READING AND WRITING

is one way of generating ideas by listing of ideas spontaneously. It can be done individually or as a group.

BRAINSTORMING

refers to a jargons of specific disciplines like scientific terms and special expressions.

BUSINESS/TECHNICAL

write your topic in the middle of the page, then jot down different ideas, points, or facts related to or support your topic.

CONCEPT MAP

This technique explores why things happen and what happens as a result. Words that show effect are, for this reason, it follows, as a result, as a consequence, thus, therefore, etc. Transitional devices include because, since, is due to, is caused by, for this reason, it follows, as a result, and so

Cause and Effect

the details are arranged in the order in which they happened.

Chronological Order

This refers to the logical arrangement of sentences to be easily understood by the reader

Coherence

This refers to how to word units, sentences, and ideas were connected through the arrangement of details according to orders and the use of signal devices.

Cohesion

A paragraph that shows comparison and contrast answers how the subjects are the same or not. For comparison, it uses signal words like similarly, in the same way, likewise, in like manner, in a similar fashion, etc. Contrast uses signal words such as yet, nevertheless, nonetheless, after all, but though, otherwise, on the other hand, notwithstanding, etc

Comparison and Contrast.

particularly helpful for visual learners as they allow writers to map out ideas spatially

Connected organizational charts and bubble graphs

A paragraph using this pattern can develop texts in varied ways. A term is defined, its class, and its specific details.

DEFINITION

In this pattern, transitional words are used to indicate location.

DESCRIPTION

A single subject is targeted and broken down into components

Division and Classification.

Bambie did not like cats and had never owned one

EX. OF EXPLICIT

Bambie moved away from the cat; she'd never owned one

EX. OF IMPLICIT

When water droplets join together, it becomes heavy. This is caused by the rise and cool of water vapor, which forms clouds in the sky. As a result, there will be rain

EXAMPLE OF CAUSE AND EFFECT

They say identical twins are similar in almost everything. However, this is not true. No one is truly the same. We are designed to be unique in our way.

EXAMPLE OF COMPARISON AND CONTRAST

You say that someone is magniloquent when he uses extravagant words in writing

EXAMPLE OF DEFINITION

As the sun sets towards the western horizon, the sky portrays a perfect masterpiece. It is brimming with the colors of the spectrum in shades of red and blue.

EXAMPLE OF DESCRIPTION

There are various types of learners. They can usually be classified as either The Average Joe," "The Slacker," or "The Eager Beaver." Average Joe usually studies well for exams and shows up in class. On the other hand, the Slacker misses a class and can be easily identified as always using headphones wherever he goes. On a different scale, the Eager Beaver comes to class, nods his head, always in-class discussion, and stays after class.

EXAMPLE OF DIVISION AND CLASSIFICATION

It is very important to stay healthy. Eating the right food for your heart can help prevent cardiovascular diseases. Common examples of food that can keep your heart are black beans, salmon, tuna, fresh herbs, and the like.

EXAMPLE OF EXEMPLIFICATION

He came and delivered the speech. Then he left the arena right after the last line. His constituents followed him eventually.

EXAMPLE OF NARRATION

Let us all get rid of apathy! First off, it is a poison to the soul. Also, it is not beneficial to relationships. Let us learn to sympathize with others and love genuinely. Life is something to celebrate. Spend every day thinking about how you can help those who are in need. Of course, you are a blessing!

EXAMPLE OF PERSUASION

Poverty is a word to beat. The whole world thrives on getting rid of this seemingly irresistible dilemma. All around the globe, the government, together with the private sectors and other agencies, unite to improve society's condition, most especially the far-flung areas. Leaders from different countries gather in this weeklong forum to discuss resolutions and plans for action.

EXAMPLE OF PROBLEM- SOLUTION

How can you develop yourself? First, you must learn good habits. Start by waking early in the morning to set the mood of the day. Second, spend time in prayer and meditation. Third, establish discipline. Make a checklist of your goals. You can even make a weekly plan. Lastly, monitor your growth. If you fail at some point, try to recover by focusing on improving your weaknesses and building your strengths.

EXAMPLE OF PROCESS ANALYSIS

This sort of text utilizes detailed illustrations for clarification. It can be in the form of a story, an anecdote, a quotation, or a statistic.

EXEMPLIFICATION

sentences and paragraphs are arranged depending on the writer's purpose to emphasize certain points in which it can be established in two ways: from least to most important, or from most to least important

Emphatic Order

It refers to information found or read in the text

Explicit Information

such as concept maps and mind maps are important and effective ways for organizing content and ideas

Graphic Organizers

refers to slang, local expressions, text messaging like hey, bes, yow.

INFORMAL/PERSONAL

It refers to information not directly stated in the text.

Implicit Information

This enables writers to communicate their ideas without confusing their readers effectively. Thus, this refers to the appropriateness of word usage and is known to be one of the clearest indicators of a well-written text.

LANGUAGE USE

It focuses on the technical structure of the text. It determines errors in grammar, abbreviations, spelling, acronyms, capitalization, the use of numbers as part of the statement, and correct punctuation marks.

MECHANICS

This paragraph follows a chronological order of writing. It uses transition words such as first, then, soon, after, suddenly, etc., to maintain coherence and show movement

NARRATION

Also known as the arrangement of ideas, incidents, evidence, or details in a definite order in a paragraph, essay, or speech. It is achieved when ideas are logically and accurately arranged.

ORGANIZATION

another way of organizing information. It organizes materials hierarchically and sequentially by classifying the main topics, subtopics, and supporting details.

OUTLINE

composed of sentences that are organized, coherent, and are all associated with one topic. For a paragraph, or for any composition, to be effective, it should consider the properties of a well-written text.

PARAGRAPH

This method involves facts that make the paragraph more convincing. In giving illustrations, signal words are used, such as first, next, last, etc. In answering oppositions, words such as, of course, some may say, nevertheless, and on the other hand. When you draw generalizations, words like therefore, hence, consequently, and thus are used

PERSUASION

A problem is being presented and a solution. Transitional devices include the answer, challenge, need, difficulty, dilemma, enigma, improve, indicate, issue, plan a need, problem, propose, remedied, resolve, respond to, solve, and suggest.

Problem-Solution.

It describes how things work, involving a series of steps in chronological ordering. Transitional expressions such as first, second, then, and finally are used.

Process Analysis

These are words that helps readers connect the original word that the pronouns replace

Pronouns

Keep continuity and highlight important ideas.

Repetitions

Period marks the end of entries

SENTENCE OUTLINE

these are widely accepted words and phrases found in dictionaries, books, and etc.

STANDARD/ACADEMIC

- sentences in a paragraph are arranged through a geographical location, for example left to-right, up- to-down, etc

Spatial Order

Words similar in meaning used to prevent tedious repetitions.

Synonyms

Words/Phrases

TOPIC

These are words that Transitions Pronouns connect smoothly one idea from the other.

Transitions

is used when you compare and contrast things; it helps to visualize similarities and differences.

Venn diagram