronic transmission of diagnostic images from one location to another for purposes of interpretation and/or consultation generally defines:
teleradiography.
Which of the following statements is true about the use of digital radiography (CR or DR) and finger projections?
the digit must be placed in the central part of the image area
When evaluating the thumb for AP, oblique, and lateral projections
the distal end of the first metacarpal should be visualized
Radio waves, light and x-rays are all examples of ____ energy
thermal
A patient enters the ED with a possible Bennett's fracture. Which of the following routines should be performed to confirm this diagnosis?
thumb
What structure is the Adam's apple a part of?:
thyoid
:On a PA projection of the abdomen with the patient in the prone position, which of the following topographical landmarks may be palpated to ensure that all of the bladder is included on the image?
tip of the coccyx
Why is it recommended that the medial oblique projection be performed rather than the lateral oblique for the second digit of the hand?
to minimize OID
A right lateral decubitus chest image is performed to demonstrate a pneumothorax in the left lung or pleural effusion in the right lung
true
PACS should be integrated with a HIS.
true
Some department protocols require that, on a lateral hand position, the fingers be fully extended and parallel to the image receptor to better open up the joint spaces on a hand radiographic image.
true
The greatest amount of patient dose delivered to the patient during all chest radiography is to the skin
true
The size and shape of the epiphyses can give important clues to the developmental age of a child
true
Thin film transistor (FPD-TFT) digital imaging systems are commonly referred to as digital radiography (DR).
true
A large, rounded, elevated process on a bone is called a(n):
tuberosity
Which side of the arm is positioned against the IR for the lateral fourth finger projection?
ulnar
A "skier's thumb" is an injury of the
ulnar collateral ligament.
If the lateral decubitus position is used to demonstrate free air in the pleural cavity, which side must the patient lie on?
unaffected side
The liver lies in the
upper right quadrant
Primary radiation is _____.
useful beam
Which of the following is required to maintain an even radiographic density on body parts that have significant variations in tissue density?
using a compensating filter
Which term describes a misalignment of a distal fracture fragment that is angled toward the midline?
varus deformity
The upper margin of the lungs is at the level of the
vertebra prominens.
The inner portion of the sac that covers the abdominal organs is termed the
visceral peritoneum
The inner membrane of the pleura that encloses the lungs and heart is called the
visceral pleura
Which of the following is most commonly acted upon directly by ionizing radiation to produce indirect effects?
water
:A less than optimal lateral hand projection demonstrating the longest of the second through fifth metacarpal midshafts situated anterior to the others
will also demonstrate the distal scaphoid posterior to the pisiform.
An atom in a normal state has an electrical charge of
zero
