Reading Comp Hero

Q Type Strategy: Specific Purpose

1. Evaluate the specific part of the passage referred to (par, phrase, etc.) and the surrounding context 2. Determine the part's function and relation to main purpose (use authorial moves and AST notes to understand bigger picture) 3. Prephrase correct AC

Q Type Strategy: Organization

1. Evaluate whether overall or specific 2. Use AST notes to form prephrase of correct AC

Q Type Strategy: Recall

1. Know the required level of support 2. If necessary and possible, do the pre-work (quickly review relevant lines) 3. Quickly locate info with CTRL+F and AST notes 4. Combine AC analysis and knowledge of authorial moves to choose correct AC

Q Type Strategy: Main Purpose

1. Overall purpose: main point = main purpose 2. Prephrase using the Passage ID 3. Read every AC and through to its end 4. Use elimination cues (Inaccurate, Extra, Out of Zoom)

Q Type Strategy: Strengthen/Weaken

1. PREWORK (make sure you understand the argument parts/relationship or the claim being made and take stock of any support for it) 2. Look at ACs through a lens of relevance to the claim/argument

Q Type Strategy: Analogy

1. PREWORK (need to clearly understand the part of the passage you're paralleling) 2. Eliminate ACs that fall short of parallel

Q Type Strategy: Main Point

1. Prephrase using the passage ID 2. Read every AC and through to its end 3. Be wary of too much detail in ACs, but look for something that encompasses whole main point 4. Use elimination cues when down to 2 ACs (Inaccurate, Extra, Out of Zoom)

Q Type Strategy: Author-Indication/Inference

1. Remember the author designed the whole passage. Don't solely track down official P/PX moments 2. Filter ACs through sense of passage's authorial moves 3. When possible and necessary, do the pre-work (only where you don't have a decent sense of the part of the passage referred to)

Question Type Strategy: Indication/Inference

1. Understand the major authorial moves and what they mean/boil down to 2. Critically parse AC language 3. If needed, quickly locate info with CTRL+F and AST notes

What do the major moves accomplish?

1. summarizes each paragraph 2. tells you what all the sentences revolve around 3. reveals the main point 4. distills the passage organization

In a contrast, the author will often given one detail about a particular group as a unique quality separating them from another group. If a question asks us to infer something about the other group, we can infer which 2 things?

1. the other group does not have the described quality of the first group 2. the other group has a negated version of the first group's described quality (logical opposite)

Each passage is characterized by # authorial moves.

3-5

Passage ID Subtypes: Clash

Author Criticizes Viewpoint (A*V) Author Criticizes Viewpoint and Offers Own (A*V + A) Multiple Viewpoints, Author Takes Sides (2+V, A1V) Viewpoint and Author Positions (V+A or V+V+A)

A*V

Author Criticizes Viewpoint (Passage Subtype)

A*V + A

Author Criticizes Viewpoint and Offers Own (Passage Subtype)

AE

Author Explores Problem (Passage Subtype)

Passage ID Subtypes: Problem

Author Solution (AS) Viewpoint Solution (VS) Author Explores Problem (AE)

AS

Author Solution (Passage Subtype)

Parallelism Breadcrumb

Author equating one thing with another can shed light on qualities of the highlighted language

"Based on the passage, which one of the following most accurately describes an attitude displayed by the author toward artists' uses of old photographic techniques?"

Author-Indication

"The author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which one of the following statements?"

Author-Indication

"It can be inferred that the author accepts which one of the following?"

Author-Inference

AST: Descriptive Info Moves

CI: Contextual Info I: Illustration E: Explain SE: Supporting Evidence DI: Descriptive Info

Indication Questions require...

Clear, strong, direct support from the passage text

Question Type Category: Indication

Conclusion

Question Type Category: Inference

Conclusion

______________ are often pointed to in specific purpose questions.

Contrasts

Question Type Category: Main Point

Descriptive

Question Type Category: Main/Specific Purpose

Descriptive

Question Type Category: Meaning

Descriptive

Question Type Category: Organization

Descriptive

Question Type Category: Recall

Descriptive

Passage ID Subtypes: Explain

Development (D) Profile (P) Question + Answer (Q+A) Tell (T)

D

Development (Passage Subtype)

If description of a Viewpoint could've been found in a history textbook, how do you treat it?

Don't categorize as a Viewpoint move. Treat it as DI

Highlighted Text

Don't hyperfixate on the meaning of the highlighted text alone, but take it into account when determining the scope/constraints of the text's meaning

ACs that contradict the Big Picture highlighted by the Major Moves

ELIMINATE

ACs with unsupported strong/extreme language

ELIMINATE

Generic Breadcrumbs

Exert demands on the meaning of the highlighted language

True/False: You should use "X" in isolation when pointing to a clash

False. Use VX or PX to show who is clashing with a viewpoint

T/F: Don't bother with a prephrase to Meaning Questions

False; the textual breadcrumbs provide clues that you can and should use to form a preliminary prephrase for the correct AC

What are the textual breadcrumbs that can help with "Meaning" questions?

Generic Contrasts Support/Expansion Parallelism Illustration

Main question to ask yourself when you encounter indication/inference questions

Given my understanding of the major moves, is it likely or unlikely that this AC meets the requisite bar of support?

Referential Language

Helpful for discerning the meaning of highlighted text when nearby. Need to know what the referential language is referring to

"It can be inferred that the author of the passage is most likely to believe which one of the following?"

Indication

"The passage indicates which one of the following about the abrasion of Calvaria major pit walls?"

Indication

"The passage provides the most support for which one of the following statements?"

Indication

"The passage suggests that Dworkin would be most likely to agree with which one of the following statements?"

Indication

Indication or Inference: clear, strong, direct support from passage text

Indication

"It can be inferred that the author of the passage is most likely to believe which one of the following?"

Indication (watered down Inference Qs = Indication Qs)

"The passage provides the most support for inferring which one of the following?"

Indication (watered down Inference Qs = Indication Qs)

"It can be inferred from the passage that many scientists believe which one of the following about rainforest plants?"

Inference

"It can be inferred that legal positivists, as described in the passage, agree with which one of the following statements?"

Inference

Indication or Inference: MBT on the basis of the passage

Inference

ACs with unsupported/improbably quantifiers

It is unlikely that the passage did the work necessary to validate the quantifiers --> ELIMINATE (if not proven by passage)

Level of Support for Recall questions

MBT

"Which one of the following most accurately states the main point of the passage?"

Main Point

A pre-phrase of the correct AC is fully possible with which question types?

Main Point Purpose (Specific and Overall) Meaning Organization

"The author of the passage is primarily concerned with..."

Main Purpose

"Which one of the following most accurately describes the primary purpose of the passage?"

Main Purpose

"As it is used in the passage, the phrase 'protest painting' (middle of the third paragraph) refers to..."

Meaning

"Which one of the following comes closest to capturing the meaning of the phrase 'invent around' (line 9)?"

Meaning

Which one of the following best defines the word 'political' as it is used in the second paragraph of the passage?"

Meaning

Q Type Category: Analogy

Misc.

Q Type Category: Strengthen/Weaken

Misc.

2+V, A1V

Multiple Viewpoints, Author Takes Sides (Passage Subtype)

"Which one of the following most accurately describes the organization of the passage?"

Overall Organization

What is the most important type of Viewpoint Move?

P: Author's Position

AST: Viewpoint Moves

P: Author's position V: Viewpoint Position X: Clash

The 3 passage IDs

Problem, Clash, Explain

P

Profile (Passage Subtype)

Other AST Moves

Q: Rhetorical Question CS: Caveat Statement S: Summarization AO: Anticipation of Objection

"According to the passage, Whatley advocates which one of the following actions because it would help to guarantee that small farms have buyers for all of their products?"

Recall

"According to the passage, which one of the following is a goal of Dworkin's theory of legal interpretation?"

Recall

"The passage states that the study of native languages has recently grown..."

Recall

___________________ sometimes works in conjunction with textual breadcrumbs.

Replacement: replacing the highlighted text with the ACs

"Which one of the following most accurately describes the organization of the material presented in the second and third paragraphs of the passage?"

Specific Organization

"In the context of the third paragraph, the function of the phrase 'on the verge of a filmless, digital revolution' (line 17) is to..."

Specific Purpose

"What is the main purpose of the second paragraph?"

Specific Purpose

Support/Expansion Breadcrumbs

Statements like these following a highlighted phrase can be used to infer qualities about the highlighted phrase

T

Tell (Passage Subtype)

What do you do when you encounter a "status quo" in a passage?

Treat it as DI unless attacked, in which case you'll treat it as a viewpoint

What do you do when you encounter a common belief or assumption in a passage (i.e. "It is commonly believed..." or "Most people believe...")?

Treat it as DI unless attacked, in which case you'll treat it as a viewpoint

T/F: The AC Elimination Cues do not apply the same way to Meaning Questions

True

True/False: an author can have a viewpoint/position in Explain passages

True

VS

Viewpoint Solution (Passage Subtype)

V+A (or V+V+A)

Viewpoint and Author Positions (Passage Subtype)

What is the difference between Inference and Indication questions types?

What they require: do they need to be proven (inference) or do they merely require support (indication)?

When is a passage classified as a "Problem" passage?

When it explores, provides a solution to, or debunks a problem as its main purpose

Viewpoint moves are reserved for POVs that are in __________ play

active * They are part of a current debate * Presently held or contested position OR recently debated/held position (too fresh for history textbook)

Think of Conclusion questions as being _____________ to the text

anchored

What is the specific purpose of a contrast?

intentionally generated by the author to clarify/explain

Cue words for Meaning questions

meaning, defines, refers to

When an author ascribes assumptions to a viewpoint, treat those assumptions as...

part of the viewpoint (even is ascribed by someone else)

Illustration Breadcrumb

provides an example of the highlighted language, which guides us to its meaning

The correct answer to a Recall Question simply

reiterates a fact from the passage that the question asks about

Occasionally, textual breadcrumbs won't help in revealing the meaning of a highlighted text. In this case, you must...

rely on the broader context of the paragraph or passage and the relationship between the highlighted text and the authorial/major moves

Inference Questions require...

something that MBT on the basis of the passage

When a passage provides a label for a viewpoint, you should

take a moment to consider how the viewpoint name boils down the entire viewpoint

AST: What is a Problem / Dilemma Move?

} Author introduces a problem Could exist alongside CI, but could be more specific