REALITY, my n i g g a

Aristotle

The 1st philosopher to develop a system for studying the structure of logical reasoning

priori knowledge

knowledge justified independently of, or prior to, experience

George Berkeley

"The only reality is in the mind" Nothing exists if it is not perceived. Physical qualities projected on environment. Ideas are the only things we experience directly and are therefore the only things we can be sure of.

Isaac newton

1st person to claim that space was infinite

Hegel

Adgued that human thinking or reason is essentially determined by the forces of history

counter factual theory of causation

Analyzes causation in terms of what would have been the case if certain other things had been the case; that is, in terms of matters that are contrary to actual fact

Contemporary idealist

Argue that the physical properties of the world must ultimately be understood in terms of how they affect subjective experience

Dualists

Argue that there are 2 kinds of substances

Pluralists

Argue that there are many kinds of Substances

Monists

Argue that there is only one kind of substance

David Hume

Argued that people cannot make decisions without taste and sentiment

Brentano

Argued that physical phenomena do not exhibit intentionality

Aristotle

Argued that properties are real entities in their own right

Brentano

Argued that psychology should be based on a clear distinction between mental and physical phenomena. This would be found in the "intentionality" of the mental phenomena

Leibniz

Argued that space and time are constructions from the spatial and temporal relations between objects,and events, not entities in themselves

David Hume

Argued that the appearance of necessity derives merely from expectations induced by our experiences

Plato

Argued that the fundamentally real things are what he called the forms: ideal, eternal, unchanging types of things that exist outside the world of experience. Every day things in the world of experience have a lesser degree of reality

Heidegger

Argued that there could not be phenomenological reduction because there is no perspective from which one can give an account of the data of consciousness

Syllogism

Aristotle's argument attempting to classify examples of reasoning by their form alone

Leibniz

Believe that God chose to create our world out of an infinity of other possible worlds. He believed that since God is perfectly good, his reason for creating this world must have been a moral reason (God isn't real tho so he's retarded)

Plato

Believed in platonic forms

Aristotle

Believed in real things which he called substances which exist in the world around us

Husserl

Believed that the proper way to study the contents of the mind was by not assuming the real existence of anything outside the mind

Idealist

Claim that scientific theories and the reality they describe must ultimately be interpreted in mental terms

Aristotle

Distinguished between the actual the infinite, something that goes on forever, and the potentially infinite

Idealists

Leibniz, Berkeley, Kant, Hegel

Pragmatism

Locates the value of truth in the role that true beliefs have in making our actions succeed

McTaggart

R did the every event has the property of being past, present, and future at some time or another

Aristotle

Rejected forms and argued that individual things, called substances, are the fundamental realities

Aristotle

Said that the form of a substance is what makes a substance the thing it is; therefore is also called the essence of the substance

Isaac newton

Saw of space and time as real things, or the "containers" on which objects exist and events occur

Naturalist

Someone who thinks that the experimental methods of the natural sciences are the ways of acquiring true knowledge

Platonism

States that numbers must be real, non-physical things, located outside space and time

Parapsychology

States that the rest of science has ignored something in nature that genuinely Exists (the supernatural)

Materialism

The doctrine the everything is material

époché

The state of mind entered once reality of the world was bracketed (the husserl ***** came up with this)

Ontology

The study or theory of being

Phenomenology

The theory of appearance

Physicalism

The view that everything that exists is physical in the strict scientific sense, so that forces and fields exist on equal terms with matter itself

Minimalism

Theory of the truth that states that truth is not a substantial property or feature of beliefs and statements

Logicism

Theory states that mathematics applies to the world because the world is self has a logical structure

Formalism

Theory that States that mathematics is a matter of the conventions governing the use of certain symbols

Ockham's Razor

Theory that States that we should try to make and do with as few kinds of fundamental entity as possible in our theory of the world

Existentialism

Theory that rejected the husserlian notion of bracketing the existence of the world, since existence precedes essence

John Locke

Thought that the material objects have 2 kinds of qualities; primary qualities, such a shape and size, that objects have independently of perception; and secondary qualities, such as color or smell that are dependent on being perceived

David Hume

Was an empiricist and naturalist

Ontology

the branch of metaphysics dealing with the nature of being.

Empiricism

the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation