Rad Review
How long is the urethra in the female?
1.5-2 inches
A local dose of _____ rad(s) or more can cause gonadal dysfunction.
10
Grids are generally not required unless the anatomy measures greater than _____ cm in thickness.
10
In the anatomic position, the body of the femur is angled _____ degrees.
10
The central-ray angle for an AP axial projection of the coccyx is:
10 degrees caudad.
Occasionally, a patient may have to be placed in the prone position for a PA projection of the coccyx. What is the central-ray angle for this projection?
10 degrees cephalad
Which of the following blood pressure readings would be categorized as stage 1 hypertension?
140/90
The effective dose (EfD) limit for the lens of the eye is
15 mSv.
How far above the humeral head should the upper margin of the IR be placed for an AP humerus?
1½ inches
A dose of _____ Gy or more to a small area of the body can cause skin erythema.
2
Positive beam limitation must be accurate to within _____% of the SID.
2
How far should the IR/collimated field extend below the knee for a lateral projection of the femur?
2 inches
What is the file size of an image with a 1026 ´ 1026 matrix and a 2.5 byte gray scale depth?
2.6 MB
If the image size measures 4.6 in, and the magnification factor is 1.42, what is the size of the object?
3.24 in
A tenth-value layer is equal to ________ half-value layers.
3.3
The LD50/60 for humans is approximately _____ Gy.
3.5
Luminescence is measured at five positions over the monitor, and the readings should be within ____% of one another.
30
When performing a mobile radiographic procedure, to reduce the radiation exposure to the patient, the radiographer must use a minimal source-skin distance of
30 cm.
What is the recommended SID necessary to blur the posterior ribs on a PA oblique projection of the sternum?
30 inches
What is the central-ray angulation for the PA axial projection of the large intestine?
30 to 40 degrees caudad
The central-ray angulation for the AP axial projection of the large intestine is:
30 to 40 degrees cephalad.
Significant collimation requires an increase of _____________ of the mAs.
30% to 50%
How is the hand positioned for the axiolateral projection of the elbow (Coyle method)?
30-degree medial oblique
What is the total capacity of the average adult bladder?
350 to 500 mL
Full-wave rectified, three-phase units provide an x-ray beam at _____ pulse(es) per second.
360
During fluoroscopy the exposure to the collar is _____ times greater than exposure to the trunk of the body under a protective apron.
20
Nearly all life-threatening reactions to contrast media occur immediately or within _____ minutes of the injection.
20
What is the recommended degree of obliquity for an RAO projection of the sternum for an asthenic (thin-chested) type of patient?
20°
How many different amino acids are involved in protein synthesis in humans?
22
The central nervous system syndrome occurs following a whole body dose of _____ Gy or more.
50
During a radiation emergency, the dose limit for individuals engaging in lifesaving activities is
250 mSv per event.
The hand consists of how many bones?
27
The central ray and center of the image receptor position for a lateral projection of the skull is _____ inch(es) _____ the EAM.
2; above
The maximum number of electrons that can exist in an electron shell is calculated with the formula _____.
2n2
"The overall efficiency and effectiveness of imaging systems evaluated beyond the mechanics of producing radiographic images" is a definition of
CQI
Which of the following structures is not part of the brainstem?
Cerebellum
Where is cholecystokinin produced?
Duodenal mucosa
Which of the following cause an increase in cellular activity that in turn causes biochemical reactions to occur more rapidly to meet the needs of the cell in stressful situations?
Enzymes
As a general rule, exposure factors are decreased 5 to 15 kV with digital systems as compared with analog imaging systems.
False
Bit depth is determined by the matrix size.
False
Lesions of decreased density are termed osteoblastic lesions.
False
Meaningful Use is a Medicare/Medicaid program that penalizes the use of certified electronic health records (EHR) to improve patient care.
False
The highest quality radiographic image has no unsharpness.
False
The intensity of the x-ray beam is greatest under the anode as defined by the anode heel effect.
False
The technique chart will provide information as to how to recognize and compensate for additive pathology.
False
The term gastro refers to the intestine.
False
Which modality is commonly used to produce three-dimensional images of vascular lesions without introducing contrast media?
Helical CT
Which two are achieved when the transthoracic lateral projection (Lawrence method) of the shoulder is done on full inspiration? (Select all that apply.)
Higher contrast Decrease in exposure
Belief in the ancient superstition of the mal ojo, or "evil eye," is most likely to be encountered in individuals whose ethnic background is:
Hispanic
What anatomy is superimposed over the junction of the Y on the PA oblique (scapular Y) projection on a patient with a normal shoulder joint?
Humeral head
An emergency type of condition in newborns in which the alveoli and capillaries of the lungs are injured or infected, creating leakage of fluid into the alveoli; demonstrated radiographically by granular pattern of increased densities
Hyaline membrane disease
The ____ passageway drains the maxillary sinus into the middle nasal conchae.
Infundibulum
A radiograph of an AP projection taken during a retrograde cystogram reveals that the floor of the bladder is superimposed over the symphysis pubis. What error led to this radiographic finding?
Insufficient CR angulation
Which of the following devices is an alternative to traditional spinal fusion procedures?
Interbody fusion cage
A patient comes to radiology for a double-contrast barium enema. The patient cannot lie on her side during the study. Which of the following projections could replace the lateral rectum projection?
Ventral decubitus
Which of the following most accurately shows the energy sequence during image-intensified fluoroscopy?
X-rays to light to electrons to light
A CT colonography requires the use of ________ as a contrast medium.
air
A term that is synonymous with epilation is
alopecia.
The least expensive network to install is a
LAN.
What is the base material of the anode disk?
Molybdenum Graphite
What is the base material of the anode disk?
Molybdenum Graphite
Which of the following methods best demonstrates the supraspinatus outlet (coracoacromial arch)?
Neer
Which of the following radiographic structures are evaluated to best determine tilt on a lateral pediatric skull projection?
Orbital plates or roofs
The two elements needed to convert light signals into an electrical signal while using indirect capture DR are TFT and
Photodiodes
Which of the following are by-products of photoelectric absorption?
Photoelectron and characteristic photon
Which automatic exposure device works by converting x-ray photons first into light and then into an electronic signal?
Phototimer
Wireless connections require all except which one of the following? -Infrared or radiofrequencies -Consideration of wall thickness - Physical cabling -Transmitter/receiver
Physical cabling
Which of the following structures is attached to the roof of the third ventricle?
Pineal gland
Changing the slope of the look-up table graph will increase or decrease
contrast.
In which position is the patient placed for a PA projection of the patella?
Prone
What should the radiographer do after removing the cover from the IR?
Remove gloves before handling it.
Presence indicates a possible sliding hiatal hernia
Schatzki ring
Radiographic demonstration of the cranial base is performed by which method?
Schüller
At what stage of respiration should the enema tip be inserted into the rectum?
Suspended expiration
Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS) is the most common form of intestinal obstruction found in infants.
True
What is the most common cause of tube failure?
Tungsten vaporization
A patient enters the emergency department (ED) with a piece of wire in the palm of the hand. What is the minimum number of projections required to be taken for this radiographic study?
Two
Indirect conversion in flat-panel detectors is a ____-step process.
Two
What is the minimal number of projections taken for a postreduction (to realign a fracture) study of the ankle?
Two
An AED has the ability to do all of the following EXCEPT:
remind staff to not touch the patient.
Any chromosome damage induced by radiation could be seen during the __________.
metaphase
Classic metaphyseal lesion (CML) is a fracture involving the:
metaphysis.
The main function of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) is to
oversee the nuclear energy industry
The small section of bone found between the superior and inferior articular processes of the lumbar spine is termed:
pars interarticularis.
High kVp techniques reduce ____________.
patient dose
Hybrid imaging can produce the highest-quality digital fluoroscopy images only if _________________.
patient motion is controlled
Subject contrast is affected by ___________.
patient thickness
In multislice helical CT, the dose profile tail is called ____________.
penumbra
The x-ray absorber typically used in direct capture DR is a
photoconductor.
Differential absorption in diagnostic imaging is primarily caused by ____________.
photoelectric absorption
The interaction between x-ray photons and tissue that results in production of a secondary x-ray photon is the:
photoelectric interaction.
A device used to measure the luminescence of areas on the monitor is a
photometer
The thymus gland is at its maximum size at:
puberty.
Most QA activities produce ______ data.
quantitative
A computation of the mean pixel value within a region-of-interest is performed for ____________________.
quantitative radiology
The two divisions of the central nervous system include the brain and:
spinal cord.
For a single-contrast barium enema,
spot images of the cecum, hepatic flexure, splenic flexure, and sigmoid are taken.
The SI joint is a _____ joint.
synovial irregular, gliding
The 12 costovertebral joints of the ribs are:
synovial—gliding.
The generational group most likely to accept the word of healthcare professionals without question is:
those over age 75.
Once the part has been penetrated, a doubling of the mAs results in ____________ the exposure to the IR.
two times
Malaria, bubonic plague, Lyme disease, and Rocky Mountain spotted fever are examples of diseases that are spread by:
vectors
A CRT type monitor:
- has a fluorescent screen. - uses an electron gun. - scans in lines.
If filter thickness is ________, then x-ray intensity is ________.
- increased, reduced - reduced, increased
Digital image quality is improved with:
- larger size matrix. - smaller size pixels.
Patient thickness affects image quality by affecting ____________.
- magnification - radiographic contrast - focal spot blur
In vitro irradiation of macromolecules causes ___________ damage to macromolecules.
- repairable - reversible
The third generation of CT scanners allowed for further reduction in ______________.
- scanning time - scattered radiation
The outer shell electron that is ejected during the Compton interaction is also known as a:
- secondary electron. - Compton electron.
With a fixed matrix CR reader system, changing to a larger IP, for the same FOV, will result in:
- smaller pixels. - improved spatial resolution.
Radiation protection guidelines are based on _______________________.
- stochastic effects of radiation - deterministic effects of radiation
A widened QRS complex on an ECG tracing could represent:
- ventricular hypertrophy. - ventricular-paced rhythm. - pacemaker tissue that is below the AV node.
The computed radiography image has _____________________.
- wide exposure latitude -improved contrast resolution
If an exposure is 0.5 mGya at an SID of 40 inches, what would the exposure be at an SID of 60 inches?
0.22.2 mGya
If the HVL in a radiology department is 0.25 mm Pb, then how thick should a shield be to reduce the technologists' exposure to one fourth the incident scatter?
0.5 mm Pb
Which of the following lies in the anterior neck? 1. Thyroid gland 2. Parathyroid glands 3. Thymus gland
1 and 2
Which of the following should be performed to place the back in contact with the table for an AP thoracic spine? 1. Flex the hips. 2. Flex the knees. 3. Flex the cervical spine.
1 and 2
Which of the following would be considered advantages in using anatomic compensating filters?1. Reduces radiation exposure to the patient2. Provides an even image density3. Increases image contrast and detail
1 and 2
A film-screen image with decreased distortion may be due to:
1. Decreased patient thickness 2. Increased SID
What is the central-ray angulation for the PA axial urinary bladder?
10 to 15 degrees cephalad
Demonstrating small amounts of intraperitoneal gas in patients with an acute abdomen is often necessary. How long should the patient lie in the left lateral position before the exposure is made?
10 to 20 minutes
Occupational radiation monitoring is required if the individual may get _____ of the recommended dose limit.
10%
How much rotation is required for an AP oblique projection of the sternum on a hypersthenic patient?
15°
What type of CR angle is required for posterior oblique (left posterior oblique [LPO]/right posterior oblique [RPO]) positions of the cervical spine?
15° cephalad
What type of CR angle is required for the AP semi axial (alternative lordotic) projection for the lung apices?
15° to 20° cephalad.
A pitch of 1 indicates that with each rotation of the tube, the patient will move _________.
16 cm
Radium decays with a half-life of
1622 years.
What is the central-ray angle for an AP thoracic spine?
3 to 5 degrees caudad
What is the central-ray angulation for the AP axial projection of the zygomatic arches if OML is used as the positioning baseline?
30 degrees caudad
Typical CT doses range from ___________________ during head imaging and from __________ during body imaging.
30 to 50 mGyt (3000 to 5000 mrad) 20 to 40 mGyt (2000 to 4000 mrad)
With a standard x-ray tube, ______________% of the x-ray beam produced with 90 kVp is the result of bremsstrahlung interactions.
85
"The overall efficiency and effectiveness of imaging systems evaluated beyond the mechanics of producing radiographic images" is a definition of
CQI.
Which beam restriction device can be cut to the size needed?
An aperture diaphragm
Which component(s) of the Geiger-Muller survey meter alerts the operator to the presence of ionizing radiation?
An audio amplifier and speaker
What type of CR angle is required for the PA transaxillary projection (Hobbs modification)?
CR is perpendicular to IR.
Which two of these are options for knee flexion for the tangential projection (Settegast method) of the patella when obtained with the patient in prone position? (Select all that apply.)
As much as possible Until the patella is perpendicular to the IR
Which of these body parts has the highest subject contrast?
Chest
Which of the following pathologic conditions often occurs in males older than the age of 45 years?
Chondrosarcoma
Which of the following body systems helps to regulate body temperature?
Circulatory
For AC joint weight-bearing studies, patients should not be asked to hold on to the weights with their hands; rather, the weights should be attached to the wrists.
True
Glucose and oxygen are able to pass through the blood-brain barrier.
True
Gonadal shielding can often be used with male patients for the AP supine abdomen projection.
True
If an IVU is performed on a female, a menstrual history must be obtained.
True
If the patient has scoliosis, the convexity of the spine should be down toward the image receptor for the lateral spine projection.
True
It is difficult to distinguish the small bowel from the large on a pediatric abdominal radiograph.
True
Kilovoltage does not affect the quantity of exit radiation until adequate penetration is reached.
True
Meckel diverticulum is best diagnosed with a radionuclide (nuclear medicine) scan.
True
Overhead, radiographic projections are often not taken when using digital fluoroscopy.
True
PACS should be integrated with an HIS.
True
Postreduction projections of the upper and lower limbs generally require only the joint nearest to the fracture site.
True
Radiographic images of structures are always magnified when compared to the actual structure.
True
Special filters can be used during CT fluoroscopy to reduce patient skin dose during biopsies.
True
Technique charts are still needed when using AEC.
True
The ABC can be slow in responding, seen as a brief delay in the brightness adjustment.
True
The adductor tubercle is located on the posterior aspect of the medial femoral condyle.
True
The lateral abdomen position will best demonstrate the prevertebral region.
True
The lateral skull projection of an 8-year-old child requires approximately the same size IR as that used with an adult.
True
Using a table Bucky device will increase magnification of the anatomy as compared with performing the same study on the tabletop.
True
Which of the following formulas represents the relationship between the wavelength, frequency, and velocity of an electromagnetic wave?
V = λ × ƒ
A cardiac arrhythmia that is life threatening and provides no effective cardiac output is
V-fib.
Which advanced function uses a histogram-type graph to differentiate various structures using different colors that represent each of the intensities in the image?
VRT
Which term is defined as percutaneous techniques aimed at stabilizing weakened vertebral bodies?
Vertebral augmentation
When obtaining a dorsoplantar projection of a foot, which of the following types of filters should be used to provide a greater uniform density of the anatomy?
Wedge filter
The process whereby an organization seeks recognition from its peer groups through demonstrated compliance with developed standards is termed
accreditation.
The __________ is the least penetrating form of ionizing radiation.
alpha particle
All of the following are related except - source of electrons. - means for setting electrons in high-speed motion. - a target to stop or suddenly decelerate the electron travel. -aluminum filtration material.
aluminum filtration material.
Added tube filtration is typically made of:
aluminum.
Quantum efficiency is a measurement of the
amount of electrons produced relative to the incident light from the scintillator.
The difference in the waveform between the primary and secondary sides of the high voltage transformer is _________.
amplitude
Early versions of digital fluoroscopy used the standard system and added:
an ADC.
During the process of coherent scattering, an incident low-energy x-ray photon interacts with
an atom and may transfer its energy by causing some or all of the electrons of the atom to momentarily vibrate and radiate energy in the form of electromagnetic waves.
Passive immunity is immunity that occurs as a result of:
an injection of preformed antibodies.
When an atom of water is irradiated it first dissociates into _________________.
an ion pair
A profession might be thought of as:
an organized occupational group that applies specialized knowledge to benefit others.
A radiographic appearance of a highly malignant and extensively destructive lesion that usually occurs in long bones and produces a sunburst pattern describes:
an osteogenic sarcoma.
Xylocaine (Lidocaine) is a drug found on the emergency code cart that can be used for treating cardiac emergencies because it is a(n):
antidysrhythmic.
A radiographic image with a large number of similar densities that have small differences between them:
appears gray. has long scale contrast. has low contrast.
With digital imaging, if lower than needed kVp is set, the image will have _______________ brightness and _________________ quantum mottle.
appropriate; increased
The sterile field is the:
area prepared for the patient.
Heparin is best administered to patients
as an intravenous injection.
Histogram selection is done ____________________________.
by the radiographer before each exam
If there is a fire in your immediate area, the FIRST thing you should do is:
evacuate the area.
A radiograph of a mediolateral projection of the patella reveals that the femoropatellar joint space is not open. The patella is within the intercondylar sulcus. The most likely cause of this is:
excessive flexion of the knee.
If a patient refuses examination and wishes to leave, but is not allowed to do so, the radiographer who restrains the patient may be liable for charges of:
false imprisonment.
The ratio of x-rays incident on the input phosphor to light photons exiting the output phosphor is called _______ gain.
flux
The recommended SIDs that can be used with a focused grid describe the:
focal range
The recommended SIDs that can be used with a focused grid describe the:
focal range.
An ellipsoidal joint allows movement in ____ directions.
four
In the United States, a patient's right to communicate effectively in healthcare situations, regardless of language barriers, is guaranteed by:
federal law.
The stem cells of the ovaries multiply during _________________.
fetal growth
Humans are most radiosensitive during ________________.
fetal stages
Decreasing the exposure time results in:
fewer x-ray photons.
Scatter radiation increases as ___________________ increases.
field size
The external oblique position of the AP oblique projection (Judet method) demonstrates the _____ column and _____ rim of acetabulum.
ilioischial; anterior
The process that the exit radiation from the anatomic area of interest interacts with the input phosphor for conversion to visible light, which are converted to electrons by a photocathode, then focused by electrostatic focusing lenses, and accelerated toward an anode to strike the output phosphor is:
image intensification.
Grid use for PSP examinations is more critical than in film/screen radiography because CR
imaging plates record more densities.
Higher speed image receptors generally produce images with ____________.
increased noise
Image integration results in _________________.
increased patient dose
If filter thickness is ________, then x-ray intensity is ________.
increased, reduced reduced, increased
The probability of occurrence of photoelectric absorption _________ as the energy of the incident photon decreases and the atomic number of the irradiated atoms _________.
increases markedly; increases
Lowering kVp ________ patient dose and _________ image contrast.
increases, decreases
Lowering kVp ________ patient dose and _________ image contrast.
increases, increases
Storage phosphor plates are similar to
intensifying screens.
If the patient places the back of the hand against the hip, the humerus will be in:
internal rotation.
The time it takes to turn on the digital fluoroscopy x-ray tube and reach the selected mA and kVp is the _____________ time.
interrogation
Two identical atoms which exist at different energy states are called ____________.
isomers
Spatial frequency is used to describe the quality of spatial resolution in terms of _____________.
line pairs
In a flat-panel detector, specialized silicon integrated circuits control
line scanning sequence.
Which two interactions between x-radiation and matter may result in the production of small-angle scatter?
Coherent scattering and Compton scattering
Which term describes the top or anterior surface of the foot?
Dorsum
With AEC it is easy to use multiple types of image receptors, because the detectors can sense image receptor type and make appropriate adjustments.
False
Which of the following is not one of the sacred seven of medical histories?
Family history
Which one of the following serves to protect against static build-up, dust collection, and mechanical damage to the imaging plate?
Felt material
Digital radiography was first introduced by ______________.
Fuji in 1981
Irregular filling defect within the stomach
Gastric carcinoma
Which radiation unit of measurement is used to describe absorbed dose?
Gray
In therapeutic radiology what SI units are now routinely used to specify absorbed dose?
Gray and centigray
What anatomic structure is shown in profile on an AP projection of the humerus?
Greater tubercle
Which of the following is prominently shown in profile on an AP projection of the shoulder with the humerus in external rotation?
Greater tubercle
Which of the following conditions is LEAST likely to be an adverse reaction to the intravenous injection of aqueous iodinated contrast media?
Hypertension
Which of the following is NOT a sign of shock? -Restlessness and a sense of apprehension -Increased pulse rate -Hypertension -Pallor accompanied by weakness or a change in thinking ability
Hypertension
Dose limits are based on a ________________ dose-response relationship to radiation.
linear, nonthreshold
Radiation induced genetic damage follows a ___________________ dose-response relationship.
linear-nonthreshold
Measuring the relationship between the output intensities of adjacent mA stations is a test of _________________.
linearity
LCD stands for:
liquid crystal display.
The clavicle is classified as a(n) _____ bone.
long
Select the correct manual exposure adjustment for each disease or condition: Advanced Paget's disease
Increase (+)
How should the original analog kV range be changed with a fiberglass cast applied for a wrist or forearm radiographic procedure?
Increase 3 to 4 kV
If the intensity of the x-ray beam is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source, how does the intensity of the x-ray beam change when the distance from the source of radiation and a measurement point is tripled?
It decreases by a factor of 9 at the new distance. `
Which statement best describes a charge-coupled device (CCD)?
It is the oldest indirect conversion technology used in a variety of image capture applications.
Which of the following is the essential lateral projection of the calcaneus?
Lateral (mediolateral)
What is the patient position for a lateral projection of the third, fourth, or fifth toes?
Lateral recumbent, on the affected side
Which of the following methods will demonstrate the hip in a lateral projection?
Lauenstein, Hickey
Which of the following methods is used when the arm cannot be abducted for the standard AP or lateral projection of the humerus?
Lawrence
What describes the shortest exposure time required for the AEC device to operate?
Minimum response time
Pulmonary emboli
No change (0)
Select the correct manual exposure adjustment for each disease or condition: Bursitis
No change (0)
Silicosis (severe)
No change (0)
Tuberculosis (primary or secondary)
No change (0)
How far is the enema tip inserted into the rectum for a colon examination?
No more than 4 inches
Where do the ureters enter the bladder?
Posterior wall
A patient comes to radiology with a history of vesicourethral reflux. The patient states that she is highly sensitive to iodinated contrast media. Which of the following alternative procedures could be performed to demonstrate this condition?
Radionuclide scan
Which of the following is considered by the EPA to be the second leading cause of lung cancer in the United States?
Radon exposure
The aditus is defined as a(n):
opening between the epitympanic recess and the mastoid air cells.
The term as low as reasonable achievable (ALARA) is synonymous with the term
optimization for radiation protection (ORP).
The opening between the stomach and the small intestine is termed the pyloric:
orifice.
The pathway of communication between the frontal, maxillary, and ethmoid sinuses that provides drainage between them is termed:
osteomeatal complex.
The __________________ is coated with light-emitting crystals to absorb electrons and emit light.
output phosphor
A protracted dose of radiation is given _______________.
over a long period of time
Luminance is determined by measuring the concentration of light
over a particular field of view.
The ____________ in the image intensifier emits electrons when it is stimulated by light photons.
photocathode
The photon interaction that results in the highest patient exposure is _____ interactions.
photoelectric
Double-contrast barium enemas are most commonly performed on young pediatric patients when _____ suspected.
polyps are
When comparing hyperglycemia with hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia....
portrays clinical symptoms of excessive thirst and urination as well as dry mouth.
The goal of aseptic technique is to
protect the patient from pathogenic microbes.
Single-celled animals that are classified according to whether or not they are motile are called:
protozoa
One of the early goals related to the development of PACS was to...
provide a means to move battlefield images to an established hospital
Following balloon inflation, the tip of a correctly placed Swan-Ganz catheter lies in the:
pulmonary artery.
If an IV infusion runs too fast, it may cause:
pulmonary edema.
When fluid replaces air in the lung interstitium and alveoli, the patient is said to have:
pulmonary edema.
The primary purpose of intensifying screens is to:
reduce the quantity of radiation required to produce a satisfactory image.
When using a portable fluoroscopy C-arm in surgery,
the image receptor and C-arm are draped with a snap cover for sterility.
Gonadal shielding of the male patient for the AP pelvis projection requires that the top of the shield is not extended above the level of:
the inferior margin of the symphysis pubis.
The effective dose (EfD) limiting system supersedes
the maximum permissible dose (MPD) system.
The structural and functional unit of the kidney is:
the nephron.
All of the following are related except
circulation.
Forms of intentional misconduct include 1. Slander 2. Invasion of privacy 3. Negligence
1 and 2 only
One rad of radiation dose is equal to which of the following doses in SI units?
1 cGy
What is the average transit time for the barium to reach the ileocecal valve during a pediatric small bowel study?
1 hour
What is the distance of movement of the diaphragm between deep inspiration and deep expiration?
1 inch
The filament in an x-ray tube is about _____ cm in length.
1-2
Which of the following are types of optical disks?
1. MOD 3. UDO
For an AP projection of the scapula, the recommended exposure field is:
10 × 12 inches (24 × 30 cm) lengthwise.
What type of CR angle is required for the PA axial weight-bearing bilateral knee projection (Rosenberg method)?
10° caudad
How many degrees should the elbow be angled for an AP oblique projection in medial rotation?
45 degrees
Light produced at the output phosphor of the image intensifier has been increased __________ times in intensity.
50-75
The average adult gallbladder is ____ cm long and ____ cm wide.
7 to 10; 3
A patient measuring 26 cm requires 20 mAs at 75 kVp based on a fixed kVp-variable mAs technique chart. What technique should be used for the next patient, who measures 34 cm?
80 mAs at 75 kVp
What is the essential projection used for a cystourethrogram on a male patient?
AP oblique
Which of the following projections can be performed using an orthostatic (breathing) technique?
AP scapula
During what phase of mitosis are the centromeres severed followed by the sister chromatids moving apart and are then subsequently pulled toward opposite poles of the mitotic spindle?
Anaphase
_____ is the loss of some of the energy from the x-ray beam as it passes through the tissue being imaged.
Attenuation
Why should the selection of technical exposure factors for all medical imaging procedures always follow ALARA?
Because radiation-induced cancer does not appear to have a dose level below which individuals would have no chance of developing this disease.
Where is the sensor located in an automatic exposure device that converts light into an electrical signal?
Behind the image receptor
Which of the following is not another term for coherent scattering?
Characteristic
Which of the following is not another term for coherent scattering? -Characteristic - Classical - Elastic -Unmodified
Characteristic
Which of the listed sterilization methods requires that items be aerated before they can be dispensed for use?
Conventional gas sterilization
This is measured in cd/m2/mR/s
Conversion factor
Which is the most interactive part of a PACS?
Display workstation
Where is the compression applied during an IVU?
Distal ends of the ureters
Which of the following best describes the administration of barium for an esophagram being performed for esophageal varices?
Exhale, swallow the barium, hold breath out.
The system that contains patient information, billing records, and inpatient orders is the
HIS
A PA axial projection with a 25° caudad angle of the cranium reveals that the petrous ridges are at the level of the superior orbital margins. Which of the following modifications are required to correct this error?
Increase extension of cranium.
In which stage of infection do the infective microbes begin to multiply?
Incubation period
Which action of ionizing radiation is most prevalent and most harmful to the human body?
Indirect action
Which salivary glands are the largest?
Parotid
_________ is a measure of the rate that energy is transferred from ionizing radiation to soft tissue.
LET
Which of the following upper GI projections and/or positions will best demonstrate the pylorus and duodenal bulb in profile during a double-contrast study?
LPO
In which abdominal quadrant is the spleen located?
LUQ
A patient is in the intensive care unit with multiple injuries. The attending physician is concerned about a pleural effusion in the left lung. The patient had surgery recently and cannot stand. Which position/projection would be best to rule out the pleural effusion?
Left lateral decubitus
Where is the CR centered for a transthoracic lateral projection for proximal humerus?
Level of surgical neck
What are the two arches of the foot?
Longitudinal and transverse
Patient with lactose or sucrose sensitivities
Malabsorption syndrome (sprue)
Which of the following is placed perpendicular to the image receptor for the acanthoparietal projection (reverse Waters method) of the facial bones?
Mentomeatal line
As a result of technologic advances since the 1970s and strict regulations imposed within the United States by the FDA regarding consumer products containing radioactive material, the radiation exposure of the general public from such produces may now be considered
Negligible
Which dose-response relationship can follow a sigmoid curve?
Nonlinear-threshold
What is any chemical reaction in which atoms lose electrons called?
Oxidation
Which of the following is not a weekly procedure?
Performing reject analysis
What type of joint movement occurs with the zygapophyseal joints?
Plane
Which of the following is a common complication associated with CV line placement?
Pneumothorax or hemothorax
Which of the following personnel dosimeters resembles an ordinary fountain pen externally?
Pocket ionization chamber
What are the fundamental particles of an atom?
Proton, electron, neutron
Which of the following types of gonadal shielding provide maximal gonadal protection for a male patient when AP, oblique, and lateral projections are obtained?
Shaped contact shield containing 1 mm of lead
Which of the following terms involves a random effect of ionizing radiation?
Stochastic event
The ICD-10-CM is used for which of the following?
Tag data and information
The main purpose of added filtration is to reduce ____________.
The main purpose of added filtration is to reduce ____________.
With the radial head-lateromedial projections, what is the only difference between the four projections?
The position of the hand and/or wrist
Which of the following statements is true for a typical adult vertebra?
The transverse processes extend laterally from the junction of the pedicles and laminae.
Which of the following sites is preferred when giving IM injections to children younger than age 5?
The vastus lateralis muscle of the lateral thigh
Which one of the following structures is part of the middle ear?
Tympanic cavity
A radiograph of an AP thoracic spine projection reveals that the upper thoracic spine is overexposed. The lower vertebrae have acceptable density and contrast. Which one of the following modifications will improve the visibility of the upper thoracic spine?
Use a compensating (wedge) filter.
When making an exposure, which of the following does not occur when just the rotor, or prep button, is activated?
Voltage is applied across the tube.
Enlarged recess in the distal esophagus
Zenker diverticulum
Digital fluoroscopy is improved by using:
a CCD.
A patient who is scheduled to have surgery of the esophagus for a diverticulum will likely be given a(an) _______ to decrease mucosal secretions and esophageal muscular activity.
anticholinergic
The drug that treats a toxic effect is called an:
antidote.
A type of DNA damage that may not be reversible is a _________________.
base change or loss
A _________ is a source of direct current.
battery
Major functions of the cerebellum include:
coordination, posture, and balance.
A common fracture site for an elderly person with osteoporosis is the:
distal radius.
A four-step process for evaluating situations where the correct action is in question so that one can act appropriately and defend one's actions is called:
ethical analysis.
Barium platinocyanide was the:
fluorescent material that glowed when the tube was energized.
The size of a pixel is measured in:
inches
The Nyquist theorem states that the
sampling frequency must be twice the input signal bandwidth.
The movement or advancement of the patient couch is known as
table increment.
The first radiation health physicists worked with ___________________.
the atom bomb
The shallow depression, located on the anterior surface of the distal humerus, receives which of the following when the elbow is flexed?
Coronoid process
Which of the following structures connects the anterior aspect of the ribs to the sternum?
Costocartilage
What unit is used to measure radiation exposure in the metric International System of Units?
Coulomb per kilogram
Neonate hypothyroidism with slowed bone growth or possible dwarfism
Cretinism (a thyroid gland disorder)
Which of the following statements is true? -All adult vertebrae are separated by intervertebral disks. - All thoracic vertebrae have at least one facet for rib articulation. -The intervertebral disks are tightly bound to the vertebral bodies to prevent movement within the vertebral column.
All thoracic vertebrae have at least one facet for rib articulation.
For film-screen imaging, density is controlled by:
-mA -exposure time. - mAs.
The distracting area of increased brightness surrounding a collimated image can be removed from the displayed digital image by:
-masking. - shuttering. -electronic collimation.
Image-forming x-rays include those which have been _________________.
-transmitted without interaction -scattered through Compton interaction
A correctly positioned lateral chest radiograph demonstrates some separation of the posterior ribs owing to the divergent x-ray beam. But a separation of greater than ____ cm indicates objectionable rotation from a true lateral.
1
The RBE of diagnostic x-rays is equal to _____.
1
The approximate average bone marrow dose to the population of the United States is _____ mGy/yr.
1
When only the lumbar vertebrae (not lumbosacral) are imaged in the AP projection, the central ray is directed _____ inches above the iliac crests.
1
Bones provide which of the following? 1. Protection of internal organs 2. Production of red and white blood cells 3. Attachment for the skin and fat layers
1 and 2
Contraindications for intravenous urography include: 1. anuria. 2. renal failure 3. elderly patients.
1 and 2
Which of the following would be considered categories for display workstations? 1. Primary reading 2. Technologist QC 3. Archive server
1 and 2
Which of the following would indicate that contrast medium has infiltrated the surrounding vessels? 1. Swelling 2. Burning 3. Discoloration
1 and 2
When a T-tube is properly placed, the cross-bar of the T rests in the: 1. hepatic duct. 2. common bile duct. 3. cystic duct.
1 and 2 only
A PA projection taken during an upper GI series performed on an infant reveals that the body and pylorus of the stomach are superimposed. What modification needs to be made during the repeat exposure to separate these two regions?
Angle the CR 20° to 25° cephalad.
A patient comes to radiology for a sinus series. She cannot fully extend her head and neck for the submentovertical projection. What else can the technologist do to produce a diagnostic submentovertical projection?
Angle the CR to place it perpendicular to IOML.
When an inner electron is removed from an atom in a photoelectric interaction, thus causing an inner-shell vacancy, the energy liberated when this vacancy is filled can be transferred to another electron of the atom, thereby ejecting that electron, instead of emerging from the atom as characteristic radiation. What is this electron called?
Auger electron
Which of the following veins is not normally used during venipuncture?
Axillary
What would be the most likely immediate response to a whole body dose of 2 Gy?
Diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting.
Select the true statement from the choices given. -Digital tomosynthesis is possible using CR technology. - Digital photospot images have higher image quality due to the higher radiation dose. -Dual-energy subtraction radiography employs PSP technology. - Last Image Hold (LIH) is only possible on indirect flat-panel TFT digital systems.
Digital photospot images have higher image quality due to the higher radiation dose.
Which of the following is false regarding informed consent?
For accuracy, medical terms specific to the procedure should be used.
Which modality is commonly used for clinical evaluation for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in young children?
Functional MRI
An inanimate object that has been in contact with an infectious microorganism is termed a
Fomite
Which part of the small intestine makes up three-fifths of its entirety?
Ileum
Obstruction of the small intestine
Ileus
Which component of the archive consists of the physical storage devices?
Image storage Archive server
Where is the sensor located in an automatic exposure device with a gas-filled chamber?
In front of the image receptor
How is dose area product usually specified?
In units of mGy-cm2
What is the chief disadvantage of CT colonography over conventional endoscopy?
Inability to biopsy or remove polyps
Which one of the following projections/positions should NOT be performed for a possible shoulder dislocation?
Inferosuperior axial (Clements modification)
A Hill-Sachs defect may be demonstrated using which two of the following projections?
Inferosuperior axial (Rafert modification) Inferosuperior axial (Lawrence)
A Hill-Sachs defect may be demonstrated using which two of the following projections? (Select all that apply.)
Inferosuperior axial (Rafert modification) Inferosuperior axial (Lawrence)
What is the special precaution taken when obtaining a mobile abdomen x-ray on a patient lying on an air mattress?
Inflate the mattress to firm up and level the bed before placing the image receptor.
At what level should the CR and image receptor be centered for the RAO or PA upper GI projection and/or position on a sthenic body type of patient?
L1
Which of the following is not usually considered a portal of entry for pathogenic organisms?
Rectum
A radiograph of an AP pelvis demonstrates that the right obturator foramen is foreshortened but the left foramen is open. Which one of the following positioning errors is present on this radiograph?
Right rotation
During mitosis, which phase of the cellular life cycle is the actual DNA synthesis period?
S
Which advanced function allows the user to remove all tissue above and below a certain threshold and to show the object in three-dimensions for better visualization?
SSD
What is the most common type of testicular tumor?
Seminoma
How many specific types of synovial joints are there?
Six
Which generation of CT scanners uses a dual-energy source (two x-ray tubes)?
Sixth generation
Which aspect of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is primarily responsible for the absorption of digestive end products along with water, vitamins, and minerals?
Small intestine
Which sinus is located immediately below the sella turcica?
Sphenoidal
Which vertebral process projects posteriorly from the junction of the laminae and pedicles?
Spinous process
What is the name of the device in a rotating anode x-ray tube that turns the rotor?
Stator
Which term is used to describe when data are broken up into pieces and each disk receives a "piece" of the data?
Striping
To lift a non-mobile obese patient from a wheelchair to a radiographic table, a lift team uses:
a hydraulic lift.
In the language of body mechanics, the base of support refers to:
a line between the points of contact with a horizontal surface.
The cross-sectional anatomy is translated into ___________ during CT reconstruction.
a matrix of values
When a Foley catheter system is inserted into a patient for an expected period of 4 to 6 weeks,
a polyvinyl chloride catheter is used.
It is acceptable to discontinue CPR on a person when
a qualified medical practitioner calls a halt.
When measuring occupational radiation dose, the type of unit used is:
a radiation dose equivalent unit.
Localized pitting or cracking on the anode can occur from _____________.
a single excessive exposure
Which of the following is not considered a scintillator?--Gd2O2S -CsI - a-Se
a-Se
Deviation index is the difference between _____ and _____ expressed in logarithmic fashion.
actual exposure (KIND); target exposure (KTGT)
The position of the patient's head during myelography should be in _____ to prevent contrast from passing into the cerebral ventricles.
acute extension
When gowning and gloving for a sterile procedure, it is important to remember that
after gowning, the front of the gown down to the waist, and the sleeves are considered sterile.
The total kinetic energy released in a unit mass (kilogram) of air and expressed in metric units of joules per kilogram is
air kerma
Fluorescent radiation is also known as
characteristic radiation.
All of the following form the bony thorax, except: -clavicles. -12 thoracic vertebrae. -12 pairs of ribs. -sternum.
clavicles.
Another name for quality management is
continuous quality improvement (CQI).
The pixel bit depth determines the image's:
contrast resolution.
An alternate method of positioning the central ray for the L5-S1 lateral projection is:
parallel with the interiliac line.
An injection that is given to a patient relies on a(n) _____ route of administration.
parenteral
The outer portion of the sac that lines the abdominopelvic cavity is termed the:
parietal peritoneum.
The widest portion of the cranium is found at the level of the:
parietal tubercles.
The consistent appearance of DICOM images on any compatible digital display device is achieved through ______________________.
perceptual linearization
Localized doses of 7 Gy to the skin can cause _____________________.
permanent hair loss
With half-wave rectification, the current flows through the x-ray tube during the ________ part of the cycle.
positive
Contrast agents can be generally classified as
positive and negative.
Changing or enhancing the electronic image to view it from a different perspective or improve its diagnostic quality is the general definition for:
postprocessing.
The property of the x-ray beam that impacts the unsharpness on the radiograph is beam:
divergence.
Pocket formations in mucous membranes, most commonly in the colon, are termed:
diverticula.
When a hospital radiographer innocently commits an error as the result of following the orders of an attending physician, the physician may be held responsible according to the:
doctrine of borrowed servant.
The energy of an individual x-ray photon is measured in:
electron volts (eV).
The most accurate type of timer is the ________ timer.
electronic
During beta emission, an atom releases ___________.
electrons
Ionizing radiation is capable of removing ____________ from atoms as it passes through the matter.
electrons
The CR latent image consists of:
electrons trapped in the phosphor layer
The first metacarpophalangeal joint has a(n) ____ type of joint movement.
ellipsoidal
Shape distortion includes:
elongation.
A serious, unexpected event that demands immediate attention is correctly termed a(n):
emergency.
Intensifying screens
emit light.
During an intravenous drug administration, a small area around the needle site is growing and swelling. The patient states that the area is starting to burn slightly. In this situation,
extravasation has occurred.
All are clearly demonstrated on an SMV projection of the cranial base, except:
frontal sinuses.
An AP apical oblique (Garth method) projection for an anteriorly dislocated scapulohumeral joint will project the humerus _____ to the glenoid cavity.
inferior
For the submentovertical projection of the zygomatic arches, the central ray is directed perpendicular to the _____ line.
infraorbitomeatal
All of the following are related except
inguinal.
All of the following are true of virtual colonoscopy except
it is performed using MR technology.
All of the following are true of a two-person lift except:
it is used for cart-to-table transfers.
Energy is measured in ___________.
joules electron volts
The safest procedure for erasing cassettes is to erase them...
just before use.
With a fixed matrix CR reader system, changing to a larger IP, for the same FOV, will result in:
larger pixels.
The optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dosimeter is "read out" by using a (an)
laser light at selected frequencies.
If the patient places the palm of the hand against the thigh, the humerus will be in:
neutral position.
The conversion factor is a(n) ___________ term for brightness gain and is typically about __________ of the brightness gain value.
newer; 1%
Amplifiers perform all of the following functions except
noise cancelling.
Increasing the mA is the way to correct a fluoroscopic image that has:
noise.
Patient skin exposure can be measured indirectly by using a ________________.
nomogram
The efficiency of x-ray production is ___________ the tube current.
not affected by
After you perform a test function for workstation processing speed, the next step is to measure and
note the speed.
Milliampere-seconds (mA-s) is selected for the
number of electrons needed.
Sterile needles used for patient injections
often require the use of an angiocath for improved safety.
To define ALARA, health care facilities usually adopt investigation levels, defined as level I and level II. In the United States, these levels are traditionally _______ to ______ the applicable regulatory standards.
one tenth; three tenths
The opening into the apex of the orbit for the transmission of the optic nerve and ophthalmic artery is called the:
optic foramen.
The laser is one of the ____________ features of the computed radiography reader.
optical
Most of the heat generated at the target is due to ___________.
outer-shell excitation
All of the following are related except fungi. protozoa. viruses. bacillus.
bacillus.
Research suggests that peptic ulcers may be caused by:
bacteria.
A _______________ test tool is used to acquire data for an MTF curve.
bar pattern
The active element in a storage phosphor is
barium fluorohalide.
The human application of radioprotective agents would ____________________.
be fatally toxic
The x-ray control panel must show ____________.
beam on time
Attempts have been made to measure chromosome aberrations after diagnostic x-ray imaging procedures
but successful results have not been achieved in these studies.
The human body can incorporate radium into bone because it is chemically similar to
calcium.
The esophagus joins the stomach through an opening called the:
cardiac orifice.
The intervertebral joints of the spinal column are classified as:
cartilaginous, symphysis.
A diode allows electrons to flow from ___________.
cathode to anode
Projectile electrons travel from ______________.
cathode to anode
The most widely used support structure for the x-ray tube is the ______________.
ceiling support system
The __________ is the basic functional unit of all plants and animals.
cell
In a legal proceeding, the actions of a radiographer will be judged with regard to his or her compliance with the
practice standards for medical imaging and radiation therapy.
The current CDC recommendation for isolating patients with known infections is called:
transmission-based precautions.
When the x-ray photon travels completely through the part, that activity is called:
transmission.
Because CT uses a cone-shaped x-ray beam, scatter radiation is ______________, and contrast resolution is ____________.
reduced significantly, improved
Critical characteristics of a digital image include all of the following except -contrast resolution. -noise efficiency. -sample resolution. - dose efficiency of the receptor.
sample resolution.
The effective focal spot size is _____________ the actual focal spot size.
smaller than
The application of specific image processing to reduce noise in an image is termed:
smoothing.
All of the following are techniques used during radiographic examination of the pharyngolaryngeal structures except:
sneezing.
A high quality radiograph should always demonstrate ____________.
structures and tissues
The smooth, depressed, center portion of the trochlea used for evaluating rotation on a lateral elbow is termed the trochlear:
sulcus
The preferred location of a central venous line tip is the
superior vena cava.
Teleradiography incorporated ______ to produce radiographic images.
telephone lines
Digital fluoroscopy systems with hybrid capabilities use both _____________________________.
temporal and energy subtraction
If all of the shades were left in an image after processing, the contrast would be
too low.
Which of the following results in improved spatial resolution?
- Increased pixel density - Decreased pixel pitch
The lens of the eye should never receive more than ____________ per year.
150 mSv (15 rem)
The annual occupational dose limit for the lens of the eye is:
150 mSv (15,000 mrem).
What is the appropriate setting for backup time/mAs?
150% of the expected mAs
If the radiographic technique for a KUB calls for 40 mAs, what is the ESD when the output intensity is 0.075 mGy/mAs?
3 mGy
If a technologist is exposed to 4 mGyt/hr for 45 minutes during a fluoroscopy exam, what will be her total exposure?
3 mGyt
When a CCD is exposed to light, it generates and briefly stores light energy.
False
What type of material can be made magnetic when placed in an external magnetic field?
Ferromagnetic
A step-down transformer is located in the _______ circuit.
Filament
Which is not a part of PACS?
Film storage
A patient is scheduled for an arthrogram. During the course of the study, the radiologist requests a projection to demonstrate the intertubercular sulcus. Which one of the following projections would best demonstrate this structure?
Fisk modification
What is the term for the number of x-rays emitted per inner-shell vacancy during the process of photoelectric absorption?
Fluorescent yield
The degree of body rotation for the PA oblique projection (RAO or LAO) of the large intestine is _____ degrees.
35 to 45
The largest standard size for a digital imaging plate is _____________.
35 × 43 cm
What CR angulation is recommended for an AP projection of the knee on a patient with an ASIS-to-tabletop measurement of 18 cm?
3° to 5° caudad
The AP axial projection (Bridgeman method) requires that the central ray be directed:
40 degrees caudad.
For the average fluoroscopy exam the ESE is
40 mGy/min.
What is the central-ray angulation for demonstration of the entire foramen magnum during an AP axial (Towne) projection?
40 to 60 degrees caudad
What is the angle of the needle to the skin's surface during venipuncture?
45 degrees
The intervertebral foramina of the cervical spine open:
45 degrees anteriorly and 15 degrees inferiorly.
The range of kVp that can be used with PSP systems is
45-120.
For exact positioning of the PA oblique wrist, and to ensure duplication in follow-up examinations, which of the following is required?
45-degree foam wedge
About half of the population will experience skin erythema following a localized dose of _____ Gy.
5
If a PC had a 5.0-GHz CPU, it would have a system clock that would tick ______ billion times per second.
5
How much is the knee flexed for a lateral projection of the patella?
5 to 10 degrees
The term LD 50/30 signifies the whole-body dose of radiation that can be lethal to
50% of the exposed population in 30 days.
Approximately ____ of all head CTs generally require intravenous contrast media.
50% to 90%
The dose limit to the extremities is ______________________.
500 mSv/yr (50 rem/yr)
The step-up transformer increases voltage _________ times.
500-1000
The normal white blood cell count for an adult ranges from
5000 to 10,000/mm3 of blood.
Brightness gain is typically in the range of ____________.
5000-30,000
The correct combination of exposure factors necessary to yield a total of 24 mAs using the shortest exposure time to minimize patient motion is _____ mA at _____.
500; 48 ms
Which two are essential projections for examination of the small intestine? (Select all that apply.)
AP PA
Which two are essential projections for examination of the small intestine? (Select all that apply.)
AP PA
Which projection would place the right kidney perpendicular to the IR?
AP oblique, RPO
A patient comes to the radiology department for a knee study with special interest in the region of the proximal tibiofibular joint and the lateral condyle of the tibia. Which of the following positioning routines should the technologist obtain?
AP, lateral, and medial oblique knee
Which radiographic landmark is most reliable to evaluate the posteroanterior (PA) projection of the abdomen for rotation?
Ala of ilium (wings)
Which of the following structures is not one of the salivary glands? -Parotid -Sublingual - Submandibular
All of the above are salivary glands.
Which of the following cranial bones does not articulate with the parietal bone?
All of the above articulate with the parietal bone.
Radiographs of oblique projections of the SI joints do not clearly demonstrate the inferior/distal aspect of the joints. What can the technologist do to better demonstrate this region?
Angle the CR 15° to 20° cephalad.
Where is the central ray (CR) centered for an AP projection of the lumbar spine with a 14- × 17-inch (35- × 43-cm) IR?
At the iliac crest
Subcellular organisms that are among the smallest known disease-causing microorganisms are called:
Bacteria
Which of the following radiographic projections will provide the greatest amount of effective dose (without shielding)?
Barium enema
Which of the following best describes the position of the thymus gland?
Behind the manubrium
What primary type of joint movement occurs with the temporomandibular joint?
Bicondylar
Which has the greatest mass density?
Bone
Use of which of the following systems will result in less radiation dose to the patient?
CCD
Semiconductor capacitors are components of the:
CCD.
Which structure or bone contains the sustentaculum tali?
Calcaneus
What is used to reduce the size of the image files to increase the speed of the network transfer of the images?
Compression
When the entering x-ray photon loses energy and changes its path of travel as a result of interacting with an atom, the interaction is known as the:
Compton effect.
A condition of labored breathing and harsh dry cough caused by viral infection (most common in children ages 1 to 3 years)
Croup
Medical images are transferred using the ____________ standard.
DICOM
Which two of the following projections would benefit from the use of a compensating filter? (Select all that apply.)
-Axial calcaneus -AP foot
If the peak energy of the x-ray beam is 100 kVp, a protective lead apron must be the equivalent to at least which of the following measures?
0.25-mm thickness of lead
Epidemiologic studies of atomic bomb survivors exposed in utero have provided conclusive evidence of a dose-dependent increase in the incidence of severe intellectual disability for fetal doses greater than approximately
0.4 Sv.
If the field of view is 500 mm and the matrix is 1024, what are the pixel dimensions?
0.49 mm × 0.49 mm
Lossless compression reduces data files ______.
10:1
Which of the following kV ranges should be used for an upper GI series using barium sulfate (single-contrast study)?
110 to 125 kV
Which part of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract synthesizes and absorbs vitamins B and K?
Large intestine
Which projection of the stomach demonstrates its anterior and posterior surfaces?
Lateral
What structure is prominently shown in profile on an AP projection of the shoulder, internal rotation position?
Lesser tubercle
Which of the following passes light through liquid crystals to display the image on the glass faceplate?
Liquid crystal display monitor
Terrestrial radiation includes which of the following sources?
Long-lived radioactive elements such as uranium-238, radium-226, and thorium-232 that are present in variable quantities in the crust of the earth
An inflatable air splint is used under what circumstances?
Lower extremity trauma
A device called a manometer may be used as part of the procedure when performing which of the following examinations?
Lumbar punture
What is the basic photometric unit?
Lumen
The use of two screens in imaging results in a higher _______.
MTF
Which of the following is not accomplished through the histogram analysis?
Manipulation of image contrast
What is the name of the site where some optic nerve fibers cross in the brain?
Optic chiasma
The incomplete separation or avulsion of the tibial tuberosity is known as:
Osgood-Schlatter disease.
Gain calibration will remove inherent detector artifacts from an image.
True
Over-the-needle catheters are often used for drip infusion studies.
True
The number of electron-hole pairs produced is related to the amount of light absorbed.
True
The only reason a grid should be used is to increase radiographic contrast.
True
The preclinical stage of Alzheimer disease may be asymptomatic, but evidence of this disease can often be detected on imaging.
True
The radiographic criteria for a true lateral finger indicate equal concavity of the anterior and posterior aspects of the phalanges.
True
With an FPD, electrical charges from each DEL are read out separately.
True
With digital imaging, exposure factors do not need to be adjusted in order to visualize soft tissue.
True
X-ray photons travel at the speed of light in a vacuum.
True
X-rays cannot be focused with a lens.
True
What is the position of the skull for an axiolateral projection (Schuller method) of the TMJ?
True lateral position
When establishing a sterile field using a sterile drape...
all drape items must be clean and dry.
X-rays can: -penetrate the human body. -be absorbed in the human body. -change direction in the human body.
all of the above.
When entering information into a patient health record, it is important to remember that
any data entered must be legible and in ink when the entry is written.
The vital sign that most accurately indicates the condition of shock is the:
blood pressure.
To diagnose the condition of colitis,
colonoscopy is the preferred diagnostic study.
CT imaging has excellent ______________ because of the narrow beam collimation.
contrast resolution
Another term for the CML injury is:
corner fracture.
Beam attenuation __________ with a higher-energy x-ray beam.
decreases
As spatial frequency increases, the object size _____ and the spatial resolution _____.
decreases, increases
The intensity of radiation _________ in _________ proportion to the square of the distance of the object from the source.
decreases, inverse
Whenever scattered radiation decreases, the radiographer's exposure
decreases.
According to Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, the customary stages of the dying or grieving process in the typical sequence are
denial and isolation, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.
The suprarenal glands are part of the _____ system.
endocrine
A device that acts like a switch to send electrical charges to the image processor in a direct conversion flat-panel detector is known as a ______ transistor.
field-effect
The most radiosensitive period during pregnancy for radiation induced congenital abnormalities is during the _____________________.
first trimester
Generally speaking, patient dose will be decreased with the:
fixed kVp-variable mAs technique chart design.
The software correction that equalizes the response of each pixel to a uniform exposure of x-rays is called _______________.
flatfielding
The base of the temporal bone contains an opening through which the internal carotid artery passes and is termed the:
foramen lacerum.
A dose of 10 Gy given to a patient in 5 doses of 2 Gy per day is a ____________ dose.
fractionated
All are apparent abnormalities that could affect the radiographic result and should be recorded by the radiographer in the clinical history, except:
freckles and moles.
The number of grid lines per centimeter or lines per inch describes grid
frequency.
Response rate refers to the amount of time it takes the crystal to go
from an off state to on and vice versa.
The CR must be placed parallel to the ____ positioning line for the superoinferior tangential (axial) projection of nasal bones.
glabelloalveolar
Nasogastric (NG) tubes are inserted with the patient in the _____ position.
high Fowler
CT scanners operate on ________________ voltage generation.
high-frequency
remove the cap and place it on a corner of the sterile field with the lid down.
hold the bottle with the label facing up to prevent fluids from staining the label.
As you and a colleague transport a patient back to the emergency department, the patient's fingers get caught in the wheels of the wheelchair, but there is no apparent injury to the patient. This event does require that an incident report be completed. The incident report must be part of the
hospital's risk management documentation.
The small bone situated at the base of the tongue is the:
hyoid.
The least-occurring body habitus is the:
hypersthenic.
An examination performed specifically for the detection of lesions in the duodenum distal to the duodenal bulb and for the diagnosis of pancreatic disease is:
hypotonic duodenography.
Difference in the brightness levels or densities is:
image contrast.
A database that keeps track of how the images are related and provides search capability is a(n)
image manager
The selection of the incorrect body part from the examination menu may result in
image misinterpretation.
A high variation in pixel values in a homogeneous phantom is a measure of ________.
image noise
The device that receives the radiation leaving the patient is the:
image receptor
Filtered back projection in CT refers to ___________________.
image reconstruction
A principal advantage of digital fluoroscopy is the ______________.
image subtraction
CT is able to differentiate between tissues with similar densities compared with conventional radiography because of:
improved contrast resolution.
Focal spot and OID affect image sharpness _____ imaging.
in both film/screen and digital
Compton scattering is synonymous with
incoherent scattering.
Increasing the kVp will _________ the IR exposure and density produced on the film image.
increase
Spinal nerves and blood vessels exit the spinal column through the:
intervertebral foramina.
Electrostatic force is _________ proportional to the distance between charges, and _______ proportional to the product of the charges.
inversely, directly
An atom that loses or gains one or more electrons is a(n) ________.
ion
The _____________ is used for precise calibration of the output intensity of diagnostic x-ray tubes.
ion chamber
The magnetic intensity of an electromagnet is greatly increased by the addition of a(n) __________ core.
iron
Shuttering is a post-exposure image manipulation technique that
is added to the screen image.
All of the following would be characteristics of a patient health record except it
is required for hospitals and emergency department visits only.
CPR performed on an infant
is the same as on an adult but adjusted based on patient size.
The lesser sciatic notch is an aspect of the:
ischium.
Cataract formation, fibrosis, reduced fertility and sterility are classified as
late tissue reactions of ionizing radiation.
The _____ image occurs first on the image receptor, and the _____ image occurs following proper image development/processing.
latent, manifest
Tube failure can occur from _______________.
long exposure times
The primary limitation of fanned beam radiography is ______________________.
long scanning time
To assess the magnitude and severity of late effects on the exposed population from the 1986 nuclear power station accident at Chernobyl
long-term follow-up studies are necessary.
A Port-A-Cath is an example of a:
long-term implanted infusion port.
The _________ provides a method of altering the image to change the display of the digital image.
lookup table
Tachycardia, combined with a weak or "thready" pulse, is usually a result of:
low blood volume.
Short scale contrast (in the analog image) is the result of:
low kV.
The largest and most dense bone of the face is the:
mandible.
X-rays are carriers of
manmade electromagnetic energy.
Suppressing frequencies in the areas of interest is known as
masking
Image file size is determined by ________ size and gray scale.
matrix
In digital radiography, spatial resolution is improved with increased _____________.
matrix size
If oxygen is present during low-LET radiation the effect of radiation is __________.
maximal
A histogram displays the useful signal by locating
maximum and minimum signal.
If a trauma patient loses consciousness during an imaging procedure, the imaging professional should:
notify the ED physician immediately.
A brief, mild reduction in the oxygen supply to the brain occurring with changes in body position that may cause the patient to feel faint is called:
orthostatic hypotension.
Differential absorption in diagnostic imaging is primarily caused by ____________.
pair production
When confidential patient information is to be transmitted by fax, it should be:
preceded by a phone call to the recipient.
In electrocardiography, PVC stands for:
premature ventricular contraction.
A dying patient who has asked to see his loved ones and is asking for medication to relieve their pain would be in the _____ stage of dying.
preparatory depression
The __________ collimators define the cone beam and the ________ collimators further reject scatter radiation.
prepatient, predetector
A health maintenance organization provides:
preventive healthcare and other needed health services.
The correct order of development for the female germ cell from the stem cell phase to the mature cell is
primordial follicle, mature follicle, corpus luteum, ovum
The shell number of an atom is called the ___________________.
principal quantum number
Departmental standards, such as the SID or whether an examination is done tabletop or Bucky, should be determined:
prior to the development of technique charts.
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, few people completely satisfy the need for
self-fulfillment and self-actualization.
Bremsstrahlung x-rays are produced by ______________ at the target.
slowing electrons
A __________ effect increases in incidence but not severity as the dose increases.
stochastic
Radiation protection guidelines are based on _______________________.
stochastic effects of radiation
Each CT projection is ______________________.
stored on the computer
Digital mammography units with the ability to enhance contrast with image gray-level manipulation offer
substantial improvement for patients with dense breasts.
Sterilization is essential to:
surgical asepsis.
The area of the proximal humerus located directly below the tubercles, which is the site of many fractures, is called the:
surgical neck.
When performing a single-contrast barium enema examination,
suspend the enema bag above the table at a height no greater than 30 inches.
The phase of respiration for an AP projection of the lumbar spine is:
suspended respiration.
When a patient has an adverse response to a medication because of other medication he or she is taking, the effect is considered to be:
synergistic
The process of scanning the moving imaging plate is known as
translation.
The small, rounded, elevated process on a bone is called a(n):
tubercle.
There are _______ types of photometers commonly used.
two
The site where the ureters enter the bladder is termed the _____ junction.
ureterovesical
When compared with a CMOS, CCDs
use more than 100 times the power.
For efficient and safe patient transfers and handling, the imaging professional should
use red postural muscles for support.
The acronym, ESWL, refers to a procedure that is performed to:
use shockwaves to break up urinary stones.
When immobilizing neonates and young infants,
using a sheet for mummification can prove to be very effective.
In order to record the dynamic image with image-intensified fluoroscopy, you will need to use:
videotape.
You are enjoying an evening with a friend at the theater. The person seated behind you routinely texts messages to his girlfriend about the movie and what is happening. This behavior would be a
violation of socially accepted values.
The inner portion of the sac that covers the abdominal organs is termed the:
visceral peritoneum.
The amount the voltage varies during an x-ray exposure is known as:
voltage ripple
The amount the voltage varies during an x-ray exposure is known as:
voltage ripple.
Nervousness, discomfort, and fear are causes of:
voluntary motion.
The "tapered," or "corkscrew," radiographic sign is often seen with:
volvulus.
Signs of shock include all of the following except:
vomiting.
A mild reaction to a medication or contrast medium would be:
warmth.
Electromagnetic radiation travels or propagates through space in the form of a wave but can interact with matter as a particle of energy called a photon. This dual nature is referred to as
wave-particle duality.
Acute melting of the uranium dioxide fuel of a nuclear reactor core requires how great a temperature?
Greater than 5000° F
What patient position is used postmyelography during recovery?
Head and shoulders elevated 30 to 45 degrees
Tongue movement, speech, and swallowing
Hypoglossal (XII)
Where is the IR centered for all abdominal images taken during examinations of the urinary system?
Iliac crests
Where is the IR centered for all decubitus projections of the large intestine?
Iliac crests
Where is the IR centered on sthenic patients for the double-contrast images of the large intestine?
Iliac crests
__________________ is corrected by the application of an offset voltage.
Image lag
Which automatic exposure device works by using a gas-filled chamber?
Ionization chamber
Which of the following instruments is called a cutie pie?
Ionization chamber-type survey meter
Which of the following bony structures cannot be palpated?
Ischial spine
Which statement best describes a capacitor?
It converts x-ray photons to light and stores it.
To provide a low-exposure cut-off level so that regulatory agencies may consider a level of effective dose as being of negligible risk, an annual negligible individual dose (NID) of ________________ per source or practice has been set.
0.01 mSv/year
In general, laboratory experiments with mice prove that cataracts may be induced with doses of ionizing radiation as low as
0.1 Gyt.
During a radiation emergency, if the dose rate exceeds ____________, emergency personnel should await specific instructions from radiation experts on how to proceed.
0.1 Sv/hr
The intensity of scatter radiation 1 m from the patient is approximately _____ of the intensity of the incident beam at the patient.
0.1%
Manufacturers make efforts to maintain a standard of less than ________ defective pixels.
0.1-0.2%
Gonadal responses to radiation have been observed at doses as low as _____ Gy.
0.10.1
The genetically significant dose (GSD) for the population of the United States is about:
0.20 mSv.
The Bucky slot opening in the side of the table must be automatically covered with _____ mm Pb during fluoroscopy.
0.25
In general radiography, the useful optical densities lie between _____ and _____.
0.25, 2.5
If a technologist is receiving 2 mGyt/hr standing 1 foot from the patient during fluoroscopy, what is his rate of exposure when he steps back to a distance of 2 feet from the patient?
0.50 mGyt/hr
Which of the following pitch ratios is considered to be oversampling?
0.5:1
For a pregnant radiographer who declares her pregnancy to the employer, a second personnel monitoring device is provided. The purpose of this additional monitor is to ensure that the monthly equivalent dose to the embryo or fetus does not exceed _____ mSv (_____ rem).
0.5; 0.05
The salivary glands produce how much saliva each day?
1 L
An increase in OID will result in:1. increased magnification.2. decreased image detail.3. increased image detail.
1 and 2
Which of the following can protect children from unnecessary radiation exposure? 1. Appropriate use of filters 2. Precise collimation 3. Gonad shielding always
1 and 2
Which of the following devices would be considered PACS peripherals? 1. Film digitizer 2. Film imager 3. Archive server
1 and 2
When a T-tube is properly placed, the cross-bar of the T rests in the:1. hepatic duct.2. common bile duct.3. cystic duct.
1 and 2 only
Which of the following information might be found in the DICOM header of an image? 1. Patient name 2. Laboratory test results 3. Ordering physician
1 and 3
Which of the following must be clearly demonstrated on an lateral projection of the humerus? 1. Elbow joint 2. Glenoid cavity 3. Shoulder joint
1 and 3
Respiratory depression is a side effect of which of the listed drug classes?1. Benzodiazepines2. Antihistamines3. Opioids4. Hypoglycemics
1 and 3 only
Where is the CR centered for an AP axial (Towne method) projection for the mandible?
1 inch (2.5 cm) superior to glabella
The maximum weekly permitted equivalent dose for a controlled area must not exceed
1 mSv.
The dose limit to the general public is _________________.
1 mSv/yr (100 mrem/yr)
Protective devices such as lead aprons are intended to protect the user from _____ radiation. 1. Compton scatter and secondary 2. primary 3. remnant 4. bremsstrahlung
1 only
Which of the following radiation quantities use the same unit of measure? 1. Effective dose and equivalent dose 2. Exposure and effective dose 3. Absorbed dose and equivalent dose
1 only
X-rays used in radiography have wavelengths ranging from 0.1 to:
1 Å.
Approximately _____ of the kinetic energy of the projectile electrons is converted to x-rays at the target.
1%
What type(s) of musculoskeletal disorder(s) is/are more likely to occur in technologists who perform computerized modalities? 1. RMIs 2. RSIs 3. CTDs 4. Vision problems
1, 2, 3, and 4
Which of the following are advantages of the personnel digital ionization dosimeter? 1. Instant access to reports 2. No waiting time for mailing dosimeters 3. Lightweight and durable 4. Can be dropped or scratched with little chance of harm to the device
1, 2, 3, and 4
Which of the following are reasons for unacceptable images? 1. Patient mispositioning 2. Incorrect centering of the radiographic beam 3. Patient motion during the radiographic exposure 4. Incorrect collimation of the radiographic beam
1, 2, 3, and 4
Which of the following are relevant dose parameters in CT? 1. CT dose index (CTDI) 2. CTDIw 3. CTDIVOL 4. Dose length product (DLP)
1, 2, 3, and 4
Barium enema administration may differ from cleansing enema administration with respect to:1. the height of the enema bag.2. the amount of liquid used.3. the size of the catheter.
1, 2, and 3
Effective dose (EfD) limits may be specified for 1. whole-body exposure. 2. partial-body exposure. 3. exposure of individual organs.
1, 2, and 3
Effective dose (EfD) limits may be specified for 1. whole-body exposure. 2. partial-body exposure. 3. exposure of individual organs.
1, 2, and 3
Effective dose (EfD) limits may be specified for1. whole-body exposure.2. partial-body exposure.3. exposure of individual organs.
1, 2, and 3
Examples of a portal of entry in the cycle of infection include 1. A break in the skin 2. Nasal mucous membrane 3. Urinary tract
1, 2, and 3
Nasoenteric tubes are used for which of the following purposes? 1. Decompression 2. Instillation of contrast media for radiographic examination 3. Feeding
1, 2, and 3
Of the following procedures, which involve extended fluoroscopic time?1. Biliary drainage2. Stent and filter placement3. Urinary or biliary stone removal
1, 2, and 3
Methods of radiographically examining the colon include: 1. enteroclysis. 2. single-contrast. 3. double-contrast.
2 and 3
Parts of the male reproductive system include the:1. testes.2. seminal vesicle.3. bulbourethral glands.
2 and 3
The most common materials used in the manufacture of compensating filters are :1. copper. 2. aluminum. 3. high-density plastics.
2 and 3
The primary structures shown when demonstrating the elbow using the Coyle method is the: 1. coracoid process. 2. coronoid process. 3. radial head. 1 and 2
2 and 3
Which of the following are types of tape archive solutions? 1. DVD 2. DLT 3. AIT
2 and 3
Which of the following must be available during an IVU? 1. Nurse 2. Radiologist 3. Emergency cart
2 and 3
Patient dose increases when: 1. Changing from a higher to a lower grid ratio 2. Changing from a lower to a higher grid ratio 3. A grid is used
2 and 3 only
A miscentering of ________ can produce as much as __________% increase in patient dose.
2 cm; 25
What is the appropriate change in kVp when using a variable kVp-fixed mAs technique chart for a 1 cm change in tissue thickness?
2 kVp
A quality radiograph is done using 10 mAs, 70 kVp, and a 12:1 ratio grid. How much mAs is needed to produce an image with the same exposure to the IR when the grid is removed?
2 mAs
What is the central-ray angulation for the PA axial projection of the mandibular rami?
20 to 25 degrees cephalad
A patient enters the ED with multiple injuries including a possible fracture of the left proximal humerus. Which positioning rotation should be performed to determine the extent of the humerus injury?
AP and horizontal beam transthoracic lateral shoulder projection
What is the major advantage of volume CT over standard CT imaging?
Allows a volume of tissue to be examined rather than individual slices only.
Which of the following types of radioactive particle has the highest LET?
Alpha particle
The Radiography Practice Standards are written and maintained by the:
American Society of Radiologic Technologists.
Which of the following sites should be used to monitor an irregular or slow pulse?
Apex of the heart—apical pulse
The acronym for RAID is redundant
Array of Inexpensive Disks Array of Independent Disks
Which of the following is the recommended breathing technique that should be used when examining the ribs that lie at the level of the diaphragm?
Two deep expirations (or inspirations) and hold
Which of the following is used as a photoconductor?
a-Se
Data showing radiation-induced human genetic abnormalities __________________.
does not exist
Image detail is affected by:
focal spot size and patient motion
Unwanted exposure to the IR due to scatter radiation is called:
fog
The spread of infection via contaminated food referenced is spread by
fomite
A barcode reader is a type of _______ device.
input
An image intensifier tube is identified by the diameter of its __________________.
input phosphor
When a film image is too light, it has _________ density, and would require a(n) _______ in mAs by 2 on repeat to obtain a diagnostic image
insufficient; increase
A patient who suddenly demonstrates increased thirst, increased urinary output, decreased appetite, nausea, weakness, confusion, and coma requires the administration of:
insulin
Immediately before leaving the CR reader unit, the IP is exposed to:
intense white light.
A cell is in _____________ when it is not undergoing mitosis or meiosis.
interphase
Human cells cannot recover from radiation damage after there is ________________.
interphase death
If a certain dose of radiation produces a skin burn, a higher dose of radiation will cause the skin burn to be more severe; however, a dose below the threshold level for skin burn will
not demonstrate the effect.
Contrast is adjusted by windowing, changing window width and window level. Window width determines the:
number of gray levels displayed.
A chemical compound is any quantity of _______________.
one type of molecule
All of the data from the entire IP (including scatter outside the exposed field) may be included in the histogram analysis if:
only one edge of the collimated field is identified.
Using a Carestream digital imaging system, if an image's EI number is 1800 while the optimal range ends at 1200, this means that the IR was ______________ and the exposure to the IR needs to be ___________________.
overexposed; reduced by a factor of four
For a cardiac cell to return to its resting membrane potential,
repolarization of the cell membrane must occur.
If bone marrow cells have not been destroyed by exposure to ionizing radiation, they can
repopulate after a period of recovery.
When you consider the many organizations that make up the medical imaging profession, it is accurate to conclude that
the collective group of agencies are responsible for the accreditation, certification, and representation of the medical imaging profession.
The frequency of an electromagnetic sine wave is defined
the number of times per second that a crest passes a given point.
In legal matters, the person called the plaintiff is:
the one who brings a civil law suit.
In the language of body mechanics, the center of gravity refers to:
the point around which body weight is balanced.
Rectal temperatures may be contraindicated because:
the procedure may stimulate the vagus nerve.
The purpose of the RadCARE bill is to ensure:
the public is protected from inadequately trained workers.
X-rays transmitted without interaction contribute to ___________________.
the radiographic image
All of the following are necessary for a legitimate case of malpractice except
third-party testimonial as to the inappropriate acts of the defendant.
People who had radiation treatments to their thymus gland as children later showed excess risk for ____________.
thyroid cancers
Accurate patient measurement is most critical for the:
variable kVp-fixed mAs technique chart design.
The metric conversion of 40 inches is _____ cm.
102
What is the name for the enlarged regions of the subarachnoid space?
Cisterns
With respect to the type of fire extinguisher needed, an electrical fire is designated as:
Class C.
Taste and swallowing
Glossopharyngeal (IX)
Which of the following is a scavenger type of white blood cell that fights bacteria?
Granulocytes
How is contrast media normally introduced during a retrograde cystogram?
Gravity flow through a catheter
What is the name of the joint found between the proximal and distal phalanges of the first digit?
Interphalangeal
What is the joint classification and type of movement for the costotransverse joint?
Synovial with diarthrodial (plane) movement
What is the joint classification of the zygapophyseal joints?
Synovial/diarthrodial
The xiphoid process corresponds to the vertebral level of:
T9-10.
Daily evaluation of the monitors should be done with the _________ test tool.
TG18-QC
In 1898, after sustaining severe burns attributed to radiation exposure, this Boston dentist began investigating the hazards of radiation exposure and became the first known determined advocate of radiation protection
William Herbert Rollins.
Which function represents the range of gray values that are being viewed on the monitor?
Window
_______________ is essentially the radiation output weighted time that the unit is actually delivering radiation during the week.
Workload
A server is
a computer that manages resources for other computers.
A patient placed under airborne precautions requires a bedside chest radiograph. The radiographer must follow standard precautions and must don:
a particulate respirator.
The effects of central nervous system depressants may be monitored by:
a pulse oximeter.
When doors to radiographic and fluoroscopic rooms are closed during radiation exposures, a substantial degree of protection is provided for persons in areas adjacent to the room door. This is because in most facilities room doors have attenuation for diagnostic energy x-ray equivalent to that provided by _______ mm of lead.
0.8
Which of the following are names of typical nasoenteric tubes? 1. Miller-Abbott 2. Harris 3. Dobbhoff
1 and 2 only
A film-screen image with decreased distortion may be due to: 1. Decreased patient thickness 2. Increased SID 1 and 2 only. 3. Increased focal spot size
1 and 2 only.
To accurately position the patient for hip radiographs, one must localize two bony points on the pelvis. These two reference points are the: 1. superior margin of the symphysis. 2. greater trochanter of the femur. 3. anterior superior iliac spine.
1 and 3
Where is the CR centered for a kidneys, ureter, and bladder (KUB) projection performed on an infant?
1 inch (2.5 cm) above the umbilicus
For an AP projection of the shoulder, the central ray should enter:
1 inch (2.5 cm) inferior to the coracoid process.
How far should the IR or collimated field extend beyond the ankle or knee joint for an AP projection of the leg?
1 to 1½ inches
Where should the top of the IR be positioned for an AP oblique projection of the lungs?
1 to 2 inches above the vertebral prominens or 5 inches above the jugular notch
Which of the following are forms of electromagnetic radiation? 1. Microwaves 2. Visible light 3. X-rays 4. Gamma rays 5. Ultraviolet radiation
1, 2, 3, 4, and 5
Diagnostic efficacy includes 1. determining if an imaging procedure is justified. 2. obtaining images with minimal radiation exposure. 3. adhering to radiation safety guidelines. 4. revealing the presence or absence of disease in a patient.
1, 2, 3, and 4
Characteristics that are significant in categorizing radiation effects include: 1. length of time from exposure to effect. 2. predictability vs. randomness. 3. quantity of dose. 4. type of radiation involved.
1, 2, and 3 only
A film-screen image with increased recorded detail may be due to: 1. Increased SID 2. Decreased focal spot size 3. Decreased film-screen speed
1, 2, and 3.
Three different filters are incorporated into the detector packet of the optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dosimeter. These filters are respectively made of1. aluminum.2. copper.3. molybdenum.4. rhenium tungsten.5. tin.
1, 2, and 5 only
Which of the following measurements are commonly found on a PACS workstation?
1. ROI 2. Distance 3. Angle
The vessels most often used for venipuncture are found on the
1. anterior forearm. 2. posterior hand
1 gray equals
100 cGy.
Which of the following blood pressure readings would fall within the range of the "new" normal?
115/75
How many pairs of cranial nerves are found in the brain?
12
What degree of x-ray tube angulation is required to demonstrate the sternum on a patient whose thorax measures 30 cm?
12 degrees
What is the effective atomic number of compact bone?
13.8
Lymphoid tissue begins to atrophy at what amount of radiation dose?
2 Gy
A special-design Ferlic filter would provide an even image density for which of the following projections?1. AP thoracic spine2. Lateral C7-T1 (swimmer's method)3. Lateral hip (Danelius-Miller method)
2 and 3
Which of the following are responsibilities of a health care facility's radiation safety committee (RSC)?1. Delegate operational funds in the budget for the radiation safety program2. Provide guidance for the radiation safety program3. Facilitate the ongoing operation of the radiation safety program
2 and 3 only
If an excellent knee radiograph is produced using 10 mAs and an 8:1 ratio grid, how much mAs will be needed if no grid is available?
2.5 mAs
Several methods area available to perform the axiolateral oblique projection of the mandible to demonstrate the symphysis, body, or ramus. What is the central-ray angulation for all of these projections?
25 degrees cephalad
The series of radiographic images made during an IVU examination are typically done at time intervals between _____ minutes.
3 and 20
Typical CT doses range from ___________________ during head imaging and from __________ during body imaging.
30 to 50 mGyt (3000 to 5000 mrad), 20 to 40 mGyt (2000 to 4000 mrad)
What CR angulation should be used for an AP axial projection of the L5-S1 joint space on a male patient?
30° cephalad
How much CR angulation is required for the AP axial projection taken during a barium enema examination?
30° to 40°
A patient enters the ED with a fractured forearm. The physician reduces the fracture and places a fiberglass cast on the forearm. The initial analog technique was 55 kV and 5 mAs. Which of the following technical factors is best for the postreduction study?
59 kV; 5 mAs
Digital radiographic tomosynthesis (DRT) utilizes how many exposures during the examination?
6-10
What is the total average annual radiation equivalent dose for estimated levels of radiation exposure for humans?
6.3 mSv
The LD50/60 is the dose of radiation to the whole-body that will result in death within __________ to _____% of the irradiated population.
60 days, 50
Which of the following digital kV ranges is recommended for a pediatric voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) for neonates through age 18 years?
70 to 80
U.S. Public Health Service data suggests that CT examinations currently account for approximately ________ of total patient effective dose.
70%
The ICD-10-CM codes for radiologic procedures using CPT coding nomenclature range from
70010 to 79999.
How much rotation of the body is required for an LAO projection of the thoracic spine (from the plane of the table)?
70°
The intervertebral foramina of the superior four lumbar vertebrae are situated how many degrees from the midsagittal plane?
90
How far should the arm be abducted for an inferosuperior projection (Lawrence) of the shoulder joint?
90 degrees
Which kVp selection would result in the most scattered x-rays in the image-forming beam?
90 kVp
Epidemiologic studies are of significant value to radiobiologists who use the information from these studies to formulate dose-response curves for making predictions of the risk of ____________ in human populations exposed to low levels of ionizing radiation.
Cancer
Which of the following late effects caused by exposure to ionizing radiation is considered to be most important?
Cancer
Which of the following structures is considered to be most lateral?
Capitulum
Which of the following is not a form of acute radiation syndrome?
Carcinogenic syndrome
Which of the following is not a main subdivision of the stomach?
Cardium
Which special projection of the wrist is ideal for demonstrating possible calcification in the dorsal aspect of the carpals?
Carpal bridge
Nasoenteric tubes are used for which of the following purposes?
Decompression Feeding
What is the respiration phase for a lateral projection of the sternum?
Deep inspiration
What is a potential risk associated with the use of water-soluble contrast agents, especially for geriatric patients?
Dehydration
When using AEC with film-screen, what should the radiographer adjust to manipulate the overall density of the image?
Density control
Which of the following serves as a prototype for messenger RNA (mRNA)?
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Which of the following is a true statement regarding cleansing enemas?
Diabetic patients require special colon preparation procedures.
Which of the following provides the basis for determining whether an imaging procedure or practice is justified?
Diagnostic efficacy
A radiograph of an AP pelvis reveals that the lesser trochanters are not visualized. This pelvis projection was performed for nontraumatic reasons. What should the technologist do (if anything) to correct this on the repeat exposure?
Do nothing. Accept the radiograph and do not repeat the exposure.
Which of the following is a CQI activity?
Documenting nondiagnostic images
What effect does the level of mAs have on image brightness when using digital image receptors?
Does not directly affect image brightness.
_______ turn semi-conductors into full electrical conductors.
Dopants
The energy of x-rays is ___________.
Electromagnetic
Which two are the main functions of the large intestine? (Select all that apply.)
Elimination of waste products Reabsorption of fluids
What is the most common radiographic procedure performed to diagnose GERD?
Endoscopy
Narrowing and wormlike appearance of distal esophagus
Esophageal varices
Accredited programs in radiologic technology are recognized by the Joint Review Committee on Education in Radiologic Technology (JRCERT). Programs seeking this programmatic recognition necessarily must comply with the JRCERT
Essentials and Guidelines.
For x-ray and gamma ray photons with energies up to 3 million electron volts (MeV), which of the following radiation quantities may be defined as the measure of the total electric charge of one sign, either all pluses or all minuses, per unit mass that these two types of radiation generate in dry air at standard temperature and pressure (760 mm Hg or 1 atmosphere at sea level and 22° C)?
Exposure
Speckled appearance of the gastric mucosa and absence of rugae
Gastritis
Which of the following instruments generally has a check source of a weak, long-lived radioisotope located on one side of its external surface to verify its constancy daily?
Geiger-Muller survey meter
_____________ is prevented by flooding the erased imaging plate with bright light.
Ghosting
Which of the following adjustments in technical exposure factors decreases the production of scattered radiation during routine radiographic procedures?
Increase kVp and decrease mAs in compensation
Which of the following can be done to decrease the chance of having image lag occur in the next image?
Increase the amount of time between exposures.
Which of the following is not a way to reduce the production of scatter radiation?
Increase the grid ratio.
A patient comes in with a clinical history of a possible pituitary adenoma. Because this is a rural hospital, CT and MRI are not available. Which radiographic projection or position would best demonstrate signs of bony erosion of the sella turcica because of the tumor?
Lateral position
Which of the following statements concerning the 1979 nuclear reactor accident at TMI-2 is not true?
Many excess cancer deaths have been predicted to occur in the 2 million people living within 50 miles of the plant at the time of the accident.
The size of the pixel is determined by the
Matrix
A tubelike passageway running within a bone is called a:
Meatus
Are often found 50 to 100 cm proximal to the ileocecal valve
Meckel diverticulum
_________________ envelopes are more commonly used in today's x-ray tubes.
Metal
Where is the central ray (CR) centered for a nephrotomogram of the kidneys?
Midway between the iliac crest and the xiphoid process
Thermionic emission at the filament determines the __________ across the x-ray tube during an exposure.
Milliamperage
Most of the tissue in the average human body is composed of _______________.
Muscle
New growth observed in intestine as filling defects
Neoplasm
Chronic low doses of radiation have ________ effect on fertility.
No
Advanced bronchiectasis
No change (0)
Bronchitis
No change (0)
Malignant lung neoplasia
No change (0)
Pleurisy
No change (0)
Patient preparation for an esophagogram includes NPO _____ before the procedure. Patient preparation for an esophagogram includes NPO _____ before the procedure.
None of the above; patient preparation is not needed as long as an upper GI series is not scheduled to follow.
Which of the following is not a part of daily/weekly QC for dry laser imagers?
Note chemical temperatures and levels.
Which modality is commonly used for evaluating vesicoureteral reflux in infants?
Nuclear medicine
Which positioning line is perpendicular to the IR for a PA projection of the mandible?
OML
Which of the following is a disadvantage of the EHR?
One-on-one interactions
A patient enters the ED with a possible fracture of the proximal ramus of the mandible. Which of the following routines would best diagnose this fracture?
PA axial mandible projection, axiolateral projection with no skull rotation, and a 35° AP axial projection
A patient comes to radiology with a clinical history of osteoarthritis of both knees. The referring physician wants a projection to evaluate the damage to the articular facets. Which of the following projections will provide the best image of this region of the knee?
PA axial weight-bearing bilateral knee projection (Rosenberg method)
A patient comes to radiology with a history of a possible erosion of the superior orbital fissures. Which of the following projections would best demonstrate this structure?
PA axial with a 25° to 30° caudad angle to OML
In which network type is each computer on the network considered equal?
Peer to peer
What additional maneuver must be added to the inferosuperior axial shoulder (Lawrence method) projection to best demonstrate a possible Hill-Sachs defect?
Perform exaggerated external rotation of the affected upper limb.
Which two forces or processes propel food down the esophagus?
Peristalsis and gravity
Which of the following conditions may lead to an adynamic ileus?
Peritonitis
How should the CR be aligned for a trauma PA projection of the elbow?
Perpendicular to the interepicondylar plane
After the Chernobyl disaster in 1986, an attempt was made to prevent thyroid cancer in Poland and some other countries, resulting from the accidental overdose of iodine-131. _______________ was administered to children as a substitute to block the gland's uptake of iodine-131.
Potassium iodide
What is the industry standard formula for calculating high voltage generator power?
Power = max mA (@100 kVp and 100 ms) × 100 kVp
What is the primary purpose of the membranous folds located within the cystic duct?
Prevents distention or collapse of the cystic duct
Initial PA projections of the SC joints indicate a possible bony defect involving the right SC joint. The vertebral column is preventing a clear view of it. Which of the following projections will demonstrate the right SC joint without superimposition over the spine?
RAO
Which two of the following body positions will project the left ribs clear of the heart? (Select all that apply.)
RPO LAO
Which of the following groups is run by the government of Japan, primarily to study Japanese atomic bomb survivors?
Radiation Effects Research Foundation
What is the classification of barium sulfate as a contrast media?
Radiopaque
_________ is defined as the ability to image two separate objects and visually detect one from the other.
Resolution
In which region or compartment of the abdomen is the pancreas located?
Retroperitoneal
A patient comes to radiology for an upper GI series. Her clinical history indicates that there may be a tumor posterior to the stomach. Which one of the following projections and/or positions will best demonstrate this condition?
Right lateral
Fear and combative resistance from a young child are common initial responses to a radiographic procedure.
True
Which imaging modality is often used to evaluate trauma to the abdomen?
Sonography
A __________ effect increases in incidence but not severity as the dose increases.
Stochastic
Focused grids are recommended for mobile chest studies.
True
Which of the following is placed perpendicular to the tabletop for the AP axial cervical vertebrae?
The occlusal plane
Which of the following is/are true regarding the development of an effective technique chart?
The radiographic equipment must be operating properly. A good-quality control program is in place.
For an average adult, the amount of barium ingested is one 16-oz cup for a small-bowel-only series.
True
Which of the following statements about scintillators is true?
The amount of x-rays absorbed depends on the type of scintillator.
A mediolateral knee radiograph that is overrotated toward the image receptor can be recognized by which of the following?
The fibular head will appear less superimposed by the tibia than a true lateral.
Which side marker would be placed on the image receptor on the edge of the collimated field for a radiographic image of a patient with an injured right hand?
The right (R) marker on either side of the patient's hand
A fewer amount of photons reaching the IR has what effect on the formation of the image?
The visibility of quantum noise is increased on the digital image.
Which of the following statements is correct with regard to assisting a patient from a wheelchair to an x-ray table?
The wheelchair should be 45-degrees to the x-ray table
Where does the central ray enter the knee for a lateral projection of the patella?
Through the patellofemoral joint space
Which of the following is clearly demonstrated on an AP oblique projection of the knee in medial rotation?
Tibiofibular articulation
Where is the center of the IR positioned for the AP projection of the dens, Fuchs method?
Tip of the mastoid process
Which two are advantages of using the recumbent position for images of the esophagus? (Select all that apply.)
Varices better filled with contrast Proximal portion more completely filled with contrast
When a disease is spread by an insect depositing the pathogen on or in a human, it is transmitted by what method?
Vector
Radiation induced skin cancer in radiotherapy patients has occurred with _____________________.
a threshold dose-response
A claim that someone has been wronged or sustained injury is called
a tort.
The purpose of a beam splitting mirror is to:
allow spot filming to be done during fluoroscopy.
When transferring a patient from a wheelchair to a radiographic table,
allow the patient to help with the transfer if it is safe based upon their capabilities.
The essential concept underlying radiation protection is that
any organ in the human body is vulnerable to damage from exposure to ionizing radiation.
Beam restriction with a(n) ____________ is only accurate at a fixed SID.
aperture diaphragm
The speed the electrons inside the x-ray tube travel is:
approximately one half the speed of light.
The first component to receive power in the x-ray circuit is the ______________.
autotransformer
A common condition of the femur that develops in elderly patients, leading to frequent fractures of the hip (proximal femur), is:
avascular necrosis.
You have received a patient from the nursing floor who needs to be transferred by way of a hydraulic lift. The patient arrives at the medical imaging department on a cart without a transfer sling. To proceed with a safe lift, you should
call the nursing floor and return the patient to be placed on a sling.
Barriers to gathering health information include
cost of technology.
The calcaneus articulates with the talus and the:
cuboid.
Research has shown that repeated radiation injuries have a
cumulative effect.
An aperture diaphragm with an attached elongated tube is a(n):
cylinder
An aperture diaphragm with an attached elongated tube is a(n):
cylinder.
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is located primarily in the _________________.
cytoplasm
The two major parts of the cell are the nucleus and the ________________.
cytoplasm
The measure of whether all images completed at the modality make it to the PACS is testing
data integrity.
Preset image annotation controls include all of the following except
date and time stamps.
During preprocessing the digital output of the image receptor may need to be manipulated to correct for _________________.
dead pixels
If the wavelength of a beam of electromagnetic radiation increases by a factor of 2, then its frequency must ___________.
decrease by half
The function of an X-ray beam filter in diagnostic radiology is to
decrease the x-radiation dose to the patient's skin and superficial tissue.
The efficiency of a system to convert x-ray input signal into a useful output image is known as
detective quantum efficiency.
Almost all digital images in medical imaging are viewed and interpreted on a __________________.
digital display device
Each light photon is assigned a number during
digitization.
If enough explosives are used to spread radioactive material over a broad area, then radioactivity is
diluted and may not be much higher than background levels.
All of the following are appropriate communication skills for pediatric radiography except:
direct communications to the parents only.
All of the joints of the foot are synovial (freely movable) except the:
distal tibiofibular.
A system's ability to respond to varying levels of exposure, resulting in more detail, is referred to as
dynamic range.
The ability of the detector to accurately capture the variety of photon intensities in the remnant radiation is:
dynamic range.
Amplification of the frequencies of the areas of interest is known as
edge enhancement.
Dose limits are described as _______________________.
effective dose
The genetically significant dose for the general public is important because of the risk of _________________________.
effects on the gene pool
The latent image in computed radiography is actually _____ within the barium fluorohalide material.
electron traps
The use of contrast material as a means for visualizing human anatomy has a long history. Regardless of the type of contrast media, the purpose for using contrast media is to
enhance the low subject contrast of anatomic structures.
During helical CT, at a pitch of 1.0, the patient radiation dose is approximately ____________ that of conventional CT.
equal to
The transfer speed from the modalities is checked monthly until:
equipment or software is updated.
Whenever the letter "M" appears under the current monitoring period or in the cumulative columns of a personnel monitoring report, it signifies that a (an)
equivalent dose below the minimum measurable radiation quantity was recorded during that time.
The phase of respiration for a PA projection of the sternoclavicular joints is:
expiration
The respiration phase for all exposures made during an IVU is:
expiration.
The human dose-response relationship at low ranges of radiation is calculated using _______________________.
extrapolation from high ranges
The greater omentum extends from the transverse colon to the:
greater curvature of the stomach.
Some radiation victims of _______________ syndrome(s) may recover completely.
hematologic
A subject would not experience ________________ following a dose high enough to cause CNS syndrome.
hematologic syndrome
An increase in mAs would _________ the ______________ of the emission spectrum.
increase, amplitude alone
An area of decreased brightness visualized on a computer monitor has ________density on a film image.
increased
An increased part thickness results in:
increased beam attenuation.
If the quantity of electrons hitting the target are doubled, the x-ray quantity is __________.
increased by a factor of two
With CR, a higher sampling pitch results in _____________ pixel size and ____________ spatial resolution.
increased; decreased
With CR, a higher sampling frequency results in _____________ pixel density and ____________ spatial resolution.
increased; increased
With film-screen imaging, increasing the kVp results in an image with ___________ density and ____________contrast.
increased; lower
For persons with hematopoietic syndrome, survival time shortens as the radiation dose
increases
Automatic brightness control (ABC) maintains the brightness of the image by varying ___________________.
kVp and mA
The three primary factors influencing the intensity of scatter in the image-forming beam are ___________________.
kVp, field size, and patient thickness
X-ray intensity is proportional to ______.
kVp2
To make a valid performance measure in any QC activity, documentation must be
kept up to date.
The technologist primarily controls radiographic contrast by varying the __________.
kilovoltage
Spina bifida is a congenital deformity of the vertebral column in which the _____ fail to unite posteriorly.
lamina
The x-intercept of a low LET cell-survival curve is _______ than a similar high LET cell-survival curve.
larger
The larger the anode angle, the:
larger the effective focal spot.
All of these projections taken during a barium enema will demonstrate the rectosigmoid area, except:
left lateral decubitus.
Oral contrast for CT should be mixed so it is:
less concentrated than for general examinations.
Ankylosing spondylitis patients treated with radiation showed an increased incidence of _____________.
leukemia
The operating console contains circuits that are ________________.
low voltage only
The mean lethal dose for high-LET radiation is _______ than after low-LET radiation.
lower
The more light spread, the ______ the MTF.
lower
Increasing the window width will result in an image with:
lower contrast.
For mammography molybdenum filters allow a (an) _________________ than rhodium filters.
lower energy window
The x-ray beam generated by the circuit with the _______ voltage ripple has the _______ quantity and quality.
lowest, highest
A photometer is a _____________________.
luminescence meter
Optical density is primarily controlled by changing the _____.
mAs
The #MeToo movement gained momentum socially in 2017 in the United States. A key expectation of this changing attitude is that
men are expected to intervene to prevent sexual harassment.
The circular fibrocartilage disks or pads that lie on the tibial plateaus are called the:
menisci
Some synovial joints contain a thick cushioning pad of fibrocartilage called the:
meniscus.
Trauma patients may arrive in the radiology department with their head immobilized. A reverse Waters method can always be performed on these patients by adjusting the central ray parallel to the _____ line.
mentomeatal
Exposure time is usually expressed in units of:
milliseconds.
In females the oogonia, the ovarian stem cells
multiply to millions of cells only during fetal development.
Acceptable informed consent for a simple breast biopsy
must be witnessed by someone not involved in the procedure.
Because the genetic information to be passed on to future generations is contained in the strict sequence of nitrogenous bases, the loss or change of a base in the DNA chain represents a (an)
mutation.
The higher the kilovoltage peak, the
narrower the histogram.
Near the center of all long bones is a specific opening in the periosteum called the:
nutrient foramen.
Relative risk is _________________.
observed cases/expected cases
Visual centers in the brain are located in the ____ lobe of the cerebrum.
occipital
Loss of detail in a digitally processed image...
occurs because of the number of conversions.
The only type of grid cutoff that occurs with both focused and parallel grids is due to:
off-level misalignment.
Exposure factors for the elderly:
often require lower kVp.
For the AP projection of the elbow, the humeral epicondyles are positioned:
parallel to the IR.
Another term for the intercondylar sulcus is the:
patellar surface.
The x-ray absorber typically used in direct capture DR is a:
photoconductor.
A device used to measure the luminescence of areas on the monitor is a
photometer.
When an exposed computed radiography imaging plate is ready to be processed, an imaging reading unit is used to scan the photostimulable phosphor imaging plate with a helium-neon laser beam. This process results in the emission of violet light that is changed into an electronic signal by a device called a
photomultiplier tube.
The image receptor used in computed radiography IRs is a:
photostimulable storage phosphor imaging plate.
The superior aspect of the sphenoid bone contains a deep depression that contains the:
pituitary gland.
Immediately following a whole body dose of 10 Gy the victim would experience (a) ______________________.
prodromal symptoms
The force between magnetic poles is proportional to the ________ of the magnetic pole strengths, divided by the ________ of the distance between them.
product, square
Damage to X-ray tubes that can shorten their useful life can occur with
prolonged anode preparation times and repeated "boosting" of the tube several times before exposures are performed
The employment outlook for radiographers in the United States is:
promising because of increasing demand.
The trade name of a medication is also called its:
proprietary name.
Iodine-125 (125I) in the form of titanium-encapsulated cylindrical seeds has been used quite extensively since 2000 to give a tumoricidal radiation equivalent dose for
prostate cancers that are confined within the prostate gland.
The lowest energy range of the electromagnetic spectrum is ____________.
radio waves
Radioactive material that is attached to or associated with dust particles or in liquid form on various surfaces defines the term
radioactive contamination.
During mammography, axillary projections should be done only on request of the
radiologist.
The tissue weighting factor has a higher value for tissues with more ______________.
radiosensitivity
RAM is an acronym for ______ memory.
random access
When the electron beam in the camera travels back and forth across, from the top to bottom, it is moving in a ___________ pattern.
raster
Extrafocal or off-focus radiation is produced from ____________.
rebounding electrons
The ALARA principle provides a method for comparing the amount of radiation used in various health care facilities in a particular area for specific imaging procedures. This information may be helpful to many
regulatory agencies.
The mass equivalent of a 100 KeV photon of radiation can be calculated using the _____.
relativity formula
Characteristic x-rays are produced by __________________.
released binding energy
The administration of glucagon shortly before a double-contrast barium enema is intended to
relieve bowel spasm.
A GFR of 90 mL or below is an indication of:
renal dysfunction.
When an upper GI series is delayed because the stomach does not empty due to pylorospasm, it is often helpful to have the patient lie in the _____________ position.
right anterior oblique
A dual-wire pacemaker places electrode tips in the
right atrium and right ventricle
The _______ in the retina are stimulated by _______ light; the _______ are stimulated by _______ light.
rods, low; cones, bright
The part of the x-ray tube that is connected to the target and causes it to turn is the:
rotor
The part of the x-ray tube that is connected to the target and causes it to turn is the:
rotor.
The unrestricted primary beam produces a(n) _________ area of exposure.
round
The mucosal folds on the inside of the urinary bladder are called:
rugae
When the x-ray photon strikes an atom within the tissue being imaged and loses only part of its energy to an outer shell electron of that atom, the photon is said to have been _____ and undergone the _____.
scattered; Compton interaction
X-ray energy related to direct capture DR will stimulate a ______, which eventually is changed into an electrical signal.
scintillator
The American Registry of Radiologic Technologists (ARRT) reserves the right to revoke any certification from an individual whom it has registered. Reasons for revocation can vary from ethical violations to failure to maintain continuing education credits, just to mention two. This process of sanctioning demonstrates professional _____ to society.
self-regulation
A network switch
sends data only to data-directed devices.
The reflective layer
sends light in a forward direction.
A network that uses a central computer that sends the entire original resource to the client is known as a
server-based network.
A single chromosome aberration represents ______________ to the DNA within the chromosome.
severe damage
Mrs. Burns has been waiting to hear the results of the MRI done on her daughter. Her continuous rude interruptions and loud demands for information are very annoying. Her behavior is most likely a reflection that:
she is frightened.
Among the atomic bomb survivors, the number of leukemia victims has _______________ since the late 1940s and early 1950s. However, the occurrence rates of other radiation-induced malignancies have continued to ___________since the late 1950s and early 1960s.
slowly declined; escalate
Mandatory, specific, and enforceable standards of minimally acceptable professional conduct for all registered technologists are called:
the Rules of Ethics.
The readout process requires that _______ and _______.
the flow of electrons is timed; multiple voltage changes occur
When performing two-person CPR,
the rescuers remain at their positions to ensure continuity of compressions.
If oxygen is present during high-LET radiation the effect of radiation is __________.
the same
All of the following are true of CR technology except -there is no difference in image resolution among the three image plate (cassette) sizes. -the latent image is time sensitive and should be processed in the reader in a reasonable time period. -CR image plates need to be erased or "washed clean" with an intense light source in the reader assembly. -CR technology offers an affordable electronic transition toward digital imaging.
there is no difference in image resolution among the three image plate (cassette) sizes.
In CsI detectors
there is very little light spread.
The radiation dose monitor most frequently used to measure patient exposure is the __________________________.
thermoluminescent dosimeter
The cathode side of the tube should be directed toward the _____ part of the patient.
thicker
All of the following are true of barium sulfate as a contrast agent except -when mixed with water, it dissolves completely. - its atomic number (Z) is 56. - it is chemically inert. -barium sulfate is often mixed with water and sodium citrate, to prevent flocculation.
when mixed with water, it dissolves completely.
One of the three constricted points along each ureter is the pelvic brim. The location of this constricted point is:
where the iliac blood vessels cross over the ureters.
The wide range of energies in the x-ray beam is known as the:
x-ray emission spectrum.
Flat-panel detectors that use indirect conversion technology convert
x-rays to visible light.
The input phosphor converts _________ to _________.
x-rays, light
The output phosphor of the image intensifier is composed of ___________________.
zinc cadmium sulfide
Spatial resolution improves with decreased _________ blur.
-Screen -Motion -Geometric
Pneumonia
No change
The time from the end of CT imaging to image appearance is called the ______ time.
reconstruction
Radiation-induced cataracts in humans follow a ______ dose-response relationship.
threshold, nonlinear
The radiosensitivity of ova
varies considerably throughout the lifetime of the germ cell.
The main function of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) is to 1. inspect imaging facilities. 2. oversee the nuclear energy industry. 3. regulate imaging facilities.
2 only
In order to see the effect of changing kVp, a greater change is needed when operating at low kVp as compared to high kVp.
False
Increasing the SID will increase distortion of the anatomy.
False
It is a safe practice to keep CR cassettes in a "radiation safe" area of an x-ray suite during exams.
False
It is impossible for x-rays to interact with matter and produce secondary radiation.
False
MTF is a way to quantify the contribution of each system component and the component's overall efficiency.
False
Recorded detail is the term commonly used in digital imaging to describe the accuracy of the structural lines that make up the image.
False
Rheumatoid arthritis is three times more common in men than women.
False
Shoe covers are not worn in the presurgical or recovery areas.
False
Similar to CR, DR can use the existing diagnostic equipment found in today's imaging departments.
False
The anterior oblique (RAO and LAO) positions of the lumbar spine will demonstrate the zygapophyseal joints closest to the image receptor.
False
The digital imaging plate can sit for some time after the erase cycle.
False
The electron gun in the television monitor sends out a steady stream of electrons to activate the fluorescent screen.
False
The patella is drawn into the intercondylar sulcus when the knee is overextended.
False
The polysilicon layer within a CCD acts as an insulator.
False
The posterior cervical oblique projections demonstrate the intervertebral foramina and pedicles on the side closest to the image receptor.
False
Which of the following formulas is used to calculate effective dose?1. EfD = (D × WR)1 + (D × WR)2 + (D × WR)32. EfD = D × WR × WT3. EfD = D ÷ WR × WT
2 only
The tubercle portion of a typical rib articulates with the vertebral facet/demifacet.
False
There is no light produced with CR when radiation interacts with the IP.
False
Which of the following exposure techniques is required to penetrate all of the thoracic anatomy?
High kVp
Which is/are done to the image during preprocessing?I. Lossless compressionII. PartitioningIII. Flatfielding
III only
How is the central ray directed for the PA axial projection (Holmblad method) of the intercondylar fossa?
Perpendicular to the lower leg
Which of the following serves as a passage for both food and air?
Pharynx
In which of the following X-ray interactions with matter is the energy of the incident photon completely absorbed?
Photoelectric absorption
Radioiodide tablets that dissolve in the bloodstream permit an escape of some radioactivity through 1. the pores of the skin. 2. urination. 3. vomiting in some special cases.
1, 2, and 3
Significant reactions to contrast media include: 1. nausea. 2. vomiting. 3. edema of the respiratory mucous membrane.
1, 2, and 3
The respiratory system proper consists of the: 1. larynx. 2. trachea and bronchi. 3. both lungs.
1, 2, and 3
Upper boundary radiation exposure limits for occupationally exposed persons are associated with risks that are similar to those encountered by employees in other industries that are generally considered to be reasonably safe. These industries include 1. manufacturing. 2. trade. 3. government.
1, 2, and 3
Which of the following are involved in the cycle of infection? 1. Pathogen 2. Mode of transmission 3. Susceptible host
1, 2, and 3
Which of the following x-ray examinations may be performed in the ICU and CCU? 1. Bronchoscopy using the C-arm fluoroscope 2. Central venous catheter placement using the C-arm fluoroscope 3. Chest radiographs
1, 2, and 3
Contrast is adjusted by windowing, changing window width and window level. Window level determines the:
midpoint of the gray range.
When performing conventional imaging during an operative cholangiogram, the IR is placed in a special metal tray called a:
"pizza pan."
Which of the following data needs to be known to determine effective dose in CT?
- Age of the patient - The tissues irradiated
Which two of the following foramina lie in the sphenoid bone? (Select all that apply.)
- Foramen rotundum - Optic foramen
Which two of the following body positions will project the left ribs clear of the heart? (Select all that apply.)
- RPO - LAO
Patients with congestive heart failure and lymphedema are typically prescribed
-a diuretic. - furosemide. - Lasix.
A radiographic image with a large number of similar densities that have small differences between them:
-appears gray. -has long scale contrast. -has low contrast.
Viewing the fluoroscopic image in magnification mode increases _____________.
-contrast resolution -spatial resolution - patient dose
If a 30/23/15 cm image intensifier is operated in the 23 cm mode, the fluoroscopic image will be magnified by a factor of:
1.3.
How much central ray (CR) angulation (if any) should be used for an AP projection of the toes (without elevation of forefoot)?
10° to 15° toward calcaneus
How many specific types of joints are contained within the structural classification of joints?
11
Which SID is recommended for the lateral projection of the sternum for management of magnification?
120 inches
After the needle enters the skin during venipuncture, the angle of the needle is reduced how many degrees to the long axis of the vessel?
15 degrees
What is the central-ray angulation for the axiolateral oblique projection of the TMJ?
15 degrees
What is the central-ray orientation for the modified axiolateral hip (Clements-Nakayama)?
15 degrees posteriorly
Glandular dose from mammography is approximately _____ of the ESD.
15%
Among physicians, cancer deaths attributed to x-ray exposure were reported as early as
1910
Federal regulations passed in _____ required that positive beam limiting devices be on all manufactured x-ray collimators.
1974
In which decade was MRI first introduced?
1980s
The first version of DICOM was completed in
1985.
Where is the top of the exposure field positioned for an AP oblique projection of the ribs?
1½ inch above the upper border of the shoulder
The collimator light must be accurate to within _____% of the SID.
2
Before venipuncture, the skin is cleansed in a circular motion. How much of an area is cleansed?
2-inch circle
Which of the following tissues contain cells that do not divide?
2. Muscle tissue 3. Nervous tissue in an adult
Which of the following occur during X-ray tube preparation or "boost?" 1. The collimator light goes out to save energy. 2. The anode comes up to rotational speed. 3. The preselected milliamperage increases in the cathode filament. 4. A high voltage is applied across both diodes of the X-ray tube, enabling electrons to travel across to the anode. 5. The grid in the table begins to oscillate
2. The anode comes up to rotational speed. 3. The preselected milliamperage increases in the cathode filament.
What is the length of the average adult small intestine?
22 feet
How many true, or movable, vertebrae are there in the vertebral column?
24
An optimal AP abdomen radiograph can be produced using 40 mAs, 75 kVp, and a 12:1 grid. How much mAs would be needed if the only grid available is a 6:1 ratio grid?
24 mAs
A single absorbed dose of 2 Gyt can cause a radiation-induced skin erythema within
24 to 48 hours after irradiation.
How far (approximately) should the head, shoulders, and elbow be elevated for the inferosuperior axial projection (Lawrence) of the shoulder?
3 inches
What do radiation weighting factors take into consideration?1. The overall risk of exposure to humans from ionizing radiation2. Both the internal and external dose measurements3. The fact that some types of radiation are more efficient at causing biologic damage than other types of radiation for a given dose.
3 only
Which of the following radiation quantities use the same unit of measure? 1. Effective dose and equivalent dose 2. Exposure and effective dose3. Absorbed dose and equivalent dose
3 only
The central ray (CR) for an anteroposterior (AP) supine, adult chest projection, should be centered:
3 to 4 inches (8 to 10 cm) below the jugular notch.
Filament current is approximately:
3 to 5 A
How much CR angulation is required for an asthenic patient for an AP axial projection of the clavicle?
30°
How much skull rotation, from a lateral position, is recommended to best demonstrate the body of the mandible for an axiolateral/axiolateral oblique projection?
30° toward the IR
Tellurium-125 (125Te) has
52 protons and 73 neutrons.
A biologic reaction is produced by 4 Gyt of a test radiation. It takes 16 Gyt of 250-kVp x-rays to produce the same biologic reaction. What is the relative biologic effectiveness (RBE) of the test radiation?
4
According to the Government Accounting Office (GAC), there are _______ levels of data in medicine.
4
The half-value layer (HVL) of projection x-rays in soft tissue is approximately how many centimeters?
4 cm
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recommends that action be taken to reduce elevated levels of radon in homes to a concentration less than
4 pCi/L.
Radiation-induced leukemia has a latent period of _______ years.
4-7
To keep exposure times to a minimum during mobile radiography, the recommended SID should be _____ inches.
40
How much wrist rotation is required for the PA oblique projection, lateral rotation position of the wrist?
45
The medial and lateral oblique projections of the ankle require the leg and foot to be rotated how many degrees?
45
How is the head positioned to demonstrate the symphysis of the mandible in the axiolateral oblique projection?
45 degrees toward the IR
How much is the body rotated for a PA oblique projection of the shoulder?
45 to 60 degrees
The average degree of rotation required to demonstrate the L3-4 zygapophyseal joints is:
45°.
Determine the cumulative effective dose (CumEfD) limit to the whole body of an occupationally exposed person who is 46 years old.
460 mSv
The ideal kV range for a double-contrast barium enema is:
90 to 100.
The output intensities of reproduced exposures should not vary more than _____% from each other.
5
The image intensifier is capable of resolving about ___________, while the monitor can resolve about _______________.
5 Lp/mm; 1 to 2 Lp/mm
How is the central ray positioned to free the bladder neck of superimposition during a female cystourethrogram?
5 degrees caudad
If the lumbar spine cannot be adjusted so it is horizontal for the lateral projection, the central ray should be angled:
5 degrees men, 8 degrees women, cephalad.
A young female patient comes to radiology for a scoliosis study. The patient has had this series performed frequently. How much will the breast dose be decreased if a PA rather than an AP projection is taken?
90%
Typical cassette throughput is _____ cassettes per _____.
50; hour
The wavelength of the PSP reader laser is ______ nm.
633
What is the recommended kV range for thoracic spine projections when using digital systems?
75 to 85 kV
Which ribs are called the false ribs?
8 to 12
Which of the following routes and methods is rarely used to monitor the body temperature of an adult patient?
A disposable thermometer applied to the forehead
Which of the following points is NOT true about the oblique inferosuperior (tangential) projection of the zygomatic arches?
A grid must be used.
Which anatomic part must be identified on lateral radiographs of the knee in order to identify over- or under-rotation?
Adductor tubercle
Which of the following must always be the first step in protection of the reproductive organs?
Adequate and precise collimation of the radiographic beam to include only the anatomy of interest
What structure enables the kidneys to be visualized on plain abdominal radiographs?
Adipose capsule
Obstruction of the small intestine due to the cessation of peristalsis
Adynamic or paralytic ileus
The federal program that requires employers with more than 50 full-time employees to provide healthcare insurance is called:
ACA
The federal program that requires employers with more than 50 full-time employees to provide healthcare insurance is called:
ACA-
A patient comes to the ER with a possible pelvic ring fracture. The initial AP pelvis projection is inconclusive. What other projection(s) can be taken to assist with the diagnosis?
AP axial inlet projection
All of the following are the essential projections for an esophagus series, except:
AP axial oblique.
Which of the following projections best produces an unobstructed view of the fibular head and neck without rotation of the lower leg (with patient in supine position)?
AP projection with a CR 45° lateromedial angle
A wedge filter would be ideal for which of the following projections?
AP thoracic spine
The two bony landmarks that are palpated using the hip localization method are the:
ASIS and the symphysis pubis.
Which special position of the knee requires that the patient be placed supine with 40° flexion of the knee and the CR angled 30° from the long axis of the femur?
Bilateral Merchant method
The dose limits established by the NCRP are derived from _________________.
BEIR and NSC reports
Which of the following is a method of explaining radiation to the public?
BERT
Which position of the hand will place the humerus in internal rotation?
Back of the hand against the thigh
Two people in sterile attire should pass each other in which of the following ways?
Back to back
Health information "that can be created, managed, and consulted by authorized clinicians and staff across more than one health care organization" is the definition of:
CMR
Health information "that can be created, managed, and consulted by authorized clinicians and staff across more than one health care organization" is the definition of
CMR.
Which of the following structures is a white brain matter structure?
Centrum semiovale
Which of the following could be defined as the production of an x-ray photon by a collision between the incident electron and a K-shell electron of the tungsten atom?
Characteristic interaction
Which of the following terms refers to the radiation that occurs when an electron spontaneously drops down from an outer shell of an ionized atom to fill a vacancy in an inner shell of that atom?
Characteristic photon, or characteristic x-ray
To relieve a large tension pneumothorax, what kind of tube(s) is (are) inserted into the patient?
Chest and Thoracostomy
Which part of the patient's face is touching the upright bucky, or table, for a parietoacanthial projection (Waters method)?
Chin
The inventor of the hot cathode x-ray tube, the prototype of the x-ray tubes of today, was:
Coolidge.
Which of the following is not one of the 20 parts of the DICOM standard?
Data thesaurus
Aspiration in upper airway (mechanical obstruction)
Decrease (-)
Epiglottitis
Decrease (-)
Select the correct manual exposure adjustment for each disease or condition: Advanced rheumatoid arthritis
Decrease (-)
Severe emphysema
Decrease (-)
As compared to glass, which of the following is an advantage to having a metal envelope x-ray tube?
Decrease in off-focus radiation
Decubitus chest projections are placed for viewing the way the image receptor "sees" them.
False
Digital annotations may be used to indicate the right or left side of the patient.
False
Which term describes the act of keeping a complete copy of the archive in another remote location?
Disaster recovery
A patient comes to radiology with a clinical history of a possible abdominal aortic aneurysm. Which of the following abdominal projections would best demonstrate this condition?
Dorsal decubitus
A patient comes to the ED with a possible abdominal aortic aneurysm. Which of the following projections of the abdomen best demonstrates it?
Dorsal decubitus
Which decubitus position is commonly used during an IVU examination to demonstrate the ureteropelvic junction?
Dorsal decubitus
Which position is used to demonstrate air-fluid levels in the abdomen on a severely injured patient?
Dorsal decubitus position
Epiglottitis is a condition that is primarily seen with geriatric patients.
False
The inventor of the fluoroscope, who also investigated hundreds of fluorescent materials, was:
Edison.
Which of the following is secreted by the suprarenal glands?
Epinephrine
The communication standard for medical information is:
HL7.
A radiograph taken during an esophagogram using thin barium mixture demonstrates that there is very little contrast media in the esophagus. Which of the following points will improve filling of the esophagus? (The exposure was made on inspiration after the last swallow.)
Have the patient drink during the exposure.
Which one of the following cranial projections will best demonstrate a possible basilar fracture?
Horizontal beam lateral
Each pixel of information in the CT image contains numerical information in ___________ units.
Hounsfield
Which of the following structures is not part of the hindbrain?
Hypothalamus
What is Ohm's law?
I = V/R
A radiograph of a parietoacanthial transoral (open-mouth Waters) projection reveals that the mouth is open but the sphenoid sinus is superimposed over the maxilla and upper teeth. What positioning error led to this radiographic outcome?
Insufficient extension of the head and neck
An avulsion fracture of the base of the fifth metatarsal is called a ____ fracture.
Jones
One radiograph of an upper GI series needs repeating. The technologist is unsure which projection and/or position is seen on this radiograph. The fundus is filled with barium, and the pylorus and duodenal bulb are profiled and air filled. The patient was recumbent for all projections. Which projection and/or position needs to be repeated?
LPO
For which projection would two double-wedge filters be used?
Lateral spine for scoliosis
Smell
Olfatory (I)
Which projection of the colon best demonstrates the right colic flexure?
PA oblique, RAO
The _____________ collects, amplifies, and converts visible light to an electrical signal.
PMT
Which function increases the size of an area on the image?
Pan and zoom
How is the CR aligned for the acanthiomeatal (reverse Waters) projection for the facial bones?
Parallel to the mentomeatal line
Which two of the following are required to position the knee correctly for the lateral projection of the patella? (Select all that apply.)
Patella is perpendicular to the IR Epicondyles are superimposed
Which salivary gland is located on the floor of the mouth?
Sublingual
Where is the IR centered for the AP oblique projection during a male or female cystourethrogram?
Superior border of the pubic symphysis
Which position of the hand will place the humerus in external rotation?
Supination
Which fat pad lies parallel with the anterior aspect of the proximal radius?
Supinator
Which two breathing techniques can be used for a lateral projection of the thoracic vertebrae? (Select all that apply.)
Suspended respiration Quiet breathing
Which of following statements is NOT true? -The right lung contains three lobes. - The left bronchus is more horizontal than the right bronchus. -The right bronchus is shorter than the left bronchus. -The angle of divergence of the left bronchus is greater than that of the right bronchus.
The left bronchus is more horizontal than the right bronchus.
A PA projection of the stomach and duodenum is often performed using a 14 × 17-inch (35 × 43 cm) exposure field. Which of the following describes the plane that is centered to the grid for this projection?
The midsagittal plane
Why is it important for the technologist to review the patient's chart and inform the radiologist before beginning the barium enema examination if a biopsy was performed as part of a prior sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy procedure?
The biopsy of the colon may weaken that portion of the colon, which could lead to a perforation during the BE examination.
A nephrogram taken during an IVU demonstrates that the renal parenchyma is poorly visualized but the calyces are contrast enhanced. What is the most likely reason for this radiographic outcome?
The exposure was not taken soon enough following the injection.
Which grid design is manufactured to match the divergence of the x-ray beam?
The focused grid
How is the IR positioned for a lateral sternum?
Top of the IR is 1 inch above the jugular notch.
A patient is erect with the left side of his chest placed against the image receptor. The central ray enters the right side of the upper chest and exits the left. Which specific position has been performed?
Transthoracic lateral
Which position may be helpful to demonstrate the lower ureters?
Trendelenburg 15 to 20 degrees
Which two structures primarily form the hinge-like structure and movement of the elbow joint?
Trochlea and olecranon process
A body system consists of an association of organs that share a common function.
True
Digital radiography systems are hypersensitive to the effects of scatter radiation.
True
For anterior oblique radiographs of the chest, the elongated (widened) aspect of the thorax is generally furthest from the image receptor.
True
A patient enters the emergency department (ED) with a Smith fracture. Which region of the upper limb must be radiographed to demonstrate this injury?
Wrist and forearm
Computed radiography cassettes can sit for ____________ between exposures.
a few days
When a barium examination of an ostomy patient is performed,
allow the patient to insert the enema cone-tip into the stoma orifice.
Increasing the SID to 48 inches (123 cm) from 40 inches (102 cm) and adjusting the mAs accordingly will:
along with the use of a small focal spot, decrease penumbra.
As an x-ray tube ages, the inside can become coated with tungsten, which can cause _____ in the tube.
arcing
In __________, a neutron transforms itself into a combination of a proton and an energetic electron.
beta decay
"Chole-" is a prefix for terms pertaining to the:
bile.
Lower tube current is used in anatomic regions where there is ____________ attenuation because the anatomy is ____________ or _________ dense.
decreased; thinner; less
The amount of blackness seen on a processed radiograph is called:
density.
The exocrine cells of the pancreas function to produce and secrete:
digestive juice.
The combination of output radiation intensity and volume of tissue imaged is called ________________________.
dose length product
Devices designed to measure total accumulated radiation intensity are called ______.
dosimeters
Prospective electrocardiogram (ECG) gating used during cardiac CT permits the heart to be scanned:
during the diastole cycle.
Tube current modulation in CT scanning can
help to reduce patient dose.
The probability of a hit is increased with ______ oxygen and ______ LET radiation.
high, high
The x-ray beam used with a digital fluoroscopic unit uses ___________ mA and a ______________ beam.
high; pulsed
Muscle tissue absorbs more radiation than fat tissue because muscle tissue has a:
higher tissue density.
Backscatter radiation artifacts can occur more readily in digital imaging because of the ____________________.
highly sensitive receptors
Tissues that are ____________ with a _______ metabolic rate are more radiosensitive.
immature, high
Body temperatures vary during the day and usually are lowest:
in the morning.
A target molecule that is __________________ will always cause cell death.
inactivated
The size of a pixel is measured in:
inches.
The histogram analysis represents the ______________ for different exposure levels.
incidence of pixels
Computed radiography, because of its higher exposure latitude, makes grid use on the pediatric population
less necessary than was previously believed.
The radiation dose required to produce mitotic death is
less than the dose needed to produce apoptosis in slowly dividing cells or nondividing cells.
As compared to a patient with a 24 cm thick abdomen, imaging a patient with a 20 cm thick abdomen will result in _____________ scatter being produced and ______________ image contrast.
less; higher
In comparison, the vidicon camera tube has ______________ spatial resolution, and the CCD requires ________________ radiation to produce a good fluoroscopic image.
less; less
Sterile gowns are considered sterile from shoulder to:
level of sterile field.
With film-screen imaging, which of the following technique factors directly controls the density produced on the image?
mAs
A charged particle in motion creates a(n) ______________.
magnetic field
The three primary geometric factors affecting image quality are ________________________.
magnification, distortion, and focal spot blur
When an Asian patient is apprehensive about the examination, you should:
maintain a respectful distance, use a calm voice, and smile while minimizing eye contact.
The ability to send images to local network stations can be accomplished using the
manual send function.
The size of the pixel is determined by the
matrix.
The hard palate is formed by the:
maxillae and palatine bone.
Each tube has its own tube rating chart to show __________________.
maximum exposure times
The DO represents the ______________ dose for human cells.
mean lethal
Reducing the probability of infectious organisms being transmitted to a susceptible individual is called:
medical asepsis.
It is important for radiographers to develop and use patient assessment skills so that they can:
meet patient needs and set priorities.
The four steps of creating an image with computed radiography are ______________.
metastable state, stimulate, read, and erase
The roof of the posterior wall of the nasopharynx contains a mass of lymphoid tissue known as the:
pharyngeal tonsil.
Computed radiography developed in the 1970s with the use of ___________ as the image receptor.
phosphor
Each capacitor in a CCD represents a(n):
pixel
The number of pixels per unit area is called the:
pixel density.
Reregistering an image to correct for patient motion is done with ________________.
pixel shift
All of the following are methods of 3D reconstruction techniques in CT except:
pixel-voxel reregistration.
The term used to describe the sole of the foot is:
plantar.
When using the inverse square law during fluoroscopy, the patient should be considered a(n) ____________ source of radiation.
point
Molecular lesions of DNA are called ________________.
point mutations
The half value layer (HVL) of an x-ray beam is a measurement of beam _______.
quality
The penetrability of an x-ray beam is called x-ray ________.
quality
Grays in air are the measurement for x-ray _________.
quantity exposure intensity
The most common types of noise that affects image quality include all of the following except
quantum noise.
The NCRP makes _________________ regarding dose limits.
recommendations
Data is ______ and knowledge is ______.
representation of observations in nature; information that can be justified
Any warm, moist place, such as the human body, where microorganisms can grow and reproduce is called a:
reservoir of infection.
A 16-year-old patient comes to the diagnostic imaging department for a CT examination. He is lying on the table in a supine position and suddenly seems to lose consciousness and begins to move violently, with jerking motions. You realize that he is having a generalized seizure. The action that you must take is
restrain the patient's extremities to prevent orthopedic injuries.
The first bone located on the proximal row and lateral side of the wrist is called the:
scaphoid
The jugular notch is located on the:
scapula
The jugular notch is located on the:
scapula.
Scanned projection radiography differs from conventional radiography in the lack of ____________________________.
scattered x-rays
Atrophy refers to
shrinkage of organs and tissues after a high radiation dose is received.
An image manipulation process that fills in the background so that it is darkened is known as
shuttering.
The number of x-ray photons that strike the digital receptor can be considered as:
signal
During cardiovascular or other therapeutic interventional procedures that use high-level fluoroscopy for extended periods, the effects of ionizing radiation on the skin are
significant.
The loss of radiographic image resolution is often referred to as unsharpness. All of the following contribute to total image unsharpness except the
size and shape of the exposure field (collimation).
Grenz rays were once used to treat and successfully cure
skin diseases such as ringworm.
In a slide board transfer, the patient is helped to:
slide on a draw sheet across the board to another surface.
The polarity that exists across a cardiac cell membrane is maintained by an active transport process known as
sodium-potassium ion pump.
In modern imaging systems, the components for rectification are ____________.
solid state semiconductors
Radiographic image quality is improved when the __________ is increased.
source image distance
Magnification of the fluoroscopic image results in improved:
spatial resolution.
The correct order of development of the male germ cell from the stem cell phase to the mature cell is
spermatogonia, spermatocyte, spermatid, sperm.
The pituitary gland (hypophysis cerebri) is associated with and protected by the ____ bone.
sphenoid
When the Fisk modification is used for the tangential projection of the intertubercular groove, the patient is:
standing
Drugs that are commonly used for the treatment of high cholesterol are referred to as
statins
The _______ is/are outside the glass envelope.
stators
Treatment used to make an item germ-free is called:
sterilization.
Nonionic low-osmolality contrast agents have gained tremendous popularity with physicians as a safer choice for iodine contrast examinations. It is important to remember that nonionics
still pose a risk to renal function.
The peak blood pressure reading, when measuring blood pressures, is
systolic pressure.
The discrete portion of the x-ray emission spectrum would change position with a change in _____________.
target material
The DQ is the ____________ dose for irradiation of human cells.
threshold
Newer fluoroscopic system designs utilize flat-panel digital detectors for both static and dynamic imaging. Depending upon the design, the X-ray tube can be positioned above or below the patient. If the X-ray tube is above the patient during fluoroscopy, a key point to remember is that...
the scatter radiation is more intense to the operator at the waist and trunk level.
When using a sheet to "mummify" an infant, the sheet should first be formed into a
triangle.
The production of heat at the anode is directly proportional to _________.
tube current
The rotating target track is primarily made of:
tungsten
The target of the rotating anode is usually coated with a ___________ alloy.
tungsten
The cathode filament is made of:
tungsten.
If you smell smoke and smoldering insulation in the area of an x-ray control panel, the first thing you should do is:
turn off the main power switch.
Possible causes of image lag include all except
underexposure.
Level 2 data is
unstructured, viewable electronic data such as paper forms that have been scanned into a computer.
While a patient receiving Iodine-131 (131I) therapy is hospitalized, a large, _________, rolling lead shield can be positioned between the patient and any attending personnel for protection.
up to 25-mm or 1-inch-thick
Duodenal ulcers are rarely malignant.
True
Organ and tissue response to radiation exposure depends on factors such as 1. radiosensitivity. 2. reproductive characteristics. 3. growth rate.
1, 2, and 3
What size is the average CR or DR image file?
200 MB
What medial central ray (CR) angle is required for the inferosuperior axial shoulder (Lawrence method)?
25° to 30°
What CR angle is required for the axiolateral (Schuller method) projection of the TMJs?
25° to 30° caudad
In the erect adult bony thorax, the posterior or vertebral end of a typical rib is ____ higher than or more superior to the anterior portion.
3 to 5 inches (8 to 13 cm)
How much lower should the IR be positioned when the upright position is used for projections of the stomach?
3 to 6 inches
X-rays used in radiography have wavelengths ranging from 3 × 1019 to:
3 × 1018 Hz.
What is the velocity of all electromagnetic radiation?
3 × 108 m/s
Referring to the choices below, the normal flow of electrical impulse through the cardiac conduction system of the heart follows what sequence of events? 1. Purkinje fibers 2. AV node 3. SA node 4. Bundle of His 5. Interventricular node (IV node)
3, 2, 4, 1
Compared with a 90-second processing time found in conventional radiography, image acquisition with DR has now been reduced to
3-5 seconds.
Lead masking/mats should be used when recording multiple images on the same cassette-based PSP system.
True
If a pixel has a bit depth of 29, the number of gray tones that pixel can produce is
512
What kV range (digital systems) is recommended for an AP projection of the ribs found below the diaphragm?
75 to 85 kV
Only 5% of all ulcers lead to bowel perforation.
True
How far apart should the heels be placed to internally rotate the lower limbs for an AP pelvis?
8 to 10 inches
The effective atomic number (Zeff) of lithium fluoride (LiF) is equal to
8.2
To demonstrate the coronoid process in the axiolateral projection of the elbow (Coyle method), the elbow is flexed _____ degrees.
80
Fluoroscopy for an air contrast barium enema is generally done at _____ kVp.
80-90
Swallowed air can be used as a negative contrast medium during an upper GI series.
True
Synthetic latex enema tips are safe to use for latex-sensitive patients.
True
Système International (SI) has been the national standard for units of radiation measurement since 1958.
True
The degree of rotation for the right anterior oblique (RAO) projection of the sternum is dependent on the size of the thoracic cavity.
True
The 15° PA axial (Caldwell) projection for facial bones produces an unobstructed view of the maxilla.
False
The PA axial projection (Haas method) for the cranium requires a CR angle of 25° caudad.
False
The acronym PACS refers to picture archiving connection system.
False
The dose in CT is lower if the multislice number is higher.
True
The female clavicle is usually shorter and less curved than that of the male.
True
The frequency of x-ray examinations being performed is increasing in all age groups.
True
The national standard for image transmission in teleradiology is the ____________ format.
DICOM
A standard that ensures that all digital imaging equipment can communicate with each other is referred to as:
DICOM and HL7.
Radiation-induced abnormalities are caused by unrepaired damage to
DNA molecules in the sperm or ova of an adult.
______ represents how close the dots are located to one another within a pixel.
Dot pitch
Why are the anterior oblique projections (right anterior oblique [RAO]/left anterior oblique [LAO]) preferred over the posterior oblique projections of the cervical spine?
To reduce the thyroid dose
With CR, when the x-ray photons are absorbed by the phosphor, the ___________ atoms become ionized.
Europium
A patient comes to radiology with a history of rectocele. Which of the following procedures best demonstrates this condition?
Evacuative proctogram
Which of the following methods of sterilization is a safer method of sterilizing heat- and moisture-sensitive items in hospitals?
Gas plasma technology
A device that is commonly used to locate and measure the intensity of a radioactive material in an area is a(n)
Geiger-Müller counter.
Common parasitic infection of the small intestine
Giardiasis
Which of the following joints displays flexion and extension type of movement primarily?
Ginglymus
Large pleural effusion
Increase (+)
A radiograph of a submentovertical projection reveals that the mandible is superimposed over the ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses. Which of the following modifications will eliminate this problem?
Increase the extension of the head and neck.
A radiograph of an axiolateral oblique projection of the mandible reveals that the mandibular body is greatly foreshortened. Which of the following modifications is necessary to produce a more diagnostic image?
Increase the rotation of skull toward the image receptor.
A radiograph of a lateral projection of the lumbar spine reveals that the mid- to lower-intervertebral joint spaces are not open. The patient's waist was supported and the CR was perpendicular to the IR. Which of the following modifications will help open these joint spaces during the repeat exposure?
Increase waist support and/or angle the CR 5° to 8° caudad.
Which of the following describes the proper procedure for disposal of a safety needle and syringe following use?
Retract needle, do not remove from syringe, and dispose of syringe in a sharps container.
Which two regions of the abdomen are almost entirely occupied by the liver?
Right hypochondrium and epigastrium
What is the minimal number of projections taken for a study of the elbow?
Three
What anatomy is labeled as letter B in the image below?
Sinus tarsi
Which of the following fractures is often called a reverse Colles' with anterior displacement of the distal radius?
Smith
SMPTE stands for the _____________________________________.
Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers
Which of the following is an acceptable alternative to a surgical hand scrub?
Surgical hand rub
Which of the following is/are true regarding the development of an effective technique chart?
The radiographic equipment must be operating properly. The equipment must be from the same manufacturer.
Low doses of radiation have been shown to cause ________________.
chromosome damage
DNA is contained in the __________________ of the cell nucleus.
chromosomes
Death from acute radiation exposure follows a __________________ dose-response relationship.
nonlinear, threshold
Skin effects from localized doses of radiation follow a _____________ dose-response relationship.
nonlinear, threshold
During the major response stages of acute radiation syndrome after the prodromal stage, the period when symptoms that affect the hematopoietic, gastrointestinal, and cerebrovascular systems become visible, is called
manifest illness.
When using a digital imaging system, changing from 40 in SID to 72 in SID would result in _____________ brightness and ____________ contrast.
no change in; no change in
Inside the x-ray tube envelope you will find: -oil -air -A & B
none of the above.
The x-radiation that is "left over" and exits the patient to strike the image receptor and create the image is known as _____ radiation.
remnant
Because digital IRs have a linear exposure response and wide dynamic range, raw data images appear:
with low contrast
Eye movement
Abducens (VI)
Which two breathing techniques can be used for a lateral projection of the thoracic vertebrae? (Select all that apply.)
- Suspended respiration - Quiet breathing
It is important for the professional imaging technologist to thoroughly understand his or her responsibilities with regard to health information confidentiality. Particularly important considerations include
- a testimonial statement must be signed, indicating your awareness and responsibility in maintaining the privacy of patient records. - all examination results are released to patients by physicians only. - all health care personnel have the same responsibilities for maintaining confidentiality, including students.
An example of a scintillator used in an indirect conversion detector is:
- cesium iodide. - gadolinium oxysulfide.
The concept of effective dose accounts for the __________________.
- different types of radiation and RBE - relative radiosensitivity of various tissues and organs
Ovaries are most radiosensitive during ____________________.
- fetal growth - early childhood
The lowest occupational exposure of diagnostic x-ray personnel occurs during _______________.
-CT -mammography
If scattered photons are absorbed within the anatomic tissue, they:
-contribute to the radiation exposure of the patient. -do not contribute any useful information about the anatomic part of interest.
The resolution of an image using thin-film-transistor (TFT) technology is determined by the
-detector pixel size
The use of contrast agents increases the amount of ________________.
-differential absorption -Compton scatter -photoelectric absorption
An estimation of patient dose is reported as _______________.
-entrance skin exposure -bone marrow dose -gonadal dose
The stem cells of the ovaries multiply during _________________.
-fetal growth -early childhood
TJC accreditation is necessary for a hospital to
-hold certain licenses. -obtain reimbursements from insurance companies. -receive malpractice insurance.
The purpose of a QC monitor test pattern is to evaluate
-image resolution. -image distortion. - artifacts.
A hit to a cell target can occur from a(n) _________________ effect.
-indirect -direct
The half value layer (HVL) of an x-ray beam is a measurement of beam _______.
-intensity -quality -quantity
Shape distortion can be created by:
-off-centering the central ray. - angling the central ray.
Overranging occurs because of ___________________.
-rradiated tissue overlapping -the pitch is one -the x-ray beam dose tail
Stomach examinations using barium sulfate have some degree of risk for patients who are
-sedated. -mentally disabled. -potentially hypovolemic
To maximize the full reimbursement for a diagnostic study performed in medical imaging....
-the correct DRG must be attached to inpatient studies performed. -any changes to radiology's examinations must be communicated with the hospital chargemaster so that the correct CPT-4 code is assigned. -the correct CPT code must be assigned using the ICD-10-CM nomenclature.
When venipuncture is performed on an adult, for contrast medium administration,
-the veins of the arms are preferred injection sites. -a 25-gauge needle is preferred to lessen extravasation. -delayed reaction to the intravenous injection is routine.
During x-ray production, the energy of the moving electrons is converted into:
-thermal energy - electromagnetic energy.
Image-forming x-rays include those which have been _________________.
-transmitted without interaction -scattered through Compton interaction
The computed radiography image has _____________________.
-wide exposure latitude -improved contrast resolution
What is the central-ray angle for a lateral projection of the patella?
0 degrees
What is the central-ray angle for the AP oblique projections of the urinary system?
0 degrees
If the patient can be positioned properly, the central-ray angle for the transthoracic lateral projection (Lawrence) of the shoulder is:
0 degrees.
The central-ray angle for a lateral coccyx and sacrum is:
0 degrees.
The average range of the angle of the L1-L3 zygapophyseal joints are _____ degrees.
0 to 30
A flight on a typical commercial airliner results in an equivalent dose rate of
0.005 to 0.01 mSv/hr.
Studies of groups such as the atomic bomb survivors of Hiroshima have shown that damage to the newborn is unlikely for doses below
0.2 Gy.
According to the U.S. Public Health Service, the genetically significant dose (GSD) for the population of the United States is approximately
0.20 mSv.
The law of Bergonie and Tribondeau states that cells are more radiosensitive if they are 1. highly mitotic. 2. primitive and undifferentiated. 3. mature cells. 4. larger in size. 5. nonnucleated.
1 and 2 only
The trauma radiographer must ensure other team members are protected from unnecessary radiation. Which of the following practices will accomplish this? 1. Lead aprons for all personnel who remain in the room during exposures 2. Short exposure times 3. Announcement of impending exposure to allow nonessential personnel to exit the room
1 and 3
Which fat pads are seen on a negative lateral elbow radiograph? 1. Anterior 2. Posterior 3. Supinator
1 and 3
Which of the following are types of optical disks? 1. MOD 2. DLT 3. UDO
1 and 3
Which of the following would be considered advantages of a client/server-based system? 1. Any image can be seen anywhere without interventions. 2. Even if the archive goes down, images can still be seen at all workstations. 3. Only one person can open a study with the intent to read it, and others will be told that the study is being read by someone else.
1 and 3
Which of the following is/are considered low-LET radiation(s)? 1. X-rays 2. Alpha particles 3. Gamma rays
1 and 3 only
Which of the following terms are synonymous?1. Automatic exposure control2. Iterative reconstruction3. Tube current modulation
1 and 3 only
A digital image with decreased spatial resolution may be due to: 1. Increased central ray angulation 2. Decreased grid ratio 3. Decreased SID
1 and 3 only.
A film-screen image with lower contrast may be due to: 1. Increased patient thickness 2. Increased beam restriction 3. Increased kVp
1 and 3 only.
On a patient's examination requisition for a KUB, you notice that the history recorded by the emergency department staff states "R/O appendicitis." In an effort to gain more precise information about the patient's condition, questions to ask that would be important to this examination (KUB) would be 1. "How would you describe the pain?" 2. "Have you had previous appendix surgery?" 3. "Do you know if the emergency department called in a sonographer?" 4. "Can you touch the area that specifically hurts?" 5. "Are you sure it's not your kidneys?" 6. "Does the pain appear to be in your appendix?"
1 and 4 only
Where is the CR centered for posterior oblique projections of the SI joints? `
1 inch (2.5 cm) medial to upside ASIS
Which of the following radiation quantities use the same unit of measure?1. Effective dose and equivalent dose2. Exposure and effective dose3. Absorbed dose and equivalent dose
1 only
The health information department performs which of the following supportive functions? 1. Health research 2. Administrative activities of the organization 3. Publication of marketing literature for advertising 4. Support for medical education activities 5. Maintenance of a medical library for physicians and the general public 6. Patient billing and accounting processes 7. Quality management programs
1, 2, 4, 6, and 7 only
After an organism is infected and by the time symptoms of the infectious process manifest, several steps have taken place. These steps consist of 1. multiplication and spread. 2. encounter and entry. 3. host. 4. damage. 5. reservoir. 6. phagocytosis. 7. outcome.
1, 2, 4, and 7 only
A method of sterilization that has special indicators to change color, signifying that sterilization has been achieved, is:1. autoclaving (steam sterilization).2. conventional gas sterilization.3. gas plasma technology.
1, 2, and 3
Of the following, which are disadvantages of using pocket ionization chambers as personnel dosimeters? 1. They can discharge if they are subjected to mechanical shock. 2. Because these devices provide no permanent legal record of exposure, health care facilities that use this method to record personnel exposure must delegate someone to keep such a record. 3. If not read each day, the dosimeter may give an inaccurate reading because the electric charge tends to escape.
1, 2, and 3
Packages are considered sterile if they meet the following criteria:1. The expiration date has not been exceeded.2. The sterility indicators have changed to a predetermined color.3. The package is clean and dry, unopened, and unpunctured.
1, 2, and 3
The advantages of multislice helical CT (MSHCT) include: 1. multiphase studies. 2. isotropic viewing. 3. longer anatomic coverage
1, 2, and 3
The advantages of the BERT method are 1. it does not imply radiation risk; it is simply a means for comparison. 2. it emphasizes that radiation is an innate part of our environment. 3. it provides an answer that is easy for the patient to comprehend.
1, 2, and 3
When a fluoroscopic image is electronically amplified by the use of an image intensification system, which of the following benefits results? 1. Increased image brightness 2. Saving of time for the radiologist 3. Patient dose reduction
1, 2, and 3
Which methods are used to administer barium for a radiographic examination of the small intestine? 1. By mouth 2. Reflux filling 3. Enteroclysis
1, 2, and 3
Which of the following are common pediatric fractures? 1. Salter-Harris 2. Plastic 3. Supracondylar
1, 2, and 3
Which of the following are sources of low-level radiation exposure? 1. X-rays and radioactive materials used for diagnostic purposes. 2. Employment-related exposure in medicine and industry. 3. Natural background radiation.
1, 2, and 3
Which of the following groups advocate annual mammography screening or mammography screening at least every other year? 1. American College of Radiology 2. American Cancer Society 3. American Medical Association
1, 2, and 3
Which of the following projections are used during a cystogram? 1. AP 2. AP oblique 3. Lateral
1, 2, and 3
What is a Gy?
A radiation unit in the SI system used to measure patient dose
Which of the following are early tissue reactions of ionizing radiation that were experienced by early radiation workers? 1. Diffuse redness of skin 2. Blood disorders 3. Organ atrophy 4. Intestinal disorders
1, 2, and 4 only
As part of a medical imaging quality assurance program, items to be considered would include 1. medication errors. 2. the amount and duration of breaks taken by staff daily. 3. thermal injuries occurring in MR. 4. the time span available to schedule mammograms. 5. the radiology department's rate of repeat images. 6. personnel monitoring (film badge) data of staff. 7. patient satisfaction survey results.
1, 3, 4, 5, and 7 only
Which of the following data will the radiologist need prior to injection of a contrast medium for an excretory urogram?
1. Allergy history 2. Baseline blood pressure 3. BUN and creatinine levels
Changing from an 8:1 grid to a 12:1 grid, along with making the appropriate adjustments, will result in:
1. Increased patient dose 2. An image with increased contrast 3. Using more mAs
Because of differential absorption, about _____% of the incident beam from the x-ray tube contributes to the finished image.
1.0
What is the formula for heat units for a 3-phase, 6-pulse x-ray machine?
1.35 × kVp × mA × seconds
What is the mean value of the radiation doubling equivalent dose for humans, as determined from studies of the children of the atomic bomb survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki?
1.56 Sv
The dose limit for the general public is _______ the dose limit for occupational exposure.
1/10
For the AP projection of the thumb, Lewis suggests angling the central ray toward the wrist to demonstrate the first metacarpal free of the sesamoids and of the soft tissue of the palm. What is the suggested central-ray angle?
10 to 15 degrees
How far should the patient be rolled posteriorly from the lateral position, for a lateral projection of the hip that will include the proximal femur?
10 to 15 degrees
How much is the body rotated for the PA oblique projection of the sternoclavicular articulation (body rotation technique)?
10 to 15 degrees
What is the central-ray angulation for the AP axial urinary bladder?
10 to 15 degrees caudad
Some mutations in genetic material occur spontaneously, without a known cause. In humans, a hereditary disorder is present in approximately _________ of all live births in the United States.
10%
When generator settings are changed from one mA and time combination to another, the most that linearity can vary is
10%.
The maximum speed the rotating anode will typically achieve is _____ rpm.
10,000
What is an acceptable level of leakage from the tube housing?
100 mR per hour, measured at a distance of 1 meter
The mean marrow dose from diagnostic x-ray examinations averaged over the entire population of the United States is about:
100 mrad/yr.
An increase of 15% in kVp is equivalent to increasing mAs _____.
100%
A perfect image processing system would have an MTF of
100%.
Screen-film radiography has a dynamic range of __________.
1000
Since the density of air is approximately _________________ than that of soft tissue, a given volume of air will interact with far fewer x-ray photons than adjacent regions of soft tissue, thereby permitting more radiation to reach the image receptor.
1000 times smaller
Unless contraindicated, the lower limb and leg should be internally rotated for an axiolateral projection of the hip (Danelius-Miller). How many degrees of rotation are required?
15 to 20
The central-ray angle for an AP axial projection of the clavicle when performed on a patient in the supine position is _____ degrees.
15 to 30
What is the latent period for most radiation-induced cancers?
15 years or more
A CRT monitor should have a luminance reading of greater than ______ cd/m.
170
The minimum dose lethal to humans is _____ Gy to the whole body.
2
The threshold dose for cataract formation is known to be _____ mSv of acute exposure to the eyes.
2
Both zygomatic arches can be demonstrated on one projection for which of the following projections? 1. Tangential 2. SMV 3. AP axial
2 and 3
Compression should not be used during an IVU if the patient has a(n):1. iodine allergy.2. aneurysm.3. colostomy.
2 and 3
Which of the following projections will always require a compensating filter to demonstrate all of the anatomy on one image? 1. AP shoulder 2. Lateral hip 3. Lateral C7-T1
2 and 3
Which of the following tangential projections is used to demonstrate the carpal canal? 1. Axial 2. Inferosuperior 3. Superoinferior
2 and 3
Which of the following therapies would be applied if contrast medium infiltrates the surrounding tissues? 1. Application of pressure immediately 2. Application of a cold compress 3. Application of a warm compress
2 and 3
A periodic blood count is not recommended as a method for monitoring occupational radiation exposure because 1. biologic damage from ionizing radiation cannot be determined from a blood test. 2. biologic damage has already been sustained when an irregularity is seen in the blood count. 3. a traditional blood count is a relatively insensitive test that is unable to indicate exposures of less than 10 cGy.
2 and 3 only
Which types of fractures have high specificity for nonaccidental trauma to a child?1. Spiral fractures2. Scapular fractures3. Posterior rib fractures
2 and 3 only
A film-screen image with increased density may be due to: 1. Increased OID 2. Decreased SID 3. Increased film-screen speed
2 and 3 only.
A film-screen image with increased density may be due to:1. Increased OID2. Decreased SID3. Increased film-screen speed
2 and 3 only.
What CR centering should be used for a dorsal decubitus projection of the abdomen (if the diaphragm is to be included)?
2 inches (5 cm) above iliac crest
What is the central-ray entrance point for the AP oblique projection (Judet method) of the acetabulum?
2 inches inferior to the ASIS
Low-osmolar contrast agents, as compared to high-osmolar agents, are: 1. more toxic. 2. less likely to initiate an allergic response. 3. more likely to cause nausea.
2 only
Which of the following are compounds called purines?1. Adenine and cytosine 2. Adenine and guanine 3. Adenine and thymine
2 only
Which of the following formulas is used to calculate effective dose? 1. EfD = (D × WR)1 + (D × WR)2 + (D × WR)3 2. EfD = D × WR × WT 3. EfD = D ÷ WR × WT
2 only
Alpha particles have a radiation weighting factor (WR) that is numerically equal to
20.
What type of CR angle is recommended when performing the AP axial C-spine projection erect?
20° cephalad
At the level of the tabletop, the intensity of the fluoroscopic beam should not exceed _______________ for each mA of operation at 80 kVp.
21 mGy/min
Normal BUN (blood urea nitrogen) levels in adults should not exceed ____ mg per 100 mL.
25
For the Waters method for the facial bones, the orbitomeatal line is placed at what angle to the IR?
37 degrees
The source-to-skin distance must be no less than _____ cm on stationary fluoroscopes.
38
The SSD should be no less than ___________ for a fixed or stationary fluoro unit and no less than ____________ for a mobile fluoro unit (C-Arm).
38 cm; 30 cm
How much is the body rotated for the PA oblique projection of the stomach and duodenum?
40 to 70 degrees
At approximately what age does the xiphoid process become totally ossified?
40 years old
How much CR angulation to the long axis of the foot is required for the plantodorsal (axial) projection of the calcaneus?
40°
The central-ray angulation for a lateral projection of the knee is:
5 to 7 degrees cephalad.
How many pounds of weight should be affixed to each wrist for the AP projection of the AC joint?
5 to 8 lb
The concentration of iodine in ionic contrast media is:
50% to 70%.
The zygapophyseal joints of the upper lumbar vertebrae are ____ in relationship to the midsagittal plane.
50°
What is the half-life of radon-220?
54.5 seconds
What is the degree of body rotation for the PA oblique, LAO position of the chest during a cardiac series?
55 to 60 degrees
The atomic number of molybdenum is 42 and the atomic mass number is 98. How many neutrons does it have?
56
When an IV is running at the rate of 15 to 20 drops/min, the patient will receive approximately:
60 mL/hr.
What is the recommended SID for the erect lateral sternum position?
60 to 72 inches (152 to 183 cm)
If a person stands 12 feet from the source of exposure, receives an exposure of 60 mR, and then moves to 3 feet from the source of exposure, what would be the new exposure according to the inverse square law?
960 mR
What is a rad?
A radiation unit in the British system used to measure patient dose
What is an Sv?
A radiation unit in the SI system used to measure dose equivalents for occupational exposure
A PA projection of the stomach and duodenum can be performed using a 10 × 12-inch (24 × 30 cm) exposure field. Which of the following describes the plane that is centered to the grid for this projection?
A sagittal plane passing halfway between the midline and the lateral border of the abdomen
Which projection of the colon best demonstrates the lateral aspect of the ascending colon and the medial aspect of the descending colon, when the colon is inflated with air?
AP, left lateral decubitus
Most of the quality control testing of digital display devices is performed with the use of _______________ test patterns.
AAPM TG18
The standard for Digital Imaging and Communication was developed by a committee of the ______________.
ACR and NEMA
Which of the following projections would be used to better demonstrate the carpal interspaces?
AP
A patient comes to radiology for an upper GI series. The patient has a clinical history of hiatal hernia. Which of the following positions may be helpful in demonstrating this condition?
AP Trendelenburg position
Which two projections must be taken for an injury to the left posterior, lower ribs?
AP and LPO
A patient enters the ED with a possible shoulder dislocation. Because of his multiple injuries, the patient is unable to stand or sit erect. Which of the following routines best demonstrates the dislocation?
AP and horizontal beam transthoracic lateral projections
Where does the CR exit for the optional PA axial projection of the mandible?
Acanthion
Spinal function and some swallowing
Accessory (XI)
Dilated distal esophagus due to reduced peristalsis
Achalasia (cardiospasm)
Which of the following factors has the greatest effect on spatial resolution of the digital image?
Acquisition pixel size
Which side of the patient's chest is placed against the vertical IR for a ventral or dorsal decubitus lateral projection?
Affected side
Which of the following is not clearly demonstrated on an AP projection of the ankle?
Ankle mortise
Which of the following interactions results in the conversion of matter into energy?
Annihilation reaction
Which of the following describes a thin-client computer?
Any computer that needs a server for task completion
Which of the following beam-restricting devices is least effective at limiting unsharpness surrounding the radiographic image?
Aperture diaphragm
In the early 2000s various publications calculated individual and population risks of cancer from CT based upon risk estimates from studies of which of the following groups of people?
Atomic bomb survivors
Which specific aspect of the sacrum articulates with the ilium to form the sacroiliac joint?
Auricular surface
Which of the following projections can be performed with one exposure if a compensating filter is used?
Axiolateral hip (Danelius-Miller method)
Antibodies are protein molecules produced by specialized cells in the bone marrow called
B lymphocytes.
What type of compensating filter is recommended for an AP shoulder projection?
Boomerang
Which of the following terms describes the anterior fontanel found in the adult skull?
Bregma
Which of the following is not a type of interaction between x-radiation and biologic matter?
Bremsstrahlung
Which of the following could be defined as the production of an x-ray photon by the electrostatic attraction between the incident electron and the nucleus of the tungsten atom?
Bremsstrahlung interaction
Which of the following curves illustrates the radiation sensitivity of a particular type of cell?
Cell survival curve
Which of the following is essentially the sum total of air kerma over the exposed area of the patient's body surface?
Dose area product
Devices designed to measure total accumulated radiation intensity are called ______.
Dosimeters
With film-screen imaging, what would be the appropriate change in mAs if the kVp were decreased by 15% and the density needed to be maintained?
Double the mAs.
A patient comes to radiology with possible diverticulosis. Which of the following studies is most diagnostic for detecting this condition?
Double-contrast barium enema
By what method are pathogens spread when a person coughs or sneezes?
Droplet
What is an older term for the pancreatic duct?
Duct of Wirsung
Which of the following radiation quantities is intended to be the best overall measure of the biologic effects of ionizing radiation?
Effective dose
What focal spot size is measured directly under the anode target?
Effective focal spot
Which term describes the space between the primary and secondary growth centers?
Epiphyseal plate
Which of the following is a disadvantage of the optically stimulated dosimeter?
Exposure not determinable on the day of occurrence without an in-house reader
A Deviation Index (DI) of zero indicates no radiation has reached the digital image receptor.
False
An adult's knee measuring 14 cm should be radiographed without a grid.
False
Because digital imaging has a large dynamic range, significantly lower than necessary x-ray exposure will still result in a quality image.
False
Biopsies can be performed during a CT colonography.
False
Children should not drink any fluid (including water and fruit juice) for 4 hours prior to intravenous urography (IVU).
False
During a colostomy barium enema, a double-contrast retention enema tip is used.
False
Each electron that interacts with the output phosphor will result in significantly fewer light photons being produced in comparison to the number of light photons it took to release that electron.
False
Film-screen images should be produced with very high kVp and very low mAs in order to reduce patient exposure.
False
Nonionic contrast agents may increase the severity of side effects as compared with ionic contrast agents.
False
One gray equals 1000 rad.
False
One of the functions of the heavy metal case is to shield the components from radio waves and satellite frequencies.
False
The purpose of a camera tube or CCD is to record the fluoroscopic image.
False
Two identical rooms having the same generator and tube and installed at the same time do not require development of separate technique charts. The chart for one room can accurately be used in the other.
False
When using magnification mode, the fluoroscopist needs to manually set the exposure factors higher to compensate for the reduced diameter input phosphor.
False
How many facial bones help make up the bony orbit?
Four
Which of the ventricles is located directly superior to the cistern cerebellomedullaris?
Fourth
Instruments with long, narrow lumina must be sterilized using which method?
Freon and ethylene oxide
Gastric bubble seen above the diaphragm
Hiatal hernia
Which two of the following methods are used to demonstrate the intercondylar fossa? (Select all that apply.)
Holmblad (PA axial) Camp-Coventry (PA axial)
Your department has received a new piece of digital radiographic equipment. A radiation physicist has inspected the unit and determined that the automatic exposure control function is not operating properly. His report indicates this clearly and is submitted to the department director. This new equipment has been expected for weeks and is the only device in the department capable of performing certain examinations. The director insists that the device is completely safe, and the technologists need to use it while applications' training is on site. In this situation, who is responsible for taking corrective action?
Hospital and director
What type of shock is caused by loss of blood from a knife or gunshot wound?
Hypovolemic
Patient dose can be reduced by using _____________________. I. faster screens II. higher kVp III. increased distance
I and II
What are the only acceptable techniques for mammography? I. Screen/film II. Digital III. Xerography
I and II
Luminance response can be tested with a(n) _______________. I. near-range photometer II. telescope photometer III. illuminance meter
I or II
A photostimulable phosphor in a metastable state will emit light ________________. I. immediately II. when stimulated by light III. over time
I, II, and III
Specular reflection can be tested with the _______________. I. TG18-AD pattern II. ambient light turned on III. ambient light turned off
I, II, and III
The most important variables in determining x-ray dose are the ______ and the _____. I. receptor speed II. patient thickness III. x-ray production efficiency IV. technique used
I, III
The most important variables in determining x-ray dose are the ______ and the _____.I. receptor speedII. patient thicknessIII. x-ray production efficiencyIV. technique used
I, III
Which of the following topographic landmarks corresponds to the L2-3 vertebral level?
Inferior costal margin
Where should the operator (or surgeon) stand when using a C-arm fluoroscopy unit in a horizontal central ray (CR) position?
Intensifier end of the C-arm
A patient enters the ED with blunt trauma to the sternum. The patient is in great pain and cannot lie prone on the table or stand erect. Which of the following positioning routines would be best for the sternum examination in this situation?
LPO and horizontal beam lateral projections
Which of the following is the primary projection used to demonstrate anterior or posterior displacement of fractures of the hand or wrist?
Lateral
Which of the following projections will best demonstrate the C4-5 zygapophyseal joints of the cervical spine?
Lateral
Which of the following positions will best demonstrate the axillary portion of the left ribs?
Left posterior oblique (LPO)
Which of the following drugs is used to treat dysrhythmias?
Lidocaine
What is the formula for the magnification factor?
MF = SID/SOD
Which advanced function is used most often in computed tomography to visualize contrast medium-filled vessels separate from the surrounding tissue?
MIP
Which advanced workstation function can reconstruct images into another plane?
MPR
Which of the following passes through the carpal canal?
Median nerve
A patient comes to radiology with a history of chondromalacia of the patella. The orthopedic surgeon is concerned about possible loose bodies within the patellofemoral joint space. She wants the best projection to demonstrate this joint space. What projection should be performed?
Merchant method
When opening and pouring sterile solutions...
Move the sterile basin to the edge of the sterile field and show the solution name and strength to another person before pouring are appropriate.
Mrs. Elizabeth Dunbar is 86 years old and a bit confused. She is most likely to respond appropriately if you address her as:
Mrs. Dunbar
Patient skin exposure can be measured indirectly by using a ________________.
Nomogram
Which of the following changes would produce a digital image with decreased brightness? - Increased mAs - Decreased kVp - Increased patient thickness
None of the above
Select the true statement from the choices below. -Nuclear studies using radiopharmaceuticals are generally more functional in nature. -Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis (NSF) is a significant concern in the use of radioisotopes in nuclear medicine. Radiographic examinations are generally more structural in nature. -When a patient scheduled for both a PET scan and CT scan, it is important to do the CT scan first due to the length of the PET scan procedure and its radioisotope half-life. -The principle ingredient in MR contrast material is hydrogen.
Nuclear studies using radiopharmaceuticals are generally more functional in nature.
Vision
Optic (II)
Which disease or condition may be associated with postoperative complications of open heart surgery?
Osteomyelitis
Which of the following will demonstrate the duodenal bulb and loop in profile?
PA oblique, RAO
Which projection of the colon best demonstrates the ascending colon?
PA oblique, RAO
A network system with an array of hardware and software that connects all imaging modalities is termed a(n):
PACS
Which of the following central venous catheters may be used for either short- or long-term therapy and introduced through a vein in the antecubital fossa?
PICC
Which of the following is frequently a problem in diagnostic pediatric radiography?
Patient motion
Which two of the following describes the central ray for an axiolateral projection of the hip (Danelius-Miller)? (Select all that apply.)
Perpendicular to the IR Perpendicular to the long axis of the femoral neck
______________ is the relationship between the movement or advancement of the patient couch and the x-ray beam collimator dimension.
Pitch
Which of the following structures is also called the hypophysis?
Pituitary gland
Which term is defined as percutaneous techniques aimed at stabilizing weakened vertebral bodies?
Pituitary gland
The basic picture element is known as a
Pixel
During which of the following subphases of mitosis do the centrioles migrate to opposite sides of the cell and begin to regulate the formation of the mitotic spindle?
Prophase
Which of the following hospital departments provides support services?
Purchasing
A comprehensive set of activities designed to monitor and maintain a piece of equipment is known as
QC
A study of a prosthetic hip demonstrates that the end of the prosthesis is cut off on the AP projection, but the entire device is demonstrated on the lateral projection. What should the technologist do next?
Repeat the AP projection only.
During a double-contrast barium enema (BE) procedure, the radiologist suspects a polyp in the descending colon. Which position would best demonstrate this?
Right lateral decubitus
A radiograph of an AP pelvis reveals that the left obturator foramen is more open or elongated as compared with the right. What is the specific positioning error present on this radiograph?
Right rotation
A radiograph of an AP axial (Taylor) "outlet" projection reveals that the obturator foramina are not symmetric. What type of positioning error is present on this radiograph?
Rotation of the pelvis
A radiograph of an anteroposterior (AP) abdomen demonstrates elongation (widening) of the left iliac wing and narrowing of the right iliac wing. Which one of the following positioning errors produced this radiographic outcome?
Rotation to the left (left posterior oblique)
During the ______ phase of cell life, each DNA molecule is replicated into two identical daughter DNA molecules.
S
Which of the following structures is located at the level of the ASIS?
S1-2 (sacral segments)
Devices commonly referred to as roles include
SCU
A protective curtain, or sliding panel, with a minimum of 0.25-mm lead equivalent, should normally be positioned between the fluoroscopist and the patient to intercept which of the following types of radiation?
Scattered radiation above the tabletop
Which costocartilage attaches to the sternum at the level of the sternal angle?
Second
Which exposure variable is controlled by the automatic exposure control device?
Seconds
A patient comes to radiology for an IVU. He has a clinical history of renal hypertension. How should the IVU procedure be altered for this patient?
Shorten the time between exposures.
Which aspect of the long bones is responsible for the production of red blood cells?
Spongy or cancellous bone
What instrument can be calibrated to read air kerma?
Standard, or free-air, ionization chamber
A referring physician suspects that a subacromial spur may be the cause for a patient's shoulder impingement. She asks the technologist for a projection that would best demonstrate any possible spurs in the suprasinatus outlet. Which of the following projections would accomplish this objective?
Tangential projection with 10° to 15° caudad angle
Which workstation is used to review images after acquisition but before being sent off for reporting?
Technologist QC
Which of the following is true regarding the kidneys?
The left kidney is longer and narrower than the right.
What do agents such as specific chemicals, viruses, and ionizing radiation have in common?
They are all mutagens that may increase the frequency of mutations.
Which of the following is not a requirement that radiation survey instruments must meet?
They must all be equally sensitive in the detection of ionizing radiation.
Which of the following statements is NOT true with respect to deterministic radiation effects?
They occur randomly with respect to individuals.
Which one of the following is not considered a type of computer found on a network?
Thick client
Where is the center of the IR positioned for a PA projection of sternoclavicular joints?
Third thoracic vertebra
Which of the following is not a legal right of a patient in the radiology department?
To ask for and receive extra studies
What is the purpose of radiographic beam filtration?
To reduce exposure to the patient's skin and superficial tissues by absorbing most of the lower-energy photons from the heterogeneous beam.
All of the joints of the shoulder girdle are diarthrodial.
True
FPD-TFT-based systems can be used for both grid and nongrid examinations.
True
Follow-up radiographs for a fractured tibia and fibula may include only the joint closest to the site of injury.
True
The most distal portion of the small intestine is the:
ileum
Punctate collection of barium surrounded by a "halo" appearance during upper GI series
Ulcers
Which two modalities could easily be converted to digital imaging properties?
Ultrasonography and nuclear medicine
Which of the following modalities best demonstrates shoulder joint pathology such as rotator cuff tears using dynamic evaluation techniques during joint movements?
Ultrasound
For primary radiation, what is the term that represents a portion of beam-on time that the x-ray beam is directed at a primary barrier during the week?
Use factor
Which of the following types of ionizing radiation produce virtually the same biologic effect in body tissue for equal absorbed doses?
X-rays, beta particles, and gamma rays
A patient comes to radiology for treatment of an arthritic condition of the right shoulder. The radiologist orders AP internal/external rotation projections and an inferosuperior axial projection of the scapulohumeral joint. However, the patient cannot abduct the arm for this projection. Which other projection will best demonstrate the scapulohumeral joint space?
` AP oblique (Grashey method)
When gowning another person,
a nonsterile circulating person pulls up the gown and fastens the back and waistband.
The upper margin of the lungs is at the level of the:
vertebra prominens.
Testing performed before newly installed or majorly repaired equipment can be accepted by the department is called ______ testing.
acceptance
In photoelectric absorption to dislodge an inner-shell electron from its atomic orbit, the incoming x-ray photon must be able to transfer a quantity of energy
as large as or larger than the amount of energy that holds the electron in its orbit.
The pathologic accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity is termed:
ascites.
Although coherent scattering is most likely to occur ____________, some of this unmodified scattering occurs throughout the diagnostic range and may result in small amounts of radiographic fog.
at less than 10 keV
The center of the compression device that is placed over the lower ureters during intravenous urography is positioned:
at the level of the ASIS.
Central ray and image receptor centering for a 1-hour small bowel radiograph should be:
at the level of the iliac crest.
With a CR system, when using AEC to image a patient who is having difficulty holding still, increasing the mA (if the unit allows) will:
be a good idea because the exposure time will decrease.
Enzymes that aid in chemical digestion are classified as:
biologic catalysts.
The adjustment of contrast and brightness of the displayed image is:
bit depth.
A major complication for patients undergoing (antiplatelet) blood clotting drug therapy is
bleeding.
Filtering refers to changing the projection data before doing the back projections to remove the
blurriness
Filtering refers to changing the projection data before doing the back projections to remove the
blurriness.
People who were employed painting radium watch dials later showed excess risk for ______________ cancer.
bone
The hematopoietic form of acute radiation syndrome is also called the
bone marrow syndrome.
When two persons are assisting a patient to move from a stretcher onto a bed, they should position themselves so that:
both are on the side of the stretcher.
When comparing a semi-automatic AED device with an automatic device,
both devices determine the patient's cardiac rhythm.
The capability of an image intensifier to increase the illumination level of the image is called its _____________________.
brightness gain
The formula for brightness gain is:
brightness gain = minification gain × flux gain.
Image level parameters control image
brightness.
The visibility of anatomic structures in a radiographic image is determined by:
brightness/density and image contrast.
The cup-shaped recesses in the center of each kidney that receive the urine from the collecting ducts are called the:
calyces.
The third metacarpal of the hand articulates with the:
capitate.
The ______________ in the body provide fuel for cell metabolism.
carbohydrates
The time-interval delay mode is principally used in ___________ imaging.
cardiac
An effective method for treating select cardiac arrhythmias is the use of high-frequency alternating current to destroy strategic cardiac tissue and reroute the cardiac impulses generated. These procedures are known as
cardiac ablation treatments.
The expanded portion of the terminal esophagus is called the:
cardiac antrum.
An important piece of information regarding a patient's need for medical care is sought by physicians and medical professionals. Many times, patients are vague about their pain or reason for seeing the doctor. It is important to discover the patient's _____ for seeking medical care.
chief complaint
On a weekly basis, a designated QC technologist may perform all of the following tests except
cleaning air intakes on the image plate reader.
Detector elements are formed by voltage gates that _____ at readout to _____ the flow of electrons.
close; allow
After the injection of an ionic iodinated contrast agent into a patient for a renal study, the patient complains of a warm feeling and is starting to itch. You notice the patient is developing urticaria. As you monitor the patient, you should
closely monitor the patient and look for worsening signs such as vomiting and bronchospasm and inform the radiologist or physician of the patient's anaphylaxis.
Cable consisting of a center conducting wire surrounded by insulation and a grounded shield of braided wire is called
coaxial.
An incident x-ray interacts with an atom without ionization during ______________.
coherent scattering
The imaging plate layer that absorbs stimulating light and reflects emitted light is the ______ layer.
color
Scanned projection radiography was developed as a complement to ______________.
computed tomography
Clinical applications for CCDs include all of the following except
computed tomography fluoroscopy.
The output signal from the photostimulable phosphor plate is converted from analog to digital by the ________________.
computer controls
Digital imaging processing refers to:
computer manipulations applied to digital images.
The proximal end of the tibia presents two prominent processes called the:
condyles.
With computed radiography the contrast is _______________________________.
constant regardless of radiation exposure
The ability of the eye to detect differences in brightness levels is termed ___________.
contrast perception
The ability of a digital imaging system to distinguish between similar tissues is the definition for:
contrast resolution.
The ability of a digital system to display subtle changes in shades of gray is called
contrast resolution.
A method of describing the contrast resolution compared with the amount of noise apparent in a digital image is the:
contrast-to-noise ratio.
When performing dressing changes, it is important to remember that
if the wound is purulent, gowns are recommended.
With CR, a higher sampling frequency results in _____________ pixel size and ____________ spatial resolution.
decreased; increased
The biggest source of man-made ionizing radiation exposure to the public is ______________.
diagnostic x-rays
The bit capacity of each pixel identifies the ___________ of a digital imaging system.
dynamic range
A Geiger-Muller counter is a(n) ________________________.
gas-filled detector
A codon is a _______________.
genetic message
Occupational exposure of the radiographer can be kept as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) through individual monitoring and other protective measures and the use of protective devices. Therefore, because exposure from radiation-related jobs will not alter the ______________________, radiation workers may receive a larger equivalent dose than members of the general population.
genetically significant dose
It would be professionally appropriate for the imaging professional to
gently touch the patient to clarify the location of his or her pain.
Image orientation can be difficult because of a lack of ______ the cassette.
identification blocker on
The ________________ digital imaging system uses the highest dynamic range.
mammography
Each CT projection records variations in _________________________.
mass density and effective atomic number
With conventional radiography, optical density is primarily controlled by
milliampere-seconds.
The gain related to the decrease in size from the input to the output phosphor that increases the light intensities is the:
minification gain.
The actual long-term health effects of a "dirty bomb" are likely to be
minimal.
Violations of state radiation control regulations, such as practicing outside the legal scope of practice, are usually classified as:
misdemeanors.
Human cells are most radiosensitive during the _________ phase of the cell cycle.
mitosis
Mobility muscles differ from stability muscles in that
mobility muscles are located in the arms and legs
When atoms of various elements combine, they form __________.
molecules
The longer an image is stored in the computed radiography (CR) cassette, the
more energy is lost by the electrons.
Following the laser stimulation of the photostimulable phosphor, the excited electrons are _________________.
mostly stabilized
Most network interface cards plug directly into the
motherboard.
Digital fluoroscopy energy subtraction has less ___________ than temporal subtraction.
motion artifact
A 10% increase in kVp has ________ effect on x-ray intensity than/as a 10% increase in mAs.
much greater
The capability to create accurate reconstruction of patient data into alternative planes (coronal, sagittal, three-dimensional) is termed:
multiplanar reconstruction.
The focusing cup is made of:
nickel.
All of the following are true of computed radiography (CR) except
the image is recorded on an amorphous silicon imaging plate.
While standing behind the control-booth barrier, a radiographer makes a radiographic exposure. The x-rays scattered from the patient's body should ____________________.
scatter a minimum of 2 times before reaching any area behind the control-booth barrier.
The radiographic appearance on an oblique lumbar spine in which the neck of the Scottie dog appears broken suggests the presence of:
spondylolysis.
The SOD can be determined by:
subtracting the OID from SID.
The Task Group Report 18 is a procedure manual for _____________________.
testing digital display devices
All of the following apply to respiratory measurements except: -a single respiration cycle consists of an inspiration and an expiration. -the respiratory rate of newborns averages 12 to 20 breaths/min. - adult respiration quality refers to rhythm, depth, and degree of effort. -respiratory rates in children should be measured for at least one minute respiration measurements may alter if the patient is supine.
the respiratory rate of newborns averages 12 to 20 breaths/min.
In the formula c = λv, c represents:
the speed of light.
Effective compensation for the anode heel effect would involve positioning:
the thinnest portion of the part under the anode.
When venipuncture is performed on an adult, for contrast medium administration,
the veins of the arms are preferred injection sites.
When venipuncture is performed on an adult, for contrast medium administration....
the veins of the arms are preferred injection sites.
Image transfer is monitored from the modality to PACS and from the archive to
the workstation.
Most adverse reactions to ionic, iodinated contrast agents are caused by
their osmolality.
All of the following are true of cleansing enemas except: -they are intended for the administration of enteric medications. -they promote the defecation reflex and discharge. - they are complete when bowel contents are clear and free of fecal matter. -hydrating patients is a significant concern for patients undergoing a cleansing enema.
they are intended for the administration of enteric medications.
CsI detectors use
thin crystalline needles.
A device that includes a photosensitive array and small pixels that convert light into electrical charges is known as a ______ transistor.
thin-film
The laryngeal prominence known as the Adam's apple is the: `
thyroid cartilage.
An ionization chamber connected to an electrometer is a device that can measure
tiny electric currents with high precision and accuracy.
The application of medication to the surface of the skin is referred to as the ___________ route of administration.
topical
Computer aided diagnosis (CAD) requires the use of ______________________.
uncompressed images
The profile appearance of the adductor tubercle and excessive superimposition of the fibular head and neck on a mediolateral knee projection indicate:
underrotation of the knee toward the IR.
The central-ray angle for AP oblique projections of the knee is:
variable, depending on the ASIS-to-tabletop distance.
The contaminated food, water, drugs, or blood that transport microorganisms is referred to as a:
vehicle.
