Reading

Cloze procedure

A procedure where some words are left out of sentences (usually every 5th or 7th word) and the student fills in the missing word. It can be oral or written.

Author's chair

A designated place where student authors come to read their work to others.

Idea book

A journal or notebook where a student will record his/her ideas, plans, designs, revisions, problems, solutions, or questions.

Anticipation guide

A prediction strategy used for before reading. The teacher provides a series of statements, some true, some false, from what will be read. Students discuss these prior to reading.

Free write

A writing exercise used for brainstorming and to develop writing fluency. Students write non-stop for five to ten minutes, letting their ideas go without concern for revision or editing or controlling the words.

Cubing

A writing strategy that prompts students to free write about a given subject or object from six different perspectives. Students are seated in small groups, and each group has a cube with a different verb written on each face: describe, compare, associate, analyze, apply, and argue for or against. The teacher presents a specific idea or object as the focus and directs the groups to position the cube so that DESCRIBE is on top. All students then free write for a few minutes to describe the object. When the time is up, students read what they have written to each other. The same steps are followed for each perspective.

Grade/age equivalents

An estimate of the grade level corresponding to a given student's raw score.

Guided reading

An instructional strategy in which the teacher and a group of children, or sometimes an individual child, talk and think and question their way through a book of which they each have a copy. The teacher shows the children what questions to ask of themselves as readers, and the author through the text, so that each child can discover the author's meaning on the first reading.

Phonogram

Another word for rhyme or word family

In

Not

Un

Not

Narrative

Once upon a time,personal written in first person,or third

Er

One who

Less

Without

Chunking

(A) This is a strategy where the reader combines items into meaningful units such as letters into words or words into phrases. (B) A strategy taught to students in which they separate words into smaller parts so that it is more easily read. (e.g., accordion, insignia)

Consonant digraph

2 consonants that represent one phonemes (ch or sh)

Consonant blend

2 or more consonants appearing together that retain its sound

Vowel digraph or vowel pair

2 vowels together that represent one phoneme. (Ea, ai, at,Pam)

Article

A,an,the

Able

Able to

Syntax

Arrangement of words in sentences clauses and phrases and the study of the formation of sentences and the relationship of their component parts

Stanines

Comprise nine ranges or bands with fixed percentages (eg., stanine 1 represents the lowest 4% and stanine 9 represents the top 4%).

Mis

Do incorrectly

I-search reporting

Expository writing based on a question a student poses and then answers by researching information. Research may include interviews and observations as well as use of print and electronic sources. Usually written in first person, and conversational in tone and approach.

Socratic seminar

Formal discussion leader asks open ended questions

Formative Assessment

Formative assessment is ongoing. Formative assessment might include formal or informal measures and could be used as a diagnostic assessment or to monitor progress.

Ful

Full of

Ly

How

Word usage

How a word phrase or concept is used in a language.involves grammar and sentence formation

Adverbs

How things are done

Percentile ranks

Indicate the percentage of children the same age whose scores a child's score equals or exceeds.

Standard score

Indicate the relative position to all others scores based on a normal distribution.

Onset

Initial consonant or consonants

Dis

Not

Interjection

Shows surprise

Text features

These are parts of a text that help the reader to understand (e.g., headings, titles, index, table of contents, captions, bold type, italic type).

Phonemic awareness

Understanding that the sounds of spoken language work together to make words. DOES NOT INVOLVE WRITTEN LETTERS

Outcome or Summative Assessment

is a reading achievement test usually given at the end of the year or at the end of a major unit of study. An outcome measure primarily is used to compare a student's performance to a national or state standard.

progress monitoring

keep the teacher informed of the progress the student is making

Word walls

Took for learning the correct spelling of high frequency words and applying them in daily writing

Hamburger strategy

Topic sentence detail #1,2,3and conclusion

Persuasive

Trying to get someone to agree with u

Alphabetic principle

Understanding that there are systematic and predictable relationships between written letters and spoken words

Phonics

Understanding that there is a predictable relationship between phonemes and graphemes, the letters that represent those sounds in written language

Blooms taxonomy of learni

Used to define how well a skill or competency is learned or mastered

Raw Score

The number of items answered correctly.

QAR's

A questioning scheme developed by Raphael called Question-Answer Relationships. This strategy is especially helpful as students learn to infer. Students learn to identify different types of questions and to know that they require different kinds of work to answer the questions. Questions include Right-there questions and Think-and-search questions. First students identify the type of questions when asked by the teacher, and then they are asked to create their own types of questions.

Carousel

A questioning strategy used to generate ideas in response to different questions. Working in cooperative groups, each group is given a question. The group then generates responses in their groups. Students rotate from group to group, adding new responses after reading the existing ones from other groups. All ideas are shared at the end of the rotation.

Standard Error of Measurement

A range within which a student's score would be if the student were to take the test numerous times. All tests have inherent measurement error because they are a sample of student performance at one particular time.

Tableau

A reading strategy used to increase comprehension by connecting to the emotions of the characters. Students read a portion of text, freeze, then discuss what the characters are feeling at that specific moment in the story.

Jigsaw

A strategy where text is divided among individual or paired readers. Each person or pair then reports the information learned from their section to the rest of the group.

Attribute or retrieval chart

A table in which there is a list of items on the left side and various characteristics across the top. Items are matched with characteristics in a grid.

Fluency

Ability to read with sufficient accuracy and fluency to support comprehension

Echo reading

Adult models reading a brief amount of text and student echoes what was just read

Re

Again

Cooperative learning

Cooperative learning occurs when a group of students work together with positive interdependence, individual accountability, processing, and interpersonal skills.

DRTA

Directed Reading-Thinking Activity - A strategy especially effective for nonfiction. The students identify problems or questions and predict answers. They adjust rate to appropriate level, read passage, and then check information against their predictions or hypotheses.

Expository

Explaining a subject/topic

Phonics spelling

Invented spelling allows their knowledge of phonics to sound out the spelling of words as they write

Conjunction

Joins words together /and or

Concept attainment/development

One-by-one the teacher presents examples and non-examples of a concept and then asks students to name the concept and define it based on the identified essential characteristics.

Descriptive

Painting a word picture so the reader sees what u are describing

Choral reading

Reading that is practiced and read together in a group.

Reliability

Refers to the accuracy and consistency of test scores.

Writing four steps

Rewriting, drafting,revising, editing

Comprehension

Should be explicit or direct, cooperative learning

Literature circles

Small groups of students gather to discuss a piece of literature

Dipthong

Special vowel that requires 2 positions of mouth to produce sound(oi ow)

Prepositions

Stands before a noun (in, through)

SDRT

Stanford Diagnostic Reading Test

Senantic map

Strategy to activate prior knowledge of concepts similar to list group label

Paired reading

Student reads along with an adult

Think-pair-share

Students a.) think individually about a response b.)pair with another and discuss ideas c.) share thinking with the rest of class.

Author's craft

Students analyze what an author does to make his/her writing effective (e.g., figurative language, dialogue, sentence variety, text forms, and features, etc.)

Highly recurring phonics elements

Students are taught highly recurring phonic patterns through recitation and intensive practice of 3-5 new patterns every 2 days. The teacher continually refers to the patterns whenever new words that contain one or more of the patterns are introduced.

Reciprocal teaching

Students become teachers in small group reading sessions summarize question generate clarify and predict

List-group-label

Students begin with an array or words or phrases. These are then placed into groups that have like characteristics. Finally, a label is given to each group.

Eye (witness) Reports

Students choose a place that they want to know more about or have been assigned to cover for a particular assignment. They observe there, take notes, and write up the visits according to a purpose that they may discuss with partners before the visit and refer to in workshop sessions afterwards.

Language experience

Students dictate a short story and the teacher writes it down so the student can reread it.

Letter sound match

Students identify upper and lower case letters and match sounds to the appropriate letter symbol.

Readers theater

Students practice repeated reading of a text as they prepare to present it like a dramatic script

Learning logs

Students record what they are learning.

Character profile and analysis

Students use explicit and inferred information from the text to list distinctive attributes of a particular character.

Summative Assessment

Summative assessment means the same thing as outcome measure. A summative assessment is usually used at the end of a major unit of study or at the end of a school year. It is usually an achievement test that evaluates overall student performance. It can provide programmatic planning information for a group of students.

Punctuation

Symbols used to separate or link sentences and their parts to make written English grammatically clear

Individual assessment checklist

Target skills that are assessed by the teacher at a certain grade level that are on a checklist to assist teachers in keeping track of skills that are taught and mastered. The skills are categorized by subject area, i.e. reading, writing, evaluating, etc. There is one checklist per student.

Dancing definitions

Teacher writes out 10 - 12 vocabulary definitions in a rhythmic pattern. Students recite the definitions repeatedly over a period of several days.

Metacognition

The ability to recognize one's own thought processes and being conscious of strategies being used.

Validity

The most important technical characteristic of a test. It demonstrates that the test actually assessed what it was intended to measure.

Independent reading

The student reads without assistance at a level where he/she can be regularly successful, or his/her independent level.

Conventions

The surface features of writing

Thematic units

Thematic units are written and planned as units of study around common knowledge or concepts that develop important concepts, promote the transfer of skills, and are relevant to the student's lives (e.g., A unit with the theme of overcoming hard times, or homelessness).

Journals

There are many kinds of journals, which have different purposes (e.g., writing notebooks for collecting writing ideas, personal journals for personal thoughts, reflective journals to reflect on learning or new ideas, response journals for responding to something that has been read or heard).

Plot map

This is a graphic representation of the story elements, characters, setting, plot events, climax, and solution. It is useful for increasing comprehension or as a pre-write for narrative.

Phonics/decoding strategy

This is a series of steps to do when a reader comes to an unknown work, including: Look carefully at the word. Look for word parts you know and think about the sounds for the letters. Blend the sounds to read the word. Ask yourself: Is it a word I know? Does it make sense in what I am reading? If not, ask yourself: What else can I try?

KWL

This is a three-column chart. The first column is what is known, the second is what do you want to find out, and the third is what you have learned after the reading or investigation.

Defining format

This is a three-column format with a word (left column), its general definition (second column) and its specific characteristics (right column).

Key word

This strategy is used before reading to focus attention, activate prior knowledge, arouse curiosity, and set purposes for learning. From the text, the teacher selects several words or numbers that relate to the topic and that can be associated with one another in different ways. The teacher shows these to the students and asks them to speculate on how they're related to the topic. Students form hypotheses, explain their reasoning, and justify their thinking, then read to inform, refute, or revise their hypotheses.

Diagnostic tests

can be given as soon as a screening test indicates that a student has a deficit in one or more areas of reading. However, a diagnostic test is given only if a student fails to make adequate progress following instruction.

Screening tests

formal or informal, are given at the beginning of a school year. The purpose of a screening assessment is to identify children who are making adequate progress as well as students who may be having difficulties in certain areas.