Raditude 26
Which of the following can be thought as the percentage of a TFT's area that is use for detection? Select one: a. AMA b. detector element c. DQE d. fill factor
d
Which of the following describes a pattern of discrete values stored in rows and columns? Select one: a. Pixel b. Stack c. Voxel d. Matrix
d
Which of the following describes large storage systems using stacks of metallic or optical discs? Select one: a. PACS b. WAN c. compression d. jukebox
d
Which of the following directs the flow of information from input, output, and memory storage devices? Select one: a. ALU b. RAM c. VDT d. CPU
d
Which of the following employs an inverse scale of exposure index? Select one: a. Carestream b. AGFA c. GE d. Fuji
d
Which of the following examination factors could most likely cause a histogram analysis error? Select one: a. overexposure of an abdomen b. gonad shielding on chest c. open collimation on a hand d. prosthetic hip on a hip
d
Which of the following is LEAST likely to result in an edge detection error? Select one: a. Multiple fields on a CR plate b. Diagonal exposure c. Off centering of the IR d. Parallel alignment with the IR
d
Which of the following is a step in image digitization? Select one: a. Kerneling b. Masking c. Rescaling d. Quantization
d
Which of the following is an example of a binary dimension? Select one: a. 3 b. 7 c. 10 d. 16
d
Which of the following is detectable on a flat field uniformity test? Select one: a. SID distance b. Focal spot size c. Radiation dose d. Anode heel effect
d
Which of the following may be able to fill in for a "dead" pixel? Select one: a. Kernel function b. Quantization c. Rescaling function d. Postprocessing
a
Which of the following may be described as a bar graph representing the number of pixels with different discrete attenuation values? Select one: a. Histogram b. Value of interest c. Sinogram d. Region of interest
a
Which of the following refers to the range of values within the histogram that are of diagnostic significance? Select one: a. VOI b. S(max) c. Q values d. LUT
a
Which of the following represents the lightest nonzero pixel value for a volume of interest? Select one: a. S(min) b. Type 1 c. S(max) d. Type 2
a
Which of the following would increase image contrast? Select one: a. Shorter LUT grayscale curve b. Decreased grid factor c. Shorter x-ray exposure time d. Decreased kilovoltage peak
a
Maximum spatial frequency is inversely proportional to which of the following? Select one: a. Nyquist frequency b. Del pitch c. Spatial resolution d. Contrast resolution
b
What accounts for the release of electrons by the photocathode of the photomultiplier tube? Select one: a. Compton b. Photoelectric c. F centers d. Valence shell
b
What color is the laser used to read PSP plates? Select one: a. blue violet b. red c. green d. orange
b
What color of light our photomultiplier tube sensitive to? Select one: a. Green b. Blue violet c. Red d. Orange
b
What is a limitation of LCD displays? Select one: a. Shape distortion b. Off angle viewing c. Uneven brightness d. Uneven sharpness
b
What is the mathematical process that allows a complex wave form to be broken down into individual sine waves? Select one: a. Sine equation b. Fourier transformation c. Low-pass filtering d. High-pass filtering
b
What is the result of an insufficient image exposure on a digital system? Select one: a. saturation b. quantum mottle c. periodic noise d. increased SNR
b
What is the term that describes a device or program used to regulate access to private network resources? Select one: a. decoy b. firewall c. trap d. password
b
What lies between the polarized glass sheets of an LCD display? Select one: a. Thin film transistors b. Nematic liquid crystal c. Light emitting diodes d. Refractive layers
b
What term best describes the data "behind the image" of a DICOM file? Select one: a. binary b. meta c. tag d. byte
b
Which of the following best accounts for why the photomultiplier tube does not confuse the light from the laser with the light emitted by the PSP? Select one: a. Photoelectric b. Optical barrier c. Compton d. Line scanning
b
Which of the following can be thought of as the margin of error for radiographic technique? Select one: a. Density b. Exposure latitude c. Contrast d. Deviation index
b
Which of the following computes the number of pixels representing each possible attenuation value of the anatomy imaged? Select one: a. kernel b. histogram c. S(max) d. processor
b
Which of the following could most likely cause a histogram analysis error? Select one: a. Incorrect SID b. Barium in the G.I. tract c. Incorrect patient d. Air in the lungs
b
Which of the following describes a pattern of discrete values stored in rows and columns? Select one: a. Pixel b. Matrix c. Voxel d. Stack
b
Which of the following is designed to manage administrative, financial, and clinical aspects of a hospital? Select one: a. HIS b. PACS c. HL7 d. EMR
a
All other factors remaining constant, which of the following pixel sizes in millimeters will demonstrate the best spatial resolution? Select one: a. 0.2 b. 0.4 c. 0.5 d. 0.8
a
An overexposed digital image should only be repeated if it demonstrates which of the following? Select one: a. saturation b. too much contrast c. decreased brightness d. noise
a
As fill factor decreases which of the following will increase? Select one: a. radiographic technique b. contrast resolution c. del size d. detective quantum efficiency
a
Evaluation of which of the following divides the best measure for quantum mottle? Select one: a. Homogenous tissue b. Air-fluid levels c. High subject contrast d. High half value layer
a
Evaluation of which of the following divides the best measure for quantum mottle? Select one: a. Homogenous tissue b. High half value layer c. Air-fluid levels d. High subject contrast
a
If kVp were increased across the board by the amount indicated in the textbook, how would mAs change? Select one: a. divided in half b. divided in a quarter c. multiplied by four d. mulitplied by two
a
If matrix size is constant, which of the following FOV (in centimeter) will demonstrate the best spatial resolution? Select one: a. 4 x 5 b. 6 x 8 c. 8 x 10 d. 10 x 14
a
If the computer is unable to direct the flow of information from any input device to memory storage, which of the following may be malfunctioning? Select one: a. CPU b. VDT c. ALU d. RAM
a
In shifting from film to digital, technique charts can increase kVp by what percentage without significant change in image quality Select one: a. 15 b. 10 c. 5 d. 20
a
What artifact may result from using grids on a CR system? Select one: a. Moire b. Beam hardening c. Windmill d. Halo
a
What best describes the main purpose of PACS? Select one: a. Database b. Soft copy c. Hard copy d. Network
a
What controls the percentage of photons capable of penetrating the anatomy of interest? Select one: a. kVp b. mAs c. SID d. SNR
a
What domain permits magnification and translation operations? Select one: a. Spatial b. Intensity c. Frequency d. Gradient
a
What is the dominant display type used in radiography? Select one: a. LCD b. digital c. analog d. CRT
a
What is the name of a single cell or value within a digital image? Select one: a. Pixel b. Matrix c. Voxel d. Stack
a
What is the purpose of radiographic technique in determining digital image quality? Select one: a. Increase SNR, decrease dose b. Decrease SNR, increased dose c. Increase SNR, increased dose d. Decrease SNR, decreased dose
a
What is the term for a condition in which the dels in a particular area of an image receptor have reached maximum electrical charge and appear pitch black? Select one: a. saturation b. kerneling c. quantum mottle d. interpolation
a
What lies between the polarized glass sheets of an LCD display? Select one: a. Nematic liquid crystal b. Thin film transistors c. Light emitting diodes d. Refractive layers
a
What percentage of overexposure marks the upper limits of exposure latitude for digital systems? Select one: a. 400 b. 300 c. 500 d. 200
a
What term is used to express an imaging systems sensitivity to radiation? Select one: a. speed b. spatial resolution c. contrast resolution d. gain
a
What term refers to a molecular grid capable of blocking light waves that do not vibrate parallel to the grid's molecular chain? Select one: a. Polarization b. Refraction c. Conduction d. Molecularization
a
What term refers to a set of universally adopted standards for medical image interchange? Select one: a. DICOM b. PACS c. EMR d. HL7
a
When used to describe computer memory capacity the prefixes kilo- and mega- refer to which of the following? Select one: a. exponents of 2 b. metric units of 10 c. exponents of 8 d. decimal number system
a
When using Fuji and Konica systems, the S number can serve as both an exposure indicator and a: Select one: a. brightness control b. deviation index c. contrast control d. resolution index
a
Which of the following best accounts for why the photomultiplier tube does not confuse the light from the laser with the light emitted by the PSP? Select one: a. Optical barrier b. Line scanning c. Photoelectric d. Compton
a
Which of the following best describes the function of the ADC? Select one: a. converts continuous signals to discrete information b. amplies signals c. converts discrete information to continuous signals d. amplies power
a
Which of the following can be thought as the percentage of a TFT's area that is use for detection? Select one: a. fill factor b. detector element c. DQE d. AMA
a
Which of the following can be thought of as the patient's medical record in a digital form? Select one: a. EMR b. PACS c. HIS d. RIS
a
Which of the following can even out the signal across the entire image area? Select one: a. Flat field uniformity corrections b. CR processors c. Exposure field recognition d. DR processors
a
Which of the following describes the amount of data that can be transmitted between 2 points in a network and a set period of time? Select one: a. bandwidth b. wifi c. bit depth d. storage space
a
Which of the following domains allows data to be sorted according to location? Select one: a. Spatial b. Intensity c. Frequency d. Gradient
a
Which of the following has no impact on DR systems? Select one: a. K-edge effect b. Detective quantum efficiency c. Sampling artifacts d. Matrix size
a
Which of the following is a network that covers a broad area it may be linked via telephone lines, cables, radio waves? Select one: a. WAN b. LAN c. DICOM d. HL7
a
Which of the following is a standard for transmission of clinical text data? Example the standard that allows text-base patient information to be sent from the RIS to a modality work list. Select one: a. HL7 b. DICOM c. PACS d. JPEG
a
Which of the following is a sub-matrix that may be used to interpolate missing data or correct contrast levels? Select one: a. kernel b. histogram c. S(max) d. processor
a
Which of the following is assigned by the RIS for each radiographic exam and stored in the image DICOM header? Select one: a. accession number b. SCU c. patient position and technique d. exposure index
a
An overexposed digital image should only be repeated if it demonstrates which of the following? Select one: a. noise b. saturation c. decreased brightness d. too much contrast
b
Final digital image contrast is primarily the result of which of the following? Select one: a. ADC b. LUT c. kVp d. mAs
b
Final digital image contrast is primarily the result of which of the following? Select one: a. ADC b. LUT c. mAs d. kVp
b
For indirect DR systems, the TFT surface is typically made of: Select one: a. Amorphous selenium b. Amorphous silicone c. Gadolinium oxysulfide d. Cesium iodide
b
Gradient processing takes place in what domain? Select one: a. Spatial b. Intensity c. Frequency d. Gradient
b
Histogram analysis occurs in which of the following domains? Select one: a. Gradient b. Intensity c. Spatial d. Frequency
b
Histogram analysis occurs in which of the following domains? Select one: a. Spatial b. Intensity c. Frequency d. Gradient
b
How does speed relate the amount of radiation required to produce a diagnostic image? Select one: a. direct b. inverse c. exponential d. linear
b
If a technologist needs to check a work lists of scheduled appointments what is the best possible option? Select one: a. HL7 b. RIS c. PACS d. DICOM
b
In what way do digital radiographs show improvements over film? Select one: a. Spatial resolution b. Contrast resolution c. Beam attenuation d. Beam filtration
b
It is estimated that is typical PSP plate will retain approximately what percentage of the original latent image for 8 hours after the exposure? Select one: a. 25 b. 75 c. 100 d. 50
b
Which of the following describes a submatrix or smaller matrix that is passed over a larger image matrix to execute a mathematical function? Select one: a. index b. kernel c. equalizer d. stabilizer
b
Which of the following is a computer network dedicated to storage, retrieval, distribution, and display of medical images? Select one: a. DICOM b. PACS c. EMR d. HL7
b
Which of the following is best described as corrections applied to the raw image data? Select one: a. Sampling b. Preprocessing c. Quantization d. Postprocessing
b
Which of the following is derived from the median pixel value generated by the image histogram? Select one: a. ADC b. EI c. LUT I d. DQE
b
Which of the following is simply a table of 2 columns of numbers representing input and output values? Select one: a. frequency domain b. LUT c. intensity domain d. ADC
b
Which of the following may occur if the patient is not centered appropriately over the AEC? Select one: a. dose creep b. exposure termination c. magnification d. increased contrast
b
Which of the following processing methods allows for patient images to be viewed on PACS from numerous different terminals? Select one: a. real-time b. time-sharing c. batch d. online
b
Which of the following refers to IR flaws that result in missing information? Select one: a. Grid cut off b. DEL dropout c. Image distortion d. Dark noise
b
Which of the following refers to an index specifically created by the American Association of Physicists in Medicine in order to standardize exposure indicators? Select one: a. S number b. Deviation index c. Logarithm scale d. Exposure indicator
b
Which of the following represents discrete data? Select one: a. analog b. digital c. input d. output
b
Which of the following serves to customize image contrast and brightness to the specified anatomy? Select one: a. H & D curve b. Lookup table c. Histogram analysis d. Window level
b
Which of the following serves to customize image contrast and brightness to the specified anatomy? Select one: a. H & D curve b. Lookup table c. Window level d. Histogram analysis
b
Which of the following was proposed by the AAPM as a standardized exposure indicator for consistent and generalizable radiation reporting? Select one: a. exposure index b. deviation index c. sensitivity number d. dose indicator
b
Which of the following would most likely damage an LCD display? Select one: a. Room temperature b. Poking c. Lasers d. Powering down
b
Which of the following would most likely result in quantum mottle? Select one: a. Overexposure b. Off-centering on an AEC c. Inappropriate collimation d. Increased OID
b
Which term applies to the time required for a pixel to change its brightness? Select one: a. Reaction b. Response c. Refresh d. Passive
b
With the rise of digital radiographic systems, what has become the primary benefit of requiring certification for people operating diagnostic radiographic equipment? Select one: a. improvement of image quality b. minimization of radiation exposure c. increasing department workflow d. decreased operational costs
b
if FOV is constant, as matrix size decreases pixel size will: Select one: a. Decrease b. Increase c. Stay the same d. Change over time
b
According to physicist Ulrich Neitzel and Mathias and Cornelia Prokop, which of the following is unnecessary in an ideal digital radiograph? Select one: a. Preprocessing b. Histogram analysis c. Postprocessing d. Edge enhancement
c
As fill factor decreases which of the following will increase? Select one: a. contrast resolution b. del size c. radiographic technique d. Detective quantum efficiency
c
By how much would a technique need to be multiplied to produce saturation? Select one: a. 1 - 2 times b. 15 - 20 times c. 8 - 10 times d. 4 - 6 times
c
Considering the amount of data created by diagnostic imaging, what method may be employed by PACs administrators to manage long-term storage? Select one: a. HL7 b. RAID c. Compression d. Hard copy
c
EI errors are likely unless at least what percentage of the IR is exposed? Select one: a. 10 b. 20 c. 30 d. 40
c
Edge enhancement operations occur in which of the following domains? Select one: a. Spatial b. Intensity c. Frequency d. Gradient
c
For direct conversion systems, the TFT surface is typically made of: Select one: a. Amorphous silicone b. Gadolinium oxysulfide c. Amorphous selenium d. Cesium iodide
c
For pixel size of 0.3 mm, what is the spatial resolution in LP/mm? Select one: a. 0.3 b. 0.6 c. 1.6 d. 2.3
c
Grids are recommended for CR images of anatomic parts greater than what thickness in centimeters? Select one: a. 18 b. 5 c. 13 d. 15
c
If 1 kilobyte equals 1024 bytes, how many bits does it represent? Select one: a. 1024 b. 512 c. 8192 d. 1000
c
In shifting from film to digital, technique charts can increase kVp by what percentage without significant change in image quality Select one: a. 20 b. 5 c. 15 d. 10
c
What best explains why radiographers should take care when evaluating images on the class to workstation monitor? Select one: a. Long warm-up times b. Incapable of transmitting true black c. Limited resolution and dynamic range d. Glare off the monitor screen
c
What color is the laser used to read PSP plates? Select one: a. green b. blue violet c. red d. orange
c
What color of light our photomultiplier tube sensitive to? Select one: a. Orange b. Green c. Blue violet d. Red
c
What is the best description of analog data? Select one: a. discrete b. votatile c. continuous d. nonvolatile
c
What is the best description of analog data? Select one: a. nonvolatile b. discrete c. continuous d. votatile
c
What is the most critical role for digital radiographic technique? Select one: a. decrease image quantity b. decrease magnification c. maintain adequate signal d. remove image scatt
c
What is the spatial resolution in line-pairs per millimeter for 0.21mm pixel? Select one: a. 1.6 b. 2.1 c. 2.38 d. 4.76
c
What results from very high digital exposure indicators? Select one: a. Decreased artifacts b. Increased quantum mottle c. Increased patient dose d. Decreased analysis errors
c
What technique has made discussions of minor contrast differences irrelevant? Select one: a. Flat fielding b. Kerneling c. Windowing/leveling d. Black masking
c
What term describes the distance between the centers of 2 adjacent pixels? Select one: a. Segment b. Resolution c. Pitch d. Multiplex
c
Which of the following assist the computer in distinguishing between bone and blank space? Select one: a. Proper SID b. Tight collimation c. Part centering d. Marker placement
c
Which of the following best describes the information carried by the x-rays striking the IR? Select one: a. electromagnetic b. noise c. analog d. digital
c
Which of the following domains allows for sorting of image data according to the size of objects? Select one: a. Spatial b. Intensity c. Frequency d. Gradient
c
Which of the following employs proportional exposure index scale? Select one: a. Carestream b. AGFA c. GE d. Fuji
c
Which of the following is NOT a binary matrix size? Select one: a. 512 b. 1024 c. 729 d. 256
c
Which of the following is best considered the heart of a PACS? Select one: a. Jukebox b. RAID c. Control computer d. Metadata
c
Which of the following is used in both CR and DR systems to exclude portions of the histogram that may not represent diagnostic data? Select one: a. Flat field uniformity corrections b. CR processors c. Exposure field recognition d. DR processors
c
Which of the following may be used by physicians to electronically place patient orders rather than writing patient orders? Select one: a. LAN b. PACS c. CPOE d. DICOM
c
Which of the following processing methods allows for patient images to be viewed on PACS from numerous different terminals? Select one: a. online b. batch c. time-sharing d. real-time
c
Which of the following processing methods is used by radiographic imaging systems to allow for postprocessing image manipulation? Select one: a. batch b. online c. real-time d. time-sharing
c
Which of the following processing methods is used by radiographic imaging systems to allow for postprocessing image manipulation? Select one: a. online b. time-sharing c. real-time d. batch
c
Which of the following terms applies to the delayed emission of light after an original stimulus? Select one: a. Incandescence b. Fluorescence c. Phosphorescence d. Luminescence
c
Which of the following terms best describes an imaging systems "margin for error"? Select one: a. longitude b. density c. latitude d. contrast
c
Which of the following will increase resolution of detail? Select one: a. Smaller matrix, smaller pixels b. Smaller matrix, larger pixels c. Larger matrix, smaller pixels d. Larger matrix, larger pixels
c
Which of the following best describes the K-edge effect? Select one: a. Increased image artifacts b. Decreased contrast resolution c. Increased spatial resolution d. Decreased absorption efficiency
d
As del size decreases: Select one: a. matrix size decreases b. fill factor increases c. matrix size increases d. fill factor decreases
d
For both CR and DR systems, the maximum spatial resolution is equal to which of the following? Select one: a. Moiré patterns b. Del pitch c. Contrast resolution d. Nyquist frequency
d
For direct conversion systems, the TFT surface is typically made of: Select one: a. Amorphous silicone b. Cesium iodide c. Gadolinium oxysulfide d. Amorphous selenium
d
For indirect DR systems, which of the following may be used as a phosphor? Select one: a. amorphous silicon b. barium fluorobromide c. barium fluorochloride d. cesium iodide
d
For techniques using an AEC, if quantum model is adversely impacting image quality: Select one: a. decrease filtration b. decrease collimation c. increase mAs d. increase kVp
d
If FOV is constant, as matrix size decreases pixel size will: Select one: a. Stay the same b. Change over time c. Decrease d. Increase
d
PACS, HIS, and RIS are all examples of which of the following? Select one: a. CPU b. WAN c. ADC d. LAN
d
Speeds are expressed as multiples of what number for digital imaging systems? Select one: a. 10 b. 1,000 c. 1 d. 100
d
The maximum range of pixel values for digital image is expressed as: Select one: a. matrix size b. pixel count c. processing speed d. bit depth
d
The steepness of a gradient curve indicates which of the following? Select one: a. Bit depth b. Brightness c. Pixel size d. Contrast
d
What is the dominant display type used in radiography? Select one: a. CRT b. analog c. digital d. LCD
d
What is the name for small artifacts that are roughly consistent in size and occur in a regular pattern across an area of an image? Select one: a. Nyquist frequency b. kerneling c. unsharpness d. periodic noise
d
What is the typical size of a del in millimeters? Select one: a. 10 b. 1 c. 0.01 d. 0.1
d
What may be used to prevent loss of image data? Select one: a. DAC b. DICOM c. HL7 d. RAID
d
What term best describes the data "behind the image" of a DICOM file? Select one: a. tag b. binary c. byte d. meta
d
What term refers to molecules that have a threadlike shape and tend to keep their long axis is aligned to each other? Select one: a. Multiplex b. Polarized c. Crystalline d. Nematic
d
What term refers to the time required to construct a new image frame? Select one: a. response b. input lag c. reaction d. refresh
d
When evaluating a digital image, the technologist can visually detect which of the following? Select one: a. image speed b. radiographic technique c. overexposure d. underexposure
d
When quantum model is adversely impacting image quality: Select one: a. decrease filtration b. decrease collimation c. increase mAs d. increase kVp
d
When used to describe computer memory capacity the prefixes kilo- and mega- refer to which of the following? Select one: a. metric units of 10 b. decimal number system c. exponents of 8 d. exponents of 2
d
Which of the following best describes PACS service functionality? Select one: a. LAN b. WAN c. SCU d. SCP
d
Which of the following best describes a pixel? Select one: a. cube b. square c. detector d. point
d
Which of the following is done to minimize the isotropic emission of light from turbid phosphors within indirect DR systems? Select one: a. Scintillation b. Photomultiplication c. Laser scanning d. Crystalline channels
d
Which of the following is the best measure of spatial resolution? Select one: a. cm b. LP/cm c. mm d. LP/mm
d
Which of the following may be considered somewhat subjective? Select one: a. Sampling b. Preprocessing c. Quantization d. Postprocessing
d
Which of the following may result from processing 2 or more x-ray images on a single CR plate? Select one: a. Pixel dropout b. Patient overexposure c. Quantum model d. Segmentation error
d
Which of the following refers to the range of values within the histogram that are of diagnostic significance? Select one: a. Q values b. S(max) c. LUT d. VO
d
Which of the following terms best describes information attached to DICOM image files? Select one: a. Standard b. ACR c. NEMA d. Header
d
Which term applies to the time required for a pixel to change its brightness? Select one: a. Reaction b. Refresh c. Passive d. Response
d
Digital image contrast is controlled by kVp. Select one: True False
false
For digital radiography systems, brightness and contrast are directly attributed to the technologist's selection of radiographic technique. Select one: True False
false
Histogram analysis errors are directly related to radiographic technique. Select one: True False
false
PSP plates are not sensitive to background and scatter radiation. Select one: True False
false
Sufficeint mAs compensates for insufficient kVp. Select one: True False
false
one advantage of digital image receptors is that they cannot be over-exposed. Select one: True False
false
Increases in which 2 of the following cause increased scatter radiation? (Select 2)
patient size exposure field
Which 3 of the following represent the fundamental steps for digitizing an image? (Select 3)
scanning sampling quantization
Histogram analysis errors are less common with DR systems (as opposed to CR systems). Select one: True False
true