Reading Assignment 7 (The Genus Homo)

Migrations of AMHs out of Africa took place ____.

- sometime before 270,000 B.P. - starting around 80,000 years ago - between 194,000 and 177,000 B.P.

The first hearths date back to no more than

500,000 years.

The earliest reliable date for a human presence in Australia is ________ B.P.

65,000

Which statement best describes the findings associated with the Herto skulls?

These three AMH skulls, dating to 154,000 - 160,000 years ago, showed signs of ritual use.

Which of the following statements best describes early anatomically modern humans (AMHs)?

They originated in Africa.

Which of the following is true of some tools considered part of the Upper Paleolithic tradition of toolmaking?

They were found in the upper layer of sedimentary deposits.

Announced in April 2019, fossilized teeth and bones from the feet, hands and thigh of at least three individual hominins, recovered from Callao Cave on the island of Luzon, Philippines, have been assigned to the species _____ _____.

Blank 1 - Homo Blank 2 - luzonensis

How is Homo erectus is like modern humans?

Both share a similar height and body shape.

How is Homo erectus like modern humans?

Both share a similar height and body shape.

Which of the following sites is associated with Neandertal remains?

Chapelle-aux-Saints

A type of spear point called a ______ originated and spread throughout North America between 13,250 and 12,800 years years ago.

Clovis point

Evidence that AMHs lived on the shore of an ancient lake, where they hunted and fished using blades and hand axes, was found with the ___

Herto skulls in Africa.

In 2010 scientists identified the Denisovan hominin group as cousin species of _____

Neandertals

Which of the following human ancestral species is associated with the tool type known as Acheulean?

Homo erectus

What is an anthropological term for early American Indians in North America?

Paleoindians

The earliest human ancestors appeared during the geological time period called the ______, which began about two million years ago and endured until 11,700 years ago.

Pleistocene

Which of the following statements best describes the earliest migration of human ancestors out of Africa?

Homo erectus was the first species to range out of Africa for hunting and gathering.

The species named ______, discovered in Indonesia, had a cranial capacity smaller than that of a chimpanzee.

Homo floresiensis

Which of the following species was a miniature hominin that lived on an Indonesian island until at least 60,000 B.P.?

Homo floresiensis

What does the abbreviation AMH mean?

anatomically modern humans

The most important early out-of-Africa site is Dmanisi, which is located ____.

at the easternmost edge of Europe

Becoming fully human, associated with evidence of symbolic thought and artistic creativity, may have occurred as much as 200,000 years ago or only 45,000 years ago. What is the term used by anthropologists for these abilities?

behavioral modernity

What new kinds of tools (not made in Middle and Lower Paleolithic times) did Upper Paleolithic toolmakers create by hammering materials from a core?

blade tools

Which ability of Homo erectus provided protection against predators?

control of fire

Some of the first settlers came into North America, following big game animals such as woolly mammoths, by _____

crossing Beringia, the Bering land bridge that connected North America and Siberia.

What is the name of the ancient hominin species dating to 2.03-1.78 m.y.a., and associated with the skull labeled KNM-ER 1470, which has an unusual combination of a large brain (775 cm3) and very large molars?

Homo rudolfensis

The stone-tool technology associated with Neandertals is called ____.

Mousterian

Where was the first evidence of Neandertals discovered in 1856?

Neander Valley, Germany

Mousterian tools include a wide variety of stone scrapers and notched tools designed to make clothing from animal hides and to be used for sawing and piercing. Which hominin group made these tools?

Neandertal

What is another term for ice ages?

glacials

What are long warm periods between ice ages?

interglacials

As the sea level rose during glacial retreat, southwestern European economies became ____

less specialized.

The current prevailing view among scientists is that H. erectus ____

split into separate groups, one ancestral to the Neandertals and the other ancestral to anatomically modern humans (AMHs).

The oldest known evidence for AMHs in Europe stem from what skeletal remains found in England and Italy?

teeth

The fossils found at Dmanisi date to _____.

1.77 - 1.7 m.y.a.

Which of the following are true about Homo luzonensis?

- It has been dated to 67,000 - 50,000 B.P. - Body size was likely small.

What are some characteristics of the oldest known hominin fossil in Europe?

- It's more than one million years old. - It's from Spain.

Which of the following is true about the earliest human settlement of Australia?

- Recent archaeological findings at Madjedbebe cave extends it back to at least 65,000 B.P. - Based on genetic dating, it happened around 50,000 B.P.

Which of the following occurred as a result of glacial retreat?

- The gathering of plants grew in importance. - The quantity and variety of edible marine life increased.

Which of the following are characteristics of H. naledi?

- curved fingers on an otherwise humanlike hand - apelike shoulders adapted to climbing - a small brain

H. rudolfensis overlapped in time with which of the following hominins?

- H. habilis - H. erectus

Recent analyses of fossil DNA suggest that the common ancestor of Neandertals, Denisovans, and AMHs _____

- separated into two lineages around 460,000 B.P., one jointly ancestral to Neandertals and Denisovans, the other ancestral to AMHs. - lived around 660,000 B.P.

True or false: The findings at Israel's Manot Cave provides the first evidence that Neandertals and AMHs were living together in the area around 55,000 B.P. and suggest that inbreeding between the two species may have occurred in the Middle East.

True. These are the findings at Manot Cave.

The Acheulean hand ax, associated with the species ______, represents a type of tool that requires a mental template in the mind of the maker, a significant advance in human evolution.

Homo erectus

Which of the following ancestral human species had an average cranial capacity of around 900 cm3?

Homo erectus

Which of the following statements best describes the time period during which Homo habilis and Homo erectus overlapped?

The species overlapped between 1.9 m.y.a. and 1.4 m.y.a., but after that only Homo erectus endured to perhaps 0.5 m.y.a. (or 50,000 years ago).

What ability set apart Homo erectus from Homo habilis and Au. boisei?

hunting ability

DNA analysis shows that Native Americans descend from two major ancestral groups. The genome of a baby girl who died 11,500 years ago in what is now central Alaska places her ______

in neither of those branches, but rather with the ancient Beringians.

The three subdivisions of the Pleistocene reflect _____.

the age of the fossils

Which of the following is true about H. naledi?

The fossils have been dated somewhere between 335,000 B.P. and 236,000 B.P.

The traditional view has been that modern behavior originated fairly recently and only after Homo sapiens pushed into Europe. What is the basis of this view?

evidence for human creativity 45,000 years ago in the form of ceremonial burials, jewelry, and symbolic cave paintings

Which statement best describes the "Mitochondrial Eve" hypothesis?

Analysis of modern mtDNA samples suggest that everyone today has mtDNA inherited from a woman who lived 200,000 years ago in sub-Saharan Africa.

The oldest Homo habilis and Homo erectus fossils can be found on which continent?

Africa

Some of the earliest likely members of H. heidelbergensis come from northern Spain's Atapuerca Mountains, where the site of Gran Dolina has yielded the remains of 780,000-year-old hominins. The Spanish researchers who excavated them call this group _____.

Homo antecessor

Hunting was an important cultural behavior marking a significant step for a human ancestor. Which ancestral species does the fossil record indicate was the earliest habitual hunter?

Homo erectus

Scientists related the Denisovans to other groups by studying ____.

their DNA

Great variation in mtDNA among Africans means that ____

they have been evolving for the longest amount of time.