RECENT reported speech&passive voice MODERNno true perfect CHART SEPARATING IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE TENSE FROM fluentu.com's summary reviewing past perfect subjunctive -separating MODERN#20STATES=?studyspanNEAR future & SIMPLE #99studyspanish=MODERN51STATES

simple IMPERFECT tense in the INDICATIVE mood aka "Imperfecto" aka "Copretérito" aka "El Pretérito Imperfecto" are the other names for this "IMPERFECT PAST tense of the indicative mood" @ 12/24 DECEMBER 4:01 AM CHECKED CHART TO MAKE SURE CORRECT CONJUGATIONS "Expresses what was happening in the past or what used to happen" https://spanish.kwiziq.com/revision/glossary/verb-tense-mood/preterito-imperfecto "expresses repeated actions which were happening, habits in the past, actions that used to happen, or for emphasizing the prolongation in time of an action." words that signal the use of the *imperfect*: imperfect a menudo (often) a veces (sometimes) cada día (every day) cada semana (every week) cada mes (every month) cada año (every year) con frecuencia (frequently) de vez en cuando (from time to time) en aquella época (at that time) frecuentemente (frequently) generalmente (usually) muchas veces (many times) mucho (a lot) nunca (never) por un rato (for awhile) siempre (always) tantas veces (so many times) todas las semanas (every week) todos los días (every day) todo el tiempo (all the time) varias veces (several times)

To tell us in general when an action took place, use of the *IMPERFECT* tense implies that actions in the past that are not seen as completed did not have a definite beginning or a definite end. The imperfect is used for actions that were repeated habitually. The imperfect is used for actions that "set the stage" for another action. (example: Yo leía cuando entró mi papá= I was reading when my papa entered) To describe the characteristics of people, things or conditions The imperfect is used for telling time and stating one's age. For mental states (usually) For physical sensations (usually) One does not normally think of a general mental state and physical sensations as having a definite beginning or end, and so they are usually expressed in the imperfect. Ramón tenía miedo de hablar en público. Ramón was afraid to speak in public. Yo creía que Juan podía hacerlo. I thought that Juan could do it. Me gustaba el coche. I liked the car. (The car was pleasing to me.) test to determine if a verb is actually the imperfect is to try substituting one of the following: *was/were ...ing* *used to* ... *would (meaning used to)* ... To conjugate *regular -ar verbs* in the *imperfect*, simply drop the ending (-ar) and add one of the following: *(yo) aba* *(tú) abas* *(él/ella/Usted) aba* *(nosotros) ábamos* *(vosotros) abais* *(ellos/ellas/Ustedes) aban* To conjugate *regular -er and -ir verbs* in the *imperfect*, simply drop the ending (-er or -ir) and add one of the following: *(yo) ía* *(tú) ías* *(él/ella/Usted) ía* *(nosotros) íamos* *(vosotros) íais* *(ellos/ellas/Ustedes) ían* words that signal the use of the *imperfect*: *a menudo (often)* *a veces (sometimes)* *cada día (every day)* *cada semana (every week)* *cada mes (every month)* *cada año (every year)* *con frecuencia (frequently)* *de vez en cuando (from time to time)* *en aquella época (at that time)* *frecuentemente (frequently)* *generalmente (usually)* *muchas veces (many times)* *mucho (a lot)* *nunca (never)* *por un rato (for awhile)* *siempre (always)* *tantas veces (so many times)* *todas las semanas (every week)* *todos los días (every day)* *todo el tiempo (all the time)* *varias veces (several times)*

IMPORTANT NOTE TO SELF TOMORROW 12/22 OR 12/23 CREATE NEW FLASHCARD WITH ENFOREX INFO ABOUT THE MAIN DIFFERENCE IN TIMING BETWEEN WHEN TO USE THE IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE VS. i think the present? subjunctive tense which is just normally using the subjunctive conjugations im pretty sure @ 1:19 am

*!!!!!DO NOT CONFUSE THESE 2 COMPLETELY DIFFERENT TENSES!!!!!* *#1 "IMPERFECT subjunctive"="the Spanish past subjunctive tense"* *#1 imperfect subjunctive (imperfecto subjuntivo) AKA the Spanish past subjunctive tense (subjuntivo pasado) AKA "the preterite imperfect tense of the subjunctive mood" @* https://quizlet.com/_9wgcuq?x=1jqt&i=4gt05 Imperfect Subjunctive AKA Spanish past subjunctive tense AKA "the preterite imperfect tense of the subjunctive mood"- #105 USES #106 -SE formula but CHANGED studyspanish.com -A form to "-Ra" endings &DIFFERENT WEBSITE CONJUGATION RULES FOR IRREGULAR STEM

NEW 12/30 SET CREATED FOR PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TENSE https://quizlet.com/655471493/edit accent mark

*(both blanks are the same answer AND READ THE EXAMPLE CAREFULLY)* If a pronoun is attached to the present participle, an ____________ _________ is needed. Write the ____________ _________ over the vowel that is normally stressed in the present participle. Example: ¿Están ustedes esperando el autobús? Sí, *lo* estamos esperando. OR Sí, estamos esperándo*lo*. *(for the answer just repeat WHOLE THING)* When you use *direct object pronouns with the present progressive*, you can put them *before the conjugated form of estar* (Example: Me estás sirviendo) *OR attach them to the present participle [with an accent mark written over the vowel that is normally stressed* in the present participle (Estás sirviéndome)]

The IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE (AKA the Spanish past subjunctive tense AKA "the preterite imperfect tense of the subjunctive mood") is used to express the same subjectivity (if the speaker has any feelings of uncertainty [about an action that is not an objective fact]) as the present tense of the subjunctive mood, but in the past. Just as with the present subjunctive, this past subjunctive tense within the subjunctive mood is also triggered when we talk about opinions, hopes, denials, doubts and hypothetical situations, and we have two clauses with different subject nouns. example of the subjunctive mood (used) in the present tense: Me alegro de que mi novia baile contigo (I'm happy that my girlfriend is dancing with you.) when talking about the past, use the imperfect subjunctive: Me alegraba de que mi novia bailara contigo (I was happy that my girlfriend danced with you.) the imperfect subjunctive can even be used to express present feelings about past actions: Pero ahora, lamento que mi novia bailara contigo (But now, I regret that my girlfriend danced with you.) "para que" may also be used to talk about the reasons that things happen: [I didn't introduce my girlfriend to you so that you'd steal her from me] = No te presenté a mi novia para que me la robaras

*(for the answer just REPEAT the WHOLE THING)* The *IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE* (AKA the Spanish past subjunctive tense AKA "the preterite *imperfect tense of the subjunctive mood*") is used to express the same subjectivity (if the speaker has any feelings of uncertainty [about an action that is not an objective fact]) as the present tense of the subjunctive mood, but in the past. Just as with the present subjunctive, this *past subjunctive tense within the subjunctive mood* is also triggered when we *talk about opinions, hopes, denials, doubts* and *hypothetical situations*, and we *have two clauses with different subject nouns.* this first example: "Me alegro de que mi novia baile contigo=I'm happy that my girlfriend is dancing with you." shows how the PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE is a tense that uses the *subjunctive* mood in the present (?tense? LONG-TERM PROBLEM @ 1/11 JANUARY 6:06 AM @ IDK IF THE WORD "?tense?" should be written at the end of this sentence because according to modern states located in another quizlet set https://quizlet.com/657865180/verifymodern-states-doesnt-explain-verb-conjugation-as-well-as-studyspanishcom99-same-12-irregular-verbs-so-just-making-flashcards-for-the-uses-part-a51-separate-future-tense-first-set-created-mo-flash-cards/ Remember (NEED TO VERIFY this following @ 1:41 AM JANUARY 1/11:) that the present subjunctive is used to express future, hypothetical events in subordinate clauses (as seen in sections 4450): No creemos que tenga ningún problema=We don't think he'll have any problems. Ojalá que no haya examen mañana=I hope there won't be an exam tomorrow.): *(NOW MOVING ON TO AN ENTIRELY NEW TENSE CALLED THE IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE which is a transition from the different "present subjunctive" tense above @ 6:16 am 1/11 january)* when talking about the *past*, use the *imperfect subjunctive*: Me alegraba de que mi novia bailara contigo (I was happy that my girlfriend danced with you.) the imperfect subjunctive can even be used to *express present feelings about past actions:* Pero ahora, lamento que mi novia bailara contigo (But now, I regret that my girlfriend danced with you.) "*para que*" may also be *used to talk about the reasons that things happen:* [I didn't introduce my girlfriend to you so that *you'd steal* her from me] = No te presenté a mi novia para que me la *robaras* transition now moving onto an entirely new tense called the "PAST PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE" is a tense that combines either one of the two possible alternative -SE&-RA F0RMS OF THE IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE conjugation WITH the emdimg "ado" which is added to the end of a PAST PARTICIPLE ORIGINAL ONLY IN QUOTATION MARKS SPLIT UP BELOW "You can use the past perfect in the subjunctive in the same way as in the" *(9:45 PM almost 1/12 JANUARY 1/11 @ contrarily using the "PAST PERFECT" [indicative?studyspanish.com] would then make this example: "habías tomado" including a written accent over the í in the ending WHICH I'M PRETTY SURE WAS ALREADY THERE TO BEGIN WITH)* "indicative past perfect by conjugating the verb haber and adding the past participle (-ado, -ido form). This is then for talking about a hypothetical, doubted or emotionally commented on "past before the past."" "Le impresionó mucho que hubieras tomado clases de baile=She was very impressed that you had taken dance classes." *THIS rephrasing BELOW IS PROBABLY WHERE I MIXED UP THE CONFUSING "PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE" TENSES @ 5:09 AM JANUARY 1/11* https://docs.google.com/document/d/1qQO5qoYkMpEBf1clF2NkS2lhYMPx8stzi3pwenjCMV4/edit (IDK IF THIS REPHRASING IS CORRECT still need to check only the immediately following @ 6:33 am january 1/11):* Just like how the Pluperfect form conjugates the verb haber in the past perfect tense of the indicative mood and then adds the past participle (-ado, -ido form), the past perfect can be used in the subjunctive in a similar way for talking about a hypothetical, doubted or emotionally commented on "past before the past" @ checked correct rephrasing so i don't think that this is where i mixed up the confusing "PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE TENSES 5:04-5:25 AM 1/14 JANUARY @ with the PAST PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE tense used in the hubieras tomado example *transition now back to imperfect subjunctive uses continuation from before PICK UP HERE TOMORROW ON 1/12* the *imperfect subjunctive can also used after "como si" to talk about the present* (Baila contigo como si ya fuera tu amante=She is dancing with you as if she were already your lover.) And finally, *a clause in the imperfect subjunctive can be coupled with a clause in the conditional to talk about fantastic, unlikely situations (not necessarily past.)* Si yo fuera (=imperfect subjunctive conjugation of ser "to be") muy rico, ella estaría todavía conmigo. — If I were very rich, she would still be with me. Si yo supiera *(TRANSLATION OF SUPIERA"=the verb "saber" "to know/taste" congated in the "IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE" TENSE for the yo form @ 1/10 january 7:08 pm checked from spanishdict.com)* bailar tango, podría reemplazarla con cualquiera. — If I knew how to dance tango, I would be able to replace her with anyone/whomever. The construction you see above is si + imperfect subjunctive clause (the if-only-it-were-so clause), conditional clause (the how-things-would-then-be clause).

The Spanish perfect infinitive (aka infinitivo compuesto) indicates an action that occurred before the action of the main verb, but only when the subject of both verbs is the same. is a compound tense making a vague reference to something in the unspecified past which is formed with the infinitive of the auxiliary verb and the past participle of the main verb. will always have the same past infinitive for all subjects because it does NOT CONJUGATE "HABER" (Unlike other compound tenses which place object pronouns immediately before the conjugated auxiliary verb) the perfect infinitive tense directly attaches object pronouns onto the end of "haber" (as a single word that is then followed by the past participle) Use the Spanish perfect infinitive: to Modify the verb in the main clause: (Se disculpó por haber olvidado=He apologized for forgetting) (¿Recuerdas haber ido a España?=Do you remember going to Spain?) to Modify the adjective in the main clause: (Estoy encantada de haberte visto=I'm delighted to see you) (Era necesario haberlo terminado=It was necessary to have it finished) With the preposition después (after) When expressing gratitude

*(just read over the whole thing and for the answer just REPEAT the words in BOLD)* *The Spanish perfect infinitive (aka infinitivo compuesto) indicates an action that occurred before the action of the main verb, but only when the subject of both verbs is the same.* English usually changes the perfect infinitive to another tense or rewords the sentence completely: Gracias por habernos invitado=Thank you for having invited us (English version: for inviting us) Espero haber terminado antes del mediodía=I hope to have finished (English version: to finish) by noon The Perfect Infinitive *is a compound tense making a vague reference to something in the unspecified past which is formed with the infinitive of the auxiliary verb and the past participle of the main verb.* 'Tis better to have loved and lost than to never have loved at all=Más vale haber amado y perdido que no haber amado nunca ¡Gracias por habernos dado la bienvenida!=Thank you for having welcomed us! Me gustaría haber visto Montana=I would like to have seen Montana. In addition to the past participle being invariable (since the "-ado"/"-ido" base form of the past participle does not change when it is functioning as part of the main verb in the perfect tenses), the "infinitive perfect tense" *will always have the same past infinitive for all subjects because it does NOT CONJUGATE "HABER"* Quisiera haber comido... I want to have eaten... Ella quisiera haber comido... She wants to have eaten... Quisiéramos haber comido... We want to have eaten... REFER TO #53 modern states @ 7:44 PM 1/13 JANUARY@ *(Unlike other compound tenses which place object pronouns immediately before the conjugated auxiliary verb) the perfect infinitive tense directly attaches object pronouns onto the end of "haber" (as a single word that is then followed by the past participle)* Después de haberte visto... After seeing you... Gracias por haberme ayudado. Thanks for helping me. *Use the Spanish perfect infinitive:* #1 *to Modify the verb in the main clause:* [Se disculpó por haber olvidado=He apologized for forgetting] [¿Recuerdas haber ido a España?=Do you remember going to Spain?] #2 *to Modify the adjective in the main clause:* *[Estoy encantada de haberte visto=I'm delighted to see you]* *[Era necesario haberlo terminado=It was necessary to have it finished]* #3 *With the preposition después (after)*: Después de haber comido, fui al parque [After eating, I went to the park] Quería viajar después de haber terminado mis estudios [I wanted to travel after finishing my studies] #4 *When expressing gratitude*: Gracias por habernos ayudado. [Thank you for helping us.] Gracias por haber venido. [Thanks for coming.]

the *imperfect subjunctive can also used after "como si" to talk about the present* (Baila contigo como si ya fuera tu amante=She is dancing with you as if she were already your lover.) #4 In conditional sentences (si clauses) *and with the conjunction "como si":**He listens to me as if I were his teacher. (= Me escucha como si fuera su profesor.)*If I had money, I would go with you. (= Si tuviera dinero, iría contigo.) *He listens to me as if I were his teacher. (= Me escucha como si fuera su profesor.)* #3 *In "if" clauses to indicate contrary-to-fact or unlikely events (When preceded by "si", the imperfect subjunctive is often used to talk about hypotheticals. Note that the other verb in these constructions is in the conditional.)*:IMPERFECT subjunctive: Compraría un coche nuevo si tuviera dinero. (I would buy a new car if I had the money.)

*(just read over the whole thing and repeat the words in bold)* *uses of the IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ("imperfect subjuntivo" AKA the Spanish "subjuntivo pasado" past subjunctive tense AKA "the preterite imperfect tense of the subjunctive mood" & official name in Spanish: "el pretérito imperfecto de subjuntivo):*

ANSWER FOR TERM DONE BELOW @ 7:18 AM 1/16 JANUARY @ confident about this entire flashcard fully covers everything included in modern states #52 lesson about IF-CLAUSES https://quizlet.com/_awp3nf?x=1jqt&i=4gt05 but focuses primarily on only the important stuff NOT solely dealing with THE IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE in specific @ 6:48 am january 1/16 IF-clauses for events likely to take place use the INDICATIVE (instead of the PAST SUBJUNCTIVE TENSE conjugating the IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE in one of the two alternative possibilities that end in either "-se" or "-ra") IF-CLAUSES/"frases con si" use the INDICATIVE after "por si [acaso]" to mean "just in case..." When "whether...or [not]" conveys hypotheses, Spanish uses subjunctive constructions [not if-clauses]: present subjunctive is never used in IF-clauses

*(just read over the whole thing for the answer repeat in BOLD)* *IF-clauses for events likely to take place use the INDICATIVE (instead of the PAST SUBJUNCTIVE TENSE conjugating the IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE in one of the two alternative possibilities that end in either "-se" or "-ra")* Si suben el precio, no lo compraremos=If the price is raised, we won't buy it. No tienes que hacerlo si no hay tiempo=You don't have to do it if there's no time. No sé si él está en casa o no=don't know if (whether) he is home or not. *IF-CLAUSES/"frases con si" use the INDICATIVE after "por si [acaso]" to mean "just in case..."* EXAMPLES FOLLOWING: Traigo paraguas por si acaso (llueve)=I'm bringing an umbrella just in case (it rains). Llevó el celular por si se perdía=He took his cell phone in case he got lost. https://docs.google.com/document/d/1xknsxe5EJA74bk49OM1ao--z5NOio4ompr7ID4LGa6s/edit# @ 3:51 am 1/17 3:51 am 1/16 @ Use the PAST SUBJUNCTIVE For unlikely or contrary-to-fact events, with the if-clause conjugated in the IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE, and the result clause in the CONDITIONAL No haría (<-example of the result clause conjugating the verb hacer in the CONDITIONAL tense of the INDICATIVE mood) eso si fuera (IF-clause exemplifies the IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE) tú=I wouldn't do that if I were you Si tuviera un millón de dólares, sería rico=If he had a million dollars, he'd be rich. • After como si... as if: Me trataba como si fuera una niña=He treated me as if I were a child. Siempre actúa como si no pasara nada=She always acts as if nothing were the matter. refer to the term corresponding to this flashcard THESE USES OF THE IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE following are corresponding to THE BELOW 7:08 am 1/17 is actually really 1/16 @ https://quizlet.com/659580603/edit created updated set for #52 modern states if clauses lesson document entitled listing como si and conditional clause for imperfect subjunctive https://docs.google.com/document/d/1S7HXkzg0-U8WIB0SDmQqmtnfIAgHL5bm0Y-kaxJDguA/edit# document entitled cleaning up listing como si and conditional clause for imperfect subjunctivehttps://docs.google.com/document/d/1j4ifsjuF1nebhe240ffinB4a1KapypHobxp5vz3RqoA/edit "It may seem a bit odd, but we can also use the imperfect subjunctive after como si to talk about the present. If it makes you feel any better, we also often use our (disappearing) English subjunctive in this context.Baila contigo como si ya fuera tu amante. — She is dancing with you as if she were already your lover." the *imperfect subjunctive can also used after "como si" to talk about the present* (Baila contigo como si ya fuera tu amante=She is dancing with you as if she were already your lover.) FOLLOW WITH THE OTHER STUFF ABOUT COMO SI IN COMFORTAA FONT @ 8:02 am 1/15 january #2 *After the expression ojalá (or ojalá que)*:IMPERFECT subjunctive: Ojalá que nevara mañana. *(I hope that it would* snow tomorrow.*)*PRESENT subjunctive: Ojalá que nieve mañana. (I hope that it snows tomorrow.) THIRD USE COPIED AND PASTED DIRECTLY FROM ENFOREX @ 6:56 AM 1/15 JANUARY @ 3. When we want to indicate or hope for unlikely or impossible events using the expression "Ojalá" or "Ojalá que" (means roughly "If only..."), the verb following it will be imperfect subjunctive. Construction:- Ojalá (que) + imperfect subjunctive + rest of sentence Ojalá que hiciera calor en invierno. (If only it were hot in winter.) Ojalá pudiese volar. (If only I could fly.) Ojalá Sara estudiara más.(If only Sara studied more.) • After ojalá and aunque, when they refer to conditions contrary to fact: Ojalá hubiera paz en este planeta=If only there were peace on this planet. Iría a la playa aunque nevara en verano=I'd go to the beach even if it snowed in summer. *When "whether...or [not]" conveys hypotheses, Spanish uses subjunctive constructions [not if-clauses]:* We'll get married whether they like it or not=Nos casaremos [sea que] les guste o no. The *present subjunctive is never used in IF-clauses*

ONLY how to CONJUGATE the IMPERFECT TENSE IN THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD[; ITS USES (of the IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE) are LISTED in the flashcard directly BELOW this one]

*(read over the whole thing and for the answer just REPEAT the words in BOLD)* *To conjugate the IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE (AKA the Spanish past subjunctive tense AKA "the preterite imperfect tense of the subjunctive mood"), take the 3rd person plural (ellos/ellas/Ustedes) preterite form of ANY regular, irregular, or stem-changing verb, drop the "-Ron" ending to find the root, and add the ending which is appropriate for the subject from EITHER the "-Ra" form: [(yo) -Ra, (tú) -Ras, (él/ella/usted) -Ra, (nosotros) -`Ramos, (vosotros) -Rais, (ellos/ellas/ustedes) -Ran] OR the "-SE" form: [(yo) -se, (tú) -ses, (él/ella/usted) -se, (nosotros) -`semos, (vosotros) -seis, (ellos/ellas/ustedes) -sen]* Even though some Latin American countries only use the "-Ra" form in oral speaking and the less common "-SE" form is mainly found in literary writing, Spain equally uses *both correct ways for forming the past subjunctive tense that add an accent to the vowel which comes immediately before the nosotros ending*

{#102studyspanish.com PLUPERFECT aka PAST PERFECT is the exact same names for the same "compound tense indicative using haber" in modern states's #53 chart for the four perfect tenses & BELOW https://quizlet.com/657963846/edit @ 4:02 AM 1/14 JANUARY @ inserting #55 Reported Speech: Use of the Pluperfect modern states} PLUPERFECT aka PAST PERFECT tense of the INDICATIVE mood (or in Spanish: "pluscuamperfecto del indicativo"[=pluperfect indicative] aka "el pretérito pluscuamperfecto"[=past perfect] or "el antecopretérito") DOUBLE 12/22 DECEMBER 12:55 AM @ DIRECTLY COPIED AND PASTED COMPARISON FORMULAS FROM THE FLASHCARD BELOW *PAST perfect* [*INDICATIVE*] = simple IMPERFECT conjugations [había, habías, había, habíamos, habíais, habían] meaning "had" + past participle To form the *PLUPERFECT aka the PAST PERFECT tense of the INDICATIVE mood:* conjugate the simple IMPERFECT tense of "haber" (just as you normally would) in the INDICATIVE mood and then combine with the past participle form of the main verb *SEE FLASHCARD BELOW--- UNFINISHED REPHRASING 6/15 JUST DIRECTLY COPIED AND PASTED REST OF THE INFO INTO THE SET WITH ALL THE DIFFERENT TENSES @ 11 AM:* INFO ON THIS FLASHCARD TAKEN FROM almost COMPLETED 6/14 QUIZLET SET ENTITLED: https://quizlet.com/599339978/edit #102 PLUPERFECT aka PAST PERFECT tense of INDICATIVE mood "pluscuamperfecto del indicativo"@121spanish.com "el pretérito pluscuamperfecto"/"el antecopretérito" SPANISHDICT&STUDYSPANISH ALREADY summarized in set for all different tenses-FIX PRETERITE PERFE....

*(read over the whole thing and for the answer just REPEAT the words in BOLD)* In Spanish, *the PAST perfect (PLUPERFECT) tense is formed by using the auxiliary verb "haber" conjugated in the simple IMPERFECT tense of the indicative mood (había, habías, había, habíamos, habíais, habían) combined with the past participle of the main verb (which ends in the Spanish "-ado"/"-ido" base form meaning "___ed" in English)* NEWER VERSION OF ABOVE @ 12/22 DECEMBER: The *PLUPERFECT form is the PAST PERFECT tense of the INDICATIVE mood (could be referred to as "the past of the past" or in Spanish: "pluscuamperfecto del indicativo" aka "el pretérito pluscuamperfecto" or "el antecopretérito") is a compound tense combining the auxiliary verb "HAD" [(había, habías, había, habíamos, habíais, habían in Spanish) formed by conjugating haber in the simple IMPERFECT tense of the INDICATIVE mood to agree with the subject (not the object) of the sentence] and the past participle of the main verb (which ends in the Spanish "-ado"/"-ido" base form meaning "___ed" in English)* I had studied. (main verb: studied ; auxiliary verb: had) He had written a letter to María. (main verb: written ; auxiliary verb: had) We had been stranded for six days. (main verb: been ; auxiliary verb: had) *The pluperfect form of a verb in Spanish can "distinguish between two related things that happened in the past, indicating which one occurred before the other" "The past perfect is used for the verb that happened first, the one that is further in the past. The action that occurred second is usually stated" in another past tense, such as the preterite or imperfect Examples: Ya había salido [cuando llamaste]=I had already left [when you called] Por fin había encontrado una rosa perfecta cuando comenzó a llover=I'd finally found a perfect rose when it started to rain. Fui al mercado por la mañana; ya había ido al banco. (I went to the store this morning; I had already gone to the bank.) *The second action may be stated with "antes de + infinitive" or "antes de que + subjunctive", or the verb can even be implied with "antes de + noun", as long as that noun refers to something in the past* Examples: Había terminado todo el trabajo antes de irme. [(antes de + infinitive of the verb "ir" with an indirect object pronoun "me" attached to it:) I had finished all the work before leaving.] Me había llamado antés de que fuéramos a la fiesta. [antes de que + (IMPERFECT) subjunctive (conjugation of the verb ir): He'd called me before we went to the party.] Me había llamado antés de la fiesta. [(antes de + noun that refers to something in the past:) He'd called me before the party.] It's important to understand that the past perfect is used when there is a relationship between the two verbs: the one in the past perfect led to or had some bearing on the one that came second. If you're just making a list of two things that occurred, either one after the other or at the same time, you don't need the past perfect. Examples: I finished all the work, then I left (= Terminé todo el trabajo y entonces me fui) I did the laundry and Ana mowed the lawn (= Lavé la rope y Ana cortó el césped) DONT UNDERSTAND EXAMPLE BELOW @ 4:58 PM 12/21 DECEMBER *When both actions are expressed in the same sentence, there is a connective word that links the actions (cuando, antes de...)* examples: Yo había llegado a casa cuando tú me llamaste=I had arrived home when you called me Antes de comer tú te habías lavado las manos=Before eating you had washed your hands Habíamos oído unos disparos antes de ver al ladrón correr=We had heard some gunshots before seeing the thief run away *But sometimes the two actions are expressed in two different sentences, and it is understood by the context which action took place first.* In this case Julian prepared for it first, and then he had the interview-EXAMPLE: Julian tuvo una entrevista de trabajo muy exitosa. Se había preparado bien porque era una gran oportunidad para él. *Despite not being connected by any word, it is understood which action took place first and which after.* BELOW DIRECTLY COPIED AND PASTED THE FINISHED #102studyspanish.com FLASHCARDS DIRECTLY FROM @ https://quizlet.com/599339978/edit *The past perfect tense is used when a past action was completed prior to another past action WHICH IT'S SOMEHOW RELATED TO. The past perfect is often used to talk about what a person had done before something else happened in the past.* Había visto ya a mi primo. (I had already seen my cousin.) Habías cantado en la fiesta cuando llegué. (You had already sung at the party when I arrived.) Usted había leído el libro antes que él. (You had read the book before him.) Él había sacado su gorro cuando entró en mi casa. (He had taken off his hat before entering my house.) Ella había comido antes de ir al cine. (She had eaten before going to the movies.) Nos habíamos sentado cuando el tren salió. (We had sat down when the train left.) No habíais oído la canción antes de ahora. (You had not heard the song before now.) Ustedes habían vuelto cuando ellos salieron. (You had returned when they left.) Ellos habían puesto los pasteles en la mesa. (They had put the cakes on the table.) Ellas habían hablado mucho cuando la fiesta terminó. (They had talked a lot when the party ended.) *Expressions such as "ya", "antes", "nunca", "todavía" and "después" will often appear in sentences where one action was completed before another.* Cuando llegaron los padres, los niños ya habían comido. [When the parents arrived, the children had already eaten.] Yo había comido antes de llamarles. [I had eaten prior to calling them.] *This idea of a past action being completed before another past action need not always be stated; it can be implied* Stated: Juan había cerrado la ventana antes de salir. [Juan had closed the window before leaving.] Implied: Juan había cerrado la ventana. [Juan had closed the window.] Remember, the past participle is formed by dropping the infinitive ending and adding either -ado or -ido and also some past participles are irregular. The following examples all use the past participle for the verb "vivir." *(yo) Había* vivido. *= I had* lived. *(tú) Habías* vivido. *= You had* lived. *(ella) Había* vivido. *= She had* lived. *(nosotros) Habíamos* vivido. *= We had* lived. *(vosotros) Habíais* vivido. *= You-all had* lived. *(ellos) Habían* vivido. *= They had* lived. *(read over the whole thing and for the answer just REPEAT the words in BOLD)* *When used as an adjective, the past participle changes to agree with the noun it modifies.* However, *when used in the perfect tenses, the past participle never changes.* Past participle used as an adjective: La puerta está cerradA. [The door is closed.] Past participle used in the past perfect tense: Yo había cerradO la puerta. [I had closed the door.] Past participle used as an adjective: Las puertas están abiertAS. [The doors are open.] Past participle used in the past perfect tense: Juan había abiertO las puertas. [Juan had opened the doors.] Note that *when used to form the perfect tenses, only the base form (of the past participle [which is abierto in the example]) is used* *(read over the whole thing and for the answer just REPEAT the words in BOLD)* *The auxiliary verb "haber" (meaning "HAD" in the IMPERFECT tense conjugations: había, habías, había, habíamos, habíais, habían) is conjugated for the subject of the sentence, not the object* Juan había abierto las puertas. [Juan had opened the doors.] The first example uses "había" to agree with the subject "Juan," the sentence does NOT use "habían" to agree with "puertas." Juan y María habían puesto mucho dinero en el banco. [Juan and Maria had put a lot of money in the bank.] In the second example, we use "habían" because the subject of the sentence is "Juan y María." *(read over the whole thing and for the answer just REPEAT the words in BOLD)* *The auxiliary verb and the past participle are never separated within the past perfect (AKA pluperfect) tense. To make the sentence negative, add the word "no" before the conjugated form of haber.* (yo) No había vivido. [I had not lived.] (tú) No habías vivido. [You had not lived.] (él) No había vivido. [He had not lived.] (nosotros) No habíamos vivido. [We had not lived.] (vosotros) No habíais vivido. [You-all had not lived.] (ellos) No habían vivido. [They had not lived.] Again, the auxiliary verb and the past participle are never separated. *Object pronouns are placed immediately before the auxiliary verb "haber" (meaning "HAD" in the IMPERFECT tense conjugations: había, habías, había, habíamos, habíais, habían)* Pablo le había dado mucho dinero a su hermana. [Pablo had given a lot of money to his sister.] *To make this sentence negative, the word "no" is placed before the indirect object pronoun (le.)* Pablo no le había dado mucho dinero a su hermana. [Pablo had not given a lot of money to his sister.] *(read over the whole thing and for the answer just REPEAT the words in BOLD)* *when a reflexive verb is used to form the past perfect (AKA pluperfect) tense, the reflexive pronoun is placed immediately before the auxiliary verb "haber" (meaning "HAD" in the IMPERFECT tense conjugations: había, habías, había, habíamos, habíais, habían)* Me había lavado las manos. [I had washed my hands.] Compare this past perfect (AKA pluperfect) tense example (above) to how the reflexive verb is used in a simple present tense sentence: Me lavo las manos. [I wash my hands.] *(when a reflexive verb is used to form the past perfect tense, you can) make the sentence negative by placing the word "no" before the reflexive pronoun* (which is "me" in this example): No me había lavado las manos. [I had not washed my hands.] *(just read over the WHOLE THING and ANSWER "TRUE")* *Questions using the PAST PERFECT (aka PLUPERFECT) tense are formed* as follows. Note how *the word order is different than the English* equivalent. ¿Habían llegado ya las chicas? [Had the girls arrived yet?] ¿Habías probado ya el postre? [Had you tried the dessert yet?] Here are *the same sentences in negative form.* Notice how *the auxiliary verb and the past participle are not separated.* ¿No habían llegado ya las chicas? [Hadn't the girls arrived yet?] ¿No habías probado ya el postre? [Hadn't you tried the dessert yet?]

1/10 7:21 PM JANUARY @ THIS SPECIFIC FLASHCARD ONLY DEALS WITH THE "IR + A" FORMING THE FUTURE *INFO ON THIS FLASHCARD 6/15 RELATES TO THE BELOW PART TAKEN FROM #99 STUDYSPANISH.com grammar lesson about the FUTURE tense* For actions that will occur in the near future, the present tense is more commonly used. Esta noche voy al cine. [Tonight I'm going to the movies.] Further in the future, use the future tense. El año que viene iré a España. [Next year I'm going to Spain.]

*DIRECTLY COPIED AND PASTED FROM "IR" CONJUGATIONS: Present&Preterite&Future&Imperfect TENSES https://docs.google.com/document/d/1AYM2yF2Fis2qJMWjR40Na_pQk2oA9GfKt32pegJQwSg/edit# google docs notes created from clozemaster.com 6/15:* To form a future conjugation Ir a + infinitive verb form means "going to" in the future. the difference between "will" and "going to" in English. "I will eat" and "I'm going to eat" convey slightly different things, right? "Will", which can be compared to the Spanish future tense, usually refers to the more distant future and is more abstract, whereas "going to", which is just like ir a + infinitive, is generally more immediate and pertaining to reality. However, they can be and often are used interchangeably. Example of how to use ir a + infinitive: Voy a comer (ahora/pronto/más tarde). I am going to eat (now/soon/later). Comeré chocolate todos los días cuando sea mayor/cuando me de la gana. I will eat chocolate every day when I grow up/when I feel like it. https://docs.google.com/document/d/1FOj5MZKq7EUlnExJ0PFiNYCP-N-F2Zz6Cx1T8LA7W8M/edit# Future tense: INDICATIVE &subjunctive MOOD https://121spanish.com/future-tense refer to the future by using a form of the verb 'IR'/TO GO conjugated in the Present Tense of the Indicative Mood, plus the preposition "a", plus a verb in the infinitive form. Ellos van + a + perder. / They are going to lose. La niña + va + a + cantar. / The girl is going to sing. Conjugation of IR + COMER (going to eat) to indicate future Yo voy a comer Vos vas a comer Él va a comer Nosotros vamos a comer Ustedes van a comer Ellos van a comer DIRECTLY COPIED AND PASTED FROM https://courses.modernstates.org/courses/course-v1:ModernStatesX+Spanish101+2016_T4/pdfbook/0/#viewer-frame Libro digital Herramientas de españolSpanish Tools Online Grammar Book20. Future with ir a• Just like English says, "I am going to...", Spanish uses the verb ir and the preposition a followedby the infinitive:Voy a cantarmañana.¿Cuándovas a entenderme?¿Quéva a ocurrir?Vamos a decidirla semana que viene.Novais a ver nada.Novan a ir.• Some useful terms to indicate future occurrences:despuéslatermañanatomorrowpasado mañanathe day after tomorrowmás tardelateresta tardethis afternoonesta nochetonightesta semanathis weekla próxima semana next weekel mes, el año próximonext month, yeareste mesthis monthla próxima veznext timeel año, el mes que vienenext year, monthdeals https://www.clozemaster.com/blog/spanish-tenses/ DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ALL THE TENSES directly copied&pasted lesson from Clozemaster https://docs.google.com/document/d/10pVTNDiwmk6YJ9cnOjhG2o9vBRee90_MJuQM7iz-uIY/edit# @ 7:40pm JANUARY 1/10 Future with "ir" This is essentially the equivalent to the English "going to" do something. This is spoken about in a lot more detail in our post on the conjugation of the Spanish verb "ir".

Perfect Conditional tense (aka condicional compuesto aka condicional perfecto) ALL INFORMATION ON THE CONDITIONAL FLASHCARDS BELOW IS DIRECTLY COPIED AND PASTED FROM GOOGLE DOC ENTITLED: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1sYAJSPsxOv-kfo8I5VrhkBj6QiSZlex4ij5ePlhVA1I/edit CONDITIONAL tenses: perfect&simple&continuous - guide from clozemaster

*ONES THAT I HAVEN'T LEARNED YET!!!!* *????"CONDITIONAL perfect"??????* = haber conjugated in the SIMPLE conditional tense [habría, habrías, habría, habríamos, habríais, habrían] to mean "would have done" + past participle DIRECTLY COPIED&PASTED FROM clozemaster.com https://docs.google.com/document/d/1sYAJSPsxOv-kfo8I5VrhkBj6QiSZlex4ij5ePlhVA1I/edit# complete guide CONDITIONAL TENSES: The perfect conditional is the "would have done" tense, that is formed by conjugating the verb haber (to have) in the simple conditional and then adding a past participle. If it is "would have done", it is perfect conditional [I would have done=] Yo habría hecho (← past participle!) The perfect conditional is the "would have done" tense, that is formed by conjugating the verb haber (to have) in the simple conditional and then adding a past participle. Already incorporated into the formula flashcard for all the different tenses *????"CONDITIONAL perfect"??????* = haber conjugated in the SIMPLE conditional tense [habría, habrías, habría, habríamos, habríais, habrían] to mean "would have done" + past participle STEP 1: Conjugate the verb haber in the simple conditional tense. REMEMBER - haber is IRREGULAR, so drop the "e" from the infinitive (also same application to these verbs among the twelve common irregular stem change with regular endings in both the future and conditional tenses: caber, poder, querer, saber, in addition to haber) before adding the appropriate verb ending. (yo) habría (tú) habrías (él/ella/Usted) habría (nosotros) habríamos (vosotros) habríais (ellos/ellas/ustedes) habrían STEP 2: Add a past participle to the conjugated haber (i.e. dado, tomado, pensado, amado...) yo habría hecho hacer - to make tú habrías dicho decir - to say él/ella/Usted habría querido querer - to want nosotros habríamos estudiado estudiar - to study vosotros habríais dormido ["You-all (informal) would have slept"] dormir - to sleep ellos/ellas/ustedes habrían puesto poner - to put Conjugating the Perfect Conditional Tense yo habría conocido conocer - to know tú habrías comido comer - to eat él/ella/Usted habría soñado soñar - to dream nosotros habríamos reducido reducir - to reduce vosotros habríais contemplado contemplar - to contemplate ellos/ellas/ustedes habrían preparado preparar - to prepare There are only two real uses of the perfect conditional - one which translates as "would have done", and one of those uniquely Spanish phrases that speculate about the past Examples Where the Perfect Conditional Translates as "Would Have Done" 1. To express something that "would have happened" but didn't (using the past perfect subjunctive and perfect conditional). Si no hubiéramos ido, esto no habría pasado! (If we hadn't gone, this wouldn't have happened!) Si hubierais estudiado más, habríais sacado notas más altas! (If you all had studied more, you would have gotten higher marks!) Examples Where the Perfect Conditional Does NOT Translate as "Would Have Done" *(for the answer just REPEAT the WHOLE THING)* 2. To express a supposition or the probability of a past situation that has already taken place Seguramente habrían sufrido mucho. [They must have/probably suffered a lot.] (¡Ella) habría estado muy nerviosa cuando no pasó el examen! [She must have been very nervous when she didn't pass the exam!]

simple FUTURE tense of the INDICATIVE mood aka "futuro imperfecto" aka "el futuro simple" *this flashcard here with all the different tenses 6/15 COVERS ALL GOOGLE DOCS INFO WHICH IS ALREADY INSERTED INTO THE https://quizlet.com/598499154/edit #99 STUDYSPANISH.com quizlet set THAT I HAVE NOT REPHRASED FLASHCARDS FOR YET* *FUTURE TENSE (1st method forming the future INFLECTION) studyspanish.com #99 grammar lesson includes USES, REGULAR ENDINGS, & IRREGULAR CONJUGATIONS of 12 common verbs that have the same stem-change in the conditional form* https://docs.google.com/document/d/1K-v_cjg1A7_BIcSx64f_xr16ZWaCUdYy9X7sGnE5I_s/edit# TAKEN FROM UNFINISHED FLASHCARD SET 6/6 #99 FUTURE TENSE @ https://quizlet.com/_9wbwwi?x=1jqt&i=4gt05 To conjugate regular -ar, -er and -ir verbs in the FUTURE tense, add these endings to the INFINITIVE form of the verb: (yo) é, (tú) ás, (él/ella/usted) á, (nosotros) emos, (vosotros) éis, (ellos/ellas/ustedes) án

*The future tense is used to tell what "will" happen, or what "shall" happen* I will go to the beach next month. I shall write the letter next week. *The future tense is also used to express wonder or probability in the present state.* ¿Quién será ella? [I wonder who she is? (Who could she be?)] Estará viajando solo. [He is probably traveling alone.] *the future tense is not used to express a willingness to do something. For this, use the verb "querer"* ¿Quieres ir a la tienda? [Will you go to the store?] *Further in the future, use the future tense.* El año que viene iré a España. [Next year I'm going to Spain.] *For actions that will occur in the near future, the present tense is more commonly used.* Esta noche voy al cine. [Tonight I'm going to the movies.] *To conjugate regular -ar, -er and -ir verbs in the FUTURE tense, add these endings to the INFINITIVE form of the verb: (yo) é, (tú) ás, (él/ella/usted) á, (nosotros) emos, (vosotros) éis, (ellos/ellas/ustedes) án* hablaré hablarás hablará hablaremos hablaréis hablarán There are twelve common verbs that are irregular in the future tense (as well as in the conditional tense). Their endings are regular, but their stems change. Since the endings are the same as all other future tense verbs, we show only the "yo" form, and have underlined the irregular stem. We have also grouped them according to their patterns of change. caber yo cabré poner yo pondré decir yo diré haber yo habré salir yo saldré hacer yo haré poder yo podré tener yo tendré querer yo querré valer yo valdré saber yo sabré venir yo vendré *"el futuro imperfecto" which is another name for the simple FUTURE tense conjugated in the INDICATIVE mood is also used to:* STATE INTENTIONS (I will achieve my goal=Lograré mi objetivo) MAKE PREDICTIONS (Our team will win the World Cup=Nuestro equipo ganará la Copa del Mundo) MAKE PLANS (Tomorrow, we will buy more flowers=Mañana compraremos más flores) GIVE COMMANDS (You will not leave the house=No saldrás de la casa) MAKE CONJECTURES ABOUT THE PRESENT (It must be a very heavy box, that is why she cannot lift it by herself=Será una caja muy pesada, por eso no la puede levantar ella sola)

{conditional tense @ 4:41 AM 1/12 JANUARY @ DONE SO FAR BUT ONLY FOR #104 studyspanish.com NOT #51 modern states DONT THINK THAT I NEED TO STUDY THE PERFECT CONDITIONAL BC IT'S JUST haber conjugated in the "habr WHICH IS A GIVEN CONJUGATION ALREADY KNOWN OBVIOUSLY + past participle form of a verb"} conditional tense IN GENERAL NOT SPECIFICALLY TALKING ABOUT THE SIMPLE&PROGRESSIVE/CONTINUOUS&PERFECT forms of the conditional tense in particular INFORMATION TAKEN FROM #104 SET CREATED from studyspanish.com grammar lesson on the conditional tense: https://quizlet.com/596685354/edit

*To conjugate regular -ar, -er and -ir verbs in the CONDITIONAL tense, add these endings to the INFINITIVE form of the verb: (yo) ía, (tú) ías, (él/ella/usted) ía, (nosotros) íamos, (vosotros) íais, (ellos/ellas/ustedes) ían* *1/12 GOOD studyspanish.com REPHRASING* MY REPHRASING OF THE ORIGINAL BELOW: The future tense and the conditional tense share the same twelve irregular verbs in common because they both have the same stem-change patterns: AFTER LONG- ACTING WEARS OFF TYPE $ LIST HERE @ 8:07 pm 1/15 almost 1/16 january @ but each verb form has its own endings.* *(for the answer just repeat this WHOLE ENTIRE THING COVERING THE #104studyspanish.com for the FINAL COLLECTIVELY COMPREHENSIVE DEFINITION @ 4:22 AM JANUARY 1/12)* the *CONDITIONAL* tense (adds these endings to the *infinitive* form of the verb: *ía, ías, ía, íamos, íais, ían*) is *used to express probability, possibility, wonder or conjecture* (BASIC DEFINITION of CONJECTURE: "an inference concluded through presumption") *with regards to a past action* *(because if* the conjecture or expression of probability *is about the present, the future tense should be used instead rather than the conditional tense), and is usually *translated as would, could, must have or probably* probability, possibility: El alumno dijo que estudiaría una hora más. [The student said that he would study one more hour.] wonder, conjecture: ¿Qué hora sería? [What time could it have been?] wonder, conjecture: Estaría en su casa. [He must have been at home.] probability, possibility: Estaríamos ocupados cuando llamaste. [We were probably busy when you called.] the *conditional* is used for conjecture and to express probability with regards to a *past action* (¿Qué hora sería? [What time could it have been?] Serían las cinco. [It was probably five o'clock.]) If the *conjecture or expression of probability is about the present, the future* is used (¿Qué hora será? [What time can it be?] Serán las cinco. [It is probably five o'clock.]) *ABOVE&BELOW ARE TWO SPECIFIC INSTANCES WHERE THE CONDITIONAL TENSE IS NOT THE CORRECT CASE TO USE corresponding to #54studyspanish.com's note:* *Spanish does not use the conditional, but rather the imperfect tense instead, for cases where English would use the word would to express past habitual actions* THAT WAS JUST MY GOOD REPHRASING @ 1/12 OF THE FOLLOWING ORIGINAL MODERN STATES: "English frequently uses the word would to express past habitual actions. Spanish uses the imperfect in such cases: As a child, I would go to the movies all the time=De niño, iba al cine todo el tiempo." *(read over the whole thing and for the answer just repeat the words in BOLD)* example sentences demonstrating some specific *uses of the CONDITIONAL tense:* *To express speculation about the past* - Aquél día correrían más de veinticinco kilómetros. [That day they must have run more than 25 kilometers.] *To express the future from the perspective of the past* - Yo sabía que abrirían la tienda a las siete. [I knew that they would open the store at seven o'clock.] *To express hypothetical actions or events which may or may not occur* - Sería interesante estudiar chino. [It would be interesting to study Chinese.] *To indicate what would happen were it not for some certain specific circumstance* - Yo viajaría pero no tengo dinero. [I would travel but I don't have money.] - ¿Cuál compraría Ud.? [Which one would you buy?] *For polite use to soften requests* - Por favor, ¿podría decirme a qué hora abre la gasolinera? [Could you please tell me what time the gas station opens?] *For reported speech* - Juan dijo que terminaría el trabajo. *when the main clause is in the PAST* Juan SAID that he WOULD finish the work. *[because if the main clause is in the PRESENT (Juan SAYS that he WILL finish the work), then the FUTURE tense should be used instead (Juan dice que terminará el trabajo)]* *To express what would be done in a particular situation* - ¿Hablarías inglés en España? [Would you speak English in Spain?] - No. Hablaría español. [No. I would speak Spanish.] *To express an action which is contrary to fact* - This last example uses "tuviera" in a new verb tense called the imperfect subjunctive - Si yo tuviera tiempo, iría al cine esta noche. [If I had time, I would go to the movies tonight.] *TOMORROW PICK UP HERE 1/12 JANUARY 5:09 AM @: FINISHED INCLUDING THE ONLY OTHER LAST TWO IMPORTANT THINGS WORTHWHILE mentioning INCLUDING FROM #51 MODERN STATES IN ADDITIONAL TO THE VERIFY PART ARE STUFF THAT GOES ALONG WITH THE POLITE REQUESTS USE SO MOVE UP HIGHER ON THIS FLASHCARD AFTER DONE REPHRASING THE TWO THINGS DIRECTLY BELOW THIS AND THEN TRY TO FIGURE OUT THE CONFUSING RED BOX AT THE END ABOUT HAY* C. *FOR POLITE REQUESTS: Quisiera is often used for "I would like" instead of the conditional [Querría is generally avoided]* I would like to go to Peru some day=Me gustaría ir a Perú/Quisiera ir a Perú algún día ¿Quisieras acompañarme?=Would you like (want) to go with me? • Would you...?, Could you...? involve either the conditional or the past subjunctive of poder: ¿Me pudiera Ud. dar información? (formal) ¿Me podrías dar información? (just polite) Could/Would you give me some information? *EXTREMELY CONFUSED BY THE RED BOX AT THE END OF MODERN STATES #51 LESSON @ 1/12* Hay is expressed in these tenses with the future or conditional of haber in the 3rd person singular: No habrá problemas en el país=There won't be any problems in the country. Si hubiera más educación, habría menos guerras=If there were more education, there would be fewer wars.

https://quizlet.com/_avga28?x=1jqt&i=4gt05 created own set GERUND @ 8:27 PM JANUARY 1/9 DIRECTLY COPIED AND PASTED FROM MODERN STATES https://courses.modernstates.org/courses/course-v1:ModernStatesX+Spanish101+2016_T4/pdfbook/0/#viewer-frame

27. Gerund and Infinitive (Gerundio e infinitivo) To form the gerundio (ing form in English), change the infinitive ending: from -ar to -ando OR to "-iendo" for -er and -ir verbs stemchanging verbs are affected (see Appendix A ): pedir : pi diendo • dormir : du rmiendo ir and er verbs with stems ending in a vowel add yendo : traer : trayendo • oír : oyendo • creer : creyendo • ir : yendo • destruir : destruyendo *The gerund does not change to agree (in gender, number, etc.) with any other word in a sentence* *{#A} THE GERUNDIO is used for actions in progress [present participle in English]:* *{#A1} with the appropriate form of estar [or hay] to form the progressive tenses:* No hay nadie hablando=There's no one talking. Estamos aprendiendo.=We are learning. Lisa está estudiando.=Lisa is studying. Note that in Spanish this construction *cannot be used to express the future*, as it frequently is in English (I am leaving next week). The *simple present* can be used in this sense: "Salgo la próxima semana" *{#A2} with the verbs seguir and continuar to mean "go on doing something":* Continuó diciendo.=He went on saying. Siguió cantando.=She continued to sing. Note that, *unlike English, Spanish does not offer the option of using an infinitive after seguir or continuar: He went on to say →Siguió diciendo* *{#A3} to express "by doing" or "while doing" something [no preposition in Spanish]:* Vas a mejorar estudiando mucho.=You are going to improve by studying a lot. Me duermo leyendo esto.=I fall asleep (while) reading this. *Spanish does not use the gerundio as an adjective*. Clauses or different expressions have to be used: the answering machine=la máquina contestadora (el contestador) un proceso que nunca termina (interminable)=a never-ending process passengers carrying a big case...=los pasajeros que llevan una maleta grande... an intriguing beginning=un comienzo intrigante un final decepcionante=a disappointing ending

passive voice mentioned in the studyspanish.com lesson about the past participle https://quizlet.com/659145742/edit

41. The Passive Voice / La voz pasiva A. *SER + PAST PARTICIPLE: The passive voice is formed in Spanish in the same way as in English, with the appropriate form of the verb ser and the past participle (which, as an adjective, must agree in gender and number with the subject). The agent, if mentioned, comes after the preposition por*: Este libro es leído por todo el mundo=This book is read by everyone. Las rosas fueron compradas por la niña=The roses were bought by the girl. La ventana fue rota por la policía=The window was broken by the police. For use of estar with past participle, see §25. To review the forms of the past participle, see §26. *B. PASSIVE CONSTRUCTIONS USING SE* • Spanish avoids the passive with ser when the agent of the action is unknown or irrelevant. The most common way of expressing a passive idea in Spanish [that something happens, but without expressing who in particular does it] is by using se with a verb in the third person: ¿Se puede viajar sin visa?=Is it possible to travel without a visa? Se come bien en Francia=One eats/People eat well in France. Se necesita tener paciencia=You need to be patient. Aquí se habla español=Spanish is spoken here. Ese modelo ya no se usa=That model is not used (in use) anymore. • *When the subject (modelo in the above example) is plural, the verb must be plural*: Esos *modeloS* ya no se *usaN*=Those models are not used anymore. Se *vendeN camisaS* en esta tienda=Shirts are sold in this store. En América no se *conocíaN* los *caballoS*=Horses were not known in America. • *Similar to English, Spanish can also use an impersonal "They...", without the subject pronoun: Firmaron el acuerdo esta mañana=They signed the agreement this morning. OR: El acuerdo se firmó esta mañana=The agreement was signed this morning.* Allá no respetan los derechos humanos=They don't respect human rights there. Second page C. SE + INDIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS (SE ME, SE LES, ETC.) • The passive se may be followed by an indirect object pronoun indicating the person who undergoes the action of the verb (to whom?): Se le mandaron flores (a ella)=Flowers were sent to her. (She was sent flowers) Se les ofreció el trabajo (a ellos)=The job was offered to them. (They were offered...) No se me dijo eso (a mí)=That wasn't told to me. (I wasn't told that). These examples illustrate the common "false passive" in English, that is, a construction that uses the indirect object (to whom?) as the subject: "She was sent flowers"; "They were offered the job"; "I was told". The passive with ser won't work for this type of constructions. Use se and indirect object pronouns instead, being careful to always use the verb in the third person: We were given directions. Se nos dieron instrucciones. You were told what to do. Se te dijo qué hacer. • The combination of se + indirect object pronoun (se me, se te, se le[s], se nos, etc.) is also used to express ideas such as losing, breaking, forgetting and dropping, when not deliberate, underlying that something happened by accident. The passive se indicates that the event was involuntary; the object pronouns refer to the person(s) affected by the event; and the verb uses the third person singular or plural to agree with the things lost, broken, forgotten, etc. BY ACCIDENT Examples: Se le rompieron dos costillas=He broke two ribs (by accident). Se les perdió la llave=They lost their key. Se me cayó el libro=I dropped the book. Se te olvidó mi dirección=You forgot my address. Se nos acabó la gasolina=We ran out of gas. SOMEWHAT DELIBERATE Examples: Rompió su promesa=He broke his promise. Perdieron el partido=They lost the game/match. Caí en una trampa=I fell into a trap. Olvidaste tus malos recuerdos=You forgot your bad memories. Acabamos el trabajo=We finished the job (or the paper).

@ 4:02 AM 1/14 JANUARY @ inserting #55 Reported Speech: Use of the Pluperfect modern states https://quizlet.com/_avqg5i?x=1jqt&i=4gt05

55. Reported Speech: Use of the Pluperfect • *When telling what someone said, the imperfect is used to report on description of circumstances, stated ongoing conditions, intentions, habits or actions in progress* (see §33): Me contó que hacía muchos años (description of circumstances) que vivía (ongoing condition) en un pueblo pequeño, y que quería (intention) estudiar en una gran ciudad=He told me that he had lived in a small town for many years, and that he wanted to study in a large city. Dijo que por eso estudiaba (habit) mucho siempre, porque se estaba preparando (action in progress) para un ambiente competitivo=He said that for that reason he always studied a lot, because he was preparing for a competitive environment. *The pluperfect is used to report on a past statement that describes a previous occurrence*: Dijo: "Salí de mi pueblo hace varios años, y ahora vivo en Panamá." He said he (had) left his town several years ago, and he now lived in Panama=Dijo que había salido de su pueblo hacía varios años, y que ahora vivía en Panamá. Dijo: "Me fui cuando tenía veintidós años". He said he (had) finished his studies when he was twenty-two=Dijo que se había ido cuando tenía veintidós años. • Unlike colloquial English, in this context the pluperfect is widely used in Spanish. Compare: Dijeron que se habían divertido mucho=They said they had a great time. Me contó que había ido a Perú hacía dos años=He told me he went (had been) to Peru two years earlier (ago).

ALL INFORMATION ON THE CONDITIONAL FLASHCARDS BELOW IS DIRECTLY COPIED AND PASTED FROM GOOGLE DOC ENTITLED: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1sYAJSPsxOv-kfo8I5VrhkBj6QiSZlex4ij5ePlhVA1I/edit CONDITIONAL tenses: perfect&simple&continuous - guide from clozemaster

6/13 @ 2:16 pm LEFT OFF INSERTING INFO ABOUT THE CONDITIONAL TENSES FROM THE CLOZEMASTER GUIDE AFTER *THIS EXPLANATION CLARIFYING WHEN TO USE EACH DIFFERENT FORM OF THE CONDITIONAL TENSE which IS ALREADY CONTAINED IN THE FLASHCARDS BELOW:* If it is "would + verb", it is simple conditional If it is "would be doing", it is continuous If it is "would have done", it is perfect conditional

6/16 NEED TO COMBINE AND REPHRASE ALL THIS INFO FROM DIFFERENT WEBSITES first lawlessspanish.com then clozemaster lastly spanishdict.com *Continuous Conditional PROGRESSIVE*

ALL INFORMATION DIRECTLY BELOW IS COPIED AND PASTED FROM GOOGLE DOC ENTITLED: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1KbsMHs8KUHbE7MoitfhmjTaWsH3-cBr9V0h9BTMNvDM/edit# Conditional Progressive LAWLESSSPANISH.com https://www.lawlessspanish.com/grammar/verbs/conditional-progressive/ The Spanish conditional progressive is very similar to its English counterpart [*would be + -ing*]. In both languages, the *conditional progressive expresses an action that would be in progress at a certain point in time*. In Spanish, it can also *make a conjecture about what might or must be happening*. Sabía que mis padres estarían comiendo. (I knew my parents would be eating.) ¿Dónde está Lupita? (Where is Lupita?) Estaría leyendo. (She must be reading.) Si Juan estuviera aquí, estaríamos estudiando. (If Juan were here, we would be studying.) The conditional progressive is similar in usage to the conditional, but with an emphasis on the fact that the action would be in progress at the moment in question. The Spanish *conditional progressive is formed with the conditional of estar + gerund of the action verb* ALL INFORMATION DIRECTLY BELOW IS COPIED AND PASTED FROM GOOGLE DOC ENTITLED: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1sYAJSPsxOv-kfo8I5VrhkBj6QiSZlex4ij5ePlhVA1I/edit CONDITIONAL tenses: perfect&simple&continuous - guide from clozemaster If it is "would be doing", it is continuous [I would be doing=] Yo estaría haciendo (← gerund!) MY REPHRASING 6/14 OF THE ORIGINAL WORDING ABOVE: The CONDITIONAL PROGRESSIVE tense translates to "would be doing" and is aka the CONTINUOUS CONDITIONAL because it shows a continuation of the simple conditional tense. It is formed by combining the simple conditional tense of the verb estar with the present participle [gerund of a second verb. Gerund is a fancy word for the -ing verbs in English. The gerund for the verb (hacer) "to do" is doing (=haciendo= aka the present participle form of the verb hacer) 99% sure that GERUND IS THE SAME EXACT THING AS the present participle form of the verb CHECKED AND MADE SURE THAT THIS WAS TRUE FOR ALL OF THE EXAMPLES BELOW . STEP 1: Conjugate the verb estar (to be) in the simple conditional tense, which we've just learned requires you to take the infinitive verb and add the appropriate endings. yo estaría tú estarías él/ella/Usted estaría nosotros estaríamos vosotros estaríais ellos/ellas/ustedes estarían STEP 2: Add the appropriate gerund. Some examples of common gerunds include: 99% sure that GERUND IS THE SAME EXACT THING AS the present participle form of the verb CHECKED AND MADE SURE THAT THIS WAS TRUE FOR ALL OF THE EXAMPLES BELOW . yo estaría haciendo hacer - to do tú estarías comiendo comer - eat él/ella/Usted estaría ganando ganar - to win nosotros estaríamos practicando practicar - to practice vosotros estaríais escuchando escuchar - to listen ellos/ellas/ustedes estarían festejando festejar - to party/to celebrate Conjugating the Continuous Conditional Tense yo estaría bebiendo beber - to drink tú estarías amando amar - to love él/ella/Usted estaría leyendo leer - to read nosotros estaríamos tomando tomar - to take vosotros estaríais viviendo vivir - to live ellos/ellas/ustedes estarían poniendo poner - to put Examples Where the Continuous Conditional PROGRESSIVE tense in Spanish *directly Translates (in)to english as "Would Be Doing"* *#1 When you knew something "would be happening"* Sabía que mis padres estarían limpiando! (I knew my parents would be cleaning!) Ni los llamé porque sabía que estarían trabajando. (I didn't even call them because I knew they would be working.) *#2 A hypothetical conditional paired with the imperfect subjunctive* Si viviera en Italia, estaría trabajando con los mejores artistas! (If I lived in Italy, I would be working with the best artists!) *("los mejores artistas" IS CORRECT even though "los mejores" is the plural form of the adjective "the best" used to describe masculine or mixed gender nouns BECAUSE the Spanish word for artist is spelled the same for both genders [only the articles change with masculine="el artista/los artistas" and feminine="la artista/las artistas"])* Si Pablo estuviera aquí, estaríamos estudiando. (If Pablo were here, we would be studying.) Examples Where the Continuous Conditional PROGRESSIVE tense in Spanish DOES NOT Translate as "Would Be Doing" *#3 When you speculate about the present moment* ¿Dónde está tu hermana? Estaría estudiando! (Where is your sister? She must be studying!) ¿Dónde están los niños? Estarían saliendo de la escuela ahora mismo! (Where are the kids? They must be getting out of school right now!) ALL INFORMATION DIRECTLY BELOW IS COPIED AND PASTED FROM GOOGLE DOC ENTITLED: https://docs.google.com/document/d/18PM_6yHB3kMd2UpXbUxr-Irb-RtditoJFJVkQVRh5xg/edit# Conditional Progressive SPANISHDICT.com https://www.spanishdict.com/guide/spanish-conditional-progressive-tense In Spanish, the conditional progressive tense, also called the conditional continuous tense, is *used to talk about something that would be happening if some other event were to occur.* Si por mí fuera, ahora mismo estaríamos cenando en aquel puesto de tacos. (If it were up to me, we'd be having dinner at that taco stand right now.) The conditional progressive is formed using the verb estar (to be) in the conditional, plus a present participle. Conditional Progressive Formula: estar in conditional + present participle EXAMPLES Ya estarían pisando tierra colombiana si hubiera salido a tiempo su vuelo. (You'd be on Colombian soil by now if your flight had taken off on time.) Si hubieras ido a la fiesta, estarías bailando cumbia en este momento. (If you'd gone to the party, you'd be dancing cumbia right now.) Estaría pidiéndote que me des de tu pastel si no estuviera a dieta. (I'd be asking you for some of your cake if I weren't on a diet.) Let's review the conjugation of estar in the conditional and the formation of present participles! Estar in the Conditional yo estaría=I would be tú estarías=you would be él/ella/usted estaría=he/she/you (formal) would be nosotros estaríamos=we would be vosotros estaríais=you-all (familiar) would be ellos/ellas/ustedes estarían=they/you-all (formal) would be Forming Present Participles Regular present participles are formed as follows: Present Participle of -ar verb verb stem + -ando (Example: hablando) Present Participle of -er or -ir verb verb stem + -iendo (Examples: escribiendo, comiendo)

{#103} FUTURE PERFECT tense of the INDICATIVE MOOD FUTURE perfect (INDICATIVE) = simple future tense conjugations of haber (habré, habrás, habrá, habremos, habréis, habrán) meaning "will have" + past participle @ CHECKED 1/10 8:03 PM JANUARY INCLUDES ALL QUIZLET studyspanish.com FLASHCARDS and USES from additional lawlessspanish.com and 121spanish.com websites- already inserted flashcard into set with all the different tenses DONE FLASHCARD COVERING ALL INFO TAKEN FROM QUIZLET SET ENTITLED: https://quizlet.com/_9v8v4l?x=1jqt&i=4gt05 CHECK1/10CHART COMPLETED 6/16 FUTURE PERFECT tense of the INDICATIVE mood #103 CONJUGATION RULES from studyspanish.com &USES from additional lawlessspanish.com and 121spanish.com websites- already inserted flashcard into set with all the different tenses

BEST REPHASING 6/16 @ 4:06 pm: *The FUTURE PERFECT is a compound tense combining the auxiliary verb "will have" [(habré, Habrás, Habrá, Habremos, Habréis, habrán) which is formed by conjugating the simple future tense of "haber" in the INDICATIVE MOOD] with the past participle of the main verb (which ends in the Spanish "-ado"/"-ido" base form meaning "___ed" in English)* The Spanish future perfect is used just like its English counterpart: to indicate an action that will have taken place before another action or point in the future Habré comido antes de salir. = I will have eaten before leaving (before I leave). Cuando llames esta noche, ella habrá llegado. = When you call, she will have arrived. ¿Ya habrás terminado para las ocho? = Will you have finished by eight o'clock? *The future perfect tense is used to describe what will have happened in the future before a different action takes place, or by a specific time.* I will have studied before I take the test. He will have completed the task by six o'clock. *In Spanish, the future perfect can also express probability or supposition about events or situations in the past:* Algo habrá ocurrido.= Something probably happened. ¿Se habrá olvidado José?= Could José have forgotten? The future perfect is used in Spanish grammar to: *MAKE CONJECTURES ABOUT A PAST ACTION that is already finished (They must have already found a replacement=Ya habrán encontrado un reemplazo)* *(TALK ABOUT A FUTURE EVENT that will take place before another FUTURE EVENT [By the time you finish your coffee, the plane will have already landed=Para cuando termines tu café, el avión ya habrá aterrizado])* *FUTURE perfect* [*INDICATIVE*] = simple future tense conjugations of haber [habré, habrás, habrá, habremos, habréis, habrán] meaning "will have" + past participle To form the *FUTURE PERFECT tense of the INDICATIVE mood:* conjugate the simple FUTURE tense of "haber" (just as you normally would) in the INDICATIVE mood and then combine with the past participle form of the main verb Some verbs are irregular and do not form past participles the ordinary way of dropping the infinitive ending (-ar, -er, -ir) and adding -ado to -ar verbs or -ido for -er and -ir verbs. Also remember that the past participle never changes form in the perfect tenses. <- @ 1/12 JANUARY 6:25 AM might want to undo that rephrasing 12/23 DECEMBER UNDO 12:40 AM @ ORIGINAL: "Remember, some past participles are irregular. Also remember that the past participle never changes form in the perfect tenses." *(yo) Habré* escrito el libro antes del año nuevo. *= I will have* written the book before the new year. *(tú)* ¿*Habrás* comprado una casa en un año? *= Will you have* bought a house in a year? *(ella) Habrá* pagado todas las deudas para el dos de octubre. *= She will have* paid all the debt by October 2. *(nosotros) Habremos* vuelto de España para el doce de junio. *= We will have* returned from Spain by June 12. (vosotros) Para cuando Juan llegue, *vosotros ya habréis* salido. *=* By the time Juan arrives, *you-all will already have* left. (ellos) Para cuando María vuelva, *ellos ya habrán* comido. *=* By the time Maria returns, *they will have already* eaten. *The auxiliary verb and the past participle are never separated within the FUTURE PERFECT tense. To make the sentence negative, add the word "no" before the auxiliary verb (habré, Habrás, Habrá, Habremos, Habréis, habrán) conjugating haber in the simple future tense of the indicative mood to mean "will have"* (yo) No habré comido. [I will not have eaten.] (tú) No habrás leído el libro. [You will not have read the book.] (él) No habrá escrito la carta. [He will not have written the letter.] (nosotros) No habremos aprendido nada. [We will not have learned anything.] (vosotros) No habréis dormido. [You-all will not have slept.] (ellos) No habrán llegado. [They will not have arrived.] Again, the auxiliary verb and the past participle are never separated. *Object pronouns are placed immediately before the auxiliary verb* Pablo le habrá dado un regalo a su esposa. [Pablo will have given a gift to his wife.] *To make this sentence negative, the word "no" is placed before the indirect object pronoun (le)* Pablo no le habrá dado ningún regalo a su esposa. [Pablo will not have given a gift to his wife.] *(read over the whole thing and for the answer just REPEAT the words in BOLD)* *when a reflexive verb is used to form the FUTURE PERFECT tense of the INDICATIVE mood, the reflexive pronoun is placed immediately before the auxiliary verb [habré, Habrás, Habrá, Habremos, Habréis, habrán] conjugating haber in the simple future tense to mean "will have"* Me habré lavado las manos. [I will have washed my hands.] Compare this FUTURE PERFECT tense example (above) to how the reflexive verb is used in a simple present tense sentence: Me lavo las manos. [I wash my hands.] *(when a reflexive verb is used to form the FUTURE PERFECT tense, you can) make the sentence negative by placing the word "no" before the reflexive pronoun* (which is "me" in this example): No me habré lavado las manos. [I will not have washed my hands.] *(just read over the WHOLE THING and ANSWER "TRUE")* *Questions using the FUTURE PERFECT tense are formed* as follows. ¿Habrán llegado ya las chicas? [Will the girls have arrived?] ¿Habrás comido ya? [Will you have already eaten?] Here are the *same questions in negative form*. Notice how *the auxiliary verb and the past participle are not separated.* ¿No habrán llegado ya las chicas? [Will the girls not have already arrived?] ¿No habrás comido ya? [Will you not have already eaten?]

El Condicional Perfecto Spanish Past Conditional El Condicional Perfecto also known as El Condicional Compuesto and El Antepospretérito 12/30 DECEMBER @5:15 pm https://spanish.kwiziq.com/revision/glossary/verb-tense-mood/condicional-perfecto

El Condicional Perfecto Spanish Past Conditional El Condicional Perfecto also known as El Condicional Compuesto and El Antepospretérito El Condicional Perfecto is the past tense of the conditional mood, which expresses actions that would have or might have happened in the past. It's about missed opportunities and unrealized potential. In English the past conditional is formed with ''would have'' + the past participle of the main verb, while in Spanish it is formed like this: haber in El Condicional Simple + the past participle of the main verb For example: El habría venido a casa antes si no hubiera llovido.He would have come home earlier if it had not rained. Me habría gustado ir contigo.I would have liked to go with you.

{side note to myself: true bc refer to google doc confirming that the pluperfect form conjugates verbs in the past perfect tense of the indicative mood 11 PM DECEMBER @ 12/22} not sure if this 6/12 statement is correct: *??????To form the PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE aka use the PAST PERFECT tense in the SUBJUNCTIVE mood??????* FORMULAS for ALL the PERFECT TENSES Formula = the auxiliary verb haber conjugated to agree with the subject of the sentence + the past participle base form of the main verb ending in the Spanish "-ado"/"-ido" which means "___ed" in English *PRESENT perfect* [*INDICATIVE*] = present INDICATIVE conjugations [he, has, ha, hemos, habéis, han] meaning "HAS" or "HAVE" + past participle *present perfect SUBJUNCTIVE* = present subjunctive conjugations [haya, hayas, haya, hayamos, hayáis, hayan] + past participle *PAST perfect* [*INDICATIVE*] = simple IMPERFECT conjugations [había, habías, había, habíamos, habíais, habían] meaning "had" + past participle To form the *PLUPERFECT aka the PAST PERFECT tense of the INDICATIVE mood:* conjugate the simple IMPERFECT tense of "haber" (just as you normally would) in the INDICATIVE mood and then combine with the past participle form of the main verb UPDATED PAST PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE BELOW 6/18 @ 12PM *past perfect SUBJUNCTIVE* = IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE tense [hubiera/hubiese, hubieras/hubieses, hubiera/hubiese, hubiéramos/hubiésemos, hubierais/hubieseis, hubieran/hubiesen] conjugations of haber + past participle *(?????using the PAST PERFECT tense in the SUBJUNCTIVE mood??????) to form the PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE aka the PAST PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE:* combine the past participle of the main verb with the auxiliary verb in either of the IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE forms [(that conjugates HABER in the IMPERFECT tense of the SUBJUNCTIVE mood:) hubiera/hubiese, hubieras/hubieses, hubiera/hubiese, hubiéramos/hubiésemos, hubierais/hubieseis, hubieran/hubiesen (to agree with the subject [not the object] of the sentence)] *FUTURE perfect* [*INDICATIVE*] = simple future tense conjugations of haber [habré, habrás, habrá, habremos, habréis, habrán] meaning "will have" + past participle To form the *FUTURE PERFECT tense of the INDICATIVE mood:* conjugate the simple FUTURE tense of "haber" (just as you normally would) in the INDICATIVE mood and then combine with the past participle form of the main verb

Formula = the auxiliary verb haber conjugated to agree with the subject of the sentence + the past participle base form of the main verb ending in the Spanish "-ado"/"-ido" which means "___ed" in English *PRESENT perfect* [*INDICATIVE*] = present INDICATIVE conjugations [he, has, ha, hemos, habéis, han] meaning "HAS" or "HAVE" + past participle To form the *PRESENT PERFECT:* conjugate the auxiliary verb "haber" in the PRESENT tense of the INDICATIVE mood (so that the auxiliary verb meaning "has" or "have" agrees with the subject of the sentence) and then combine with the past participle form of the main verb *present perfect SUBJUNCTIVE* = present subjunctive conjugations [haya, hayas, haya, hayamos, hayáis, hayan] + past participle To form the *PRESENT PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE:* conjugate "haber" in the PRESENT tense of the SUBJUNCTIVE mood (making the auxiliary verb agree with the subject [not the object] of the sentence) and then combine with the past participle form of the main verb *PAST perfect* [*INDICATIVE*] = simple IMPERFECT conjugations [había, habías, había, habíamos, habíais, habían] meaning "had" + past participle To form the *PLUPERFECT aka the PAST PERFECT tense of the INDICATIVE mood:* conjugate the simple IMPERFECT tense of "haber" (just as you normally would) in the INDICATIVE mood and then combine with the past participle form of the main verb not sure if this 6/12 statement is correct: *??????To form the PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE aka use the PAST PERFECT tense in the SUBJUNCTIVE mood??????* UPDATED PAST PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE BELOW 6/18 @ 12PM *past perfect SUBJUNCTIVE* = IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE tense [hubiera/hubiese, hubieras/hubieses, hubiera/hubiese, hubiéramos/hubiésemos, hubierais/hubieseis, hubieran/hubiesen] conjugations of haber + past participle *(?????using the PAST PERFECT tense in the SUBJUNCTIVE mood??????) to form the PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE aka the PAST PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE:* combine the past participle of the main verb with the auxiliary verb in either of the IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE forms [(that conjugates HABER in the IMPERFECT tense of the SUBJUNCTIVE mood:) hubiera/hubiese, hubieras/hubieses, hubiera/hubiese, hubiéramos/hubiésemos, hubierais/hubieseis, hubieran/hubiesen (to agree with the subject [not the object] of the sentence)] *FUTURE perfect* [*INDICATIVE*] = simple future tense conjugations of haber [habré, habrás, habrá, habremos, habréis, habrán] meaning "will have" + past participle To form the *FUTURE PERFECT tense of the INDICATIVE mood:* conjugate the simple FUTURE tense of "haber" (just as you normally would) in the INDICATIVE mood and then combine with the past participle form of the main verb DONT NEED TO KNOW *Future Perfect Subjunctive* Formula: *future subjunctive of haber + past participle* *ONES THAT I HAVEN'T LEARNED YET!!!!* *????"CONDITIONAL perfect"??????* = haber conjugated in the SIMPLE conditional tense [habría, habrías, habría, habríamos, habríais, habrían] to mean "would have done" + past participle DIRECTLY COPIED&PASTED FROM clozemaster.com https://docs.google.com/document/d/1sYAJSPsxOv-kfo8I5VrhkBj6QiSZlex4ij5ePlhVA1I/edit# complete guide CONDITIONAL TENSES: The perfect conditional is the "would have done" tense, that is formed by conjugating the verb haber (to have) in the simple conditional and then adding a past participle.

present perfect subjunctive (el pretérito perfecto de subjuntivo) ALREADY CHECKED TO MAKE SURE THAT THIS FLASHCARD WAS RIGHT ON 6/7 INFO ON THIS FLASHCARD TAKEN FROM ANOTHER ALREADY COMPLETED QUIZLET SET ENTITLED: https://quizlet.com/_9wnei1?x=1jqt&i=4gt05 6/4 COMPLETED SET--- PRESENT PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE (el pretérito perfecto de subjuntivo) grammar lessons from spanishdict.com and enforex.com

LEFT OFF HERE 6/7 @ 3:46 PM The *PRESENT PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE (el pretérito perfecto de subjuntivo)* is a combination of haber in the PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE [(conjugating the auxiliary verb in the PRESENT tense of the SUBJUNCTIVE mood to agree with the subject of the sentence:) haya, hayas, haya, hayamos, hayáis, hayan] and the past participle form of the main verb* which will always end in the letter "o" since the perfect tenses in Spanish do not change the base form "-ado"/"-ido" to agree with ___________ .... The *present perfect subjunctive (el pretérito perfecto de subjuntivo)* tense is *formed by combining haber conjugated in the PRESENT tense of the SUBJUNCTIVE mood [haya, hayas, haya, hayamos, hayáis, hayan (to agree with the subject of the sentence)] and the past participle form (ending in the Spanish "-ado"/"-ido") of a verb* The *present perfect subjunctive (el pretérito perfecto de subjuntivo)* is used to *describe past actions that are connected to the present*, as well as *actions that will have happened by a certain point in the future*. This *tense* is very *similar to the present perfect indicative, but is triggered by the same sorts of words and phrases*, such as those expressing emotions and desires, *as the present subjunctive* *In terms of time, we use the present perfect subjunctive when the main verb (in the independent clause) is in the present, future, present perfect or imperative tense and the subjunctive verb (in the dependent clause) refers to an action that has already been completed* *Uses of the PRESENT PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE tense:* Expression of doubt, Possible non-reality, Expression of emotion, Expression of a wish, Negation #1 *Past Actions Connected to the Present* The present perfect subjunctive can be used *to talk about actions that happened in the past but are relevant in the present*. It's very *common* to see it *used to talk about things that just happened* #2 *Actions That Will Have Been Completed in the Future*: The present perfect subjunctive can be used for Actions That Will Have Been Completed in the Future to talk about things that are expected to be done by a certain points

present perfect subjunctive (el pretérito perfecto de subjuntivo) REINSERTED FROM https://docs.google.com/document/d/1piygzi8dPJd4vs7coh6QR5gUBGNwGJEXhzBKXIs0nh8/edit# @ 1:25 AM 12/22 DECEMBER ALREADY CHECKED TO MAKE SURE THAT THIS FLASHCARD WAS RIGHT ON 6/7 INFO ON THIS FLASHCARD TAKEN FROM ANOTHER ALREADY COMPLETED QUIZLET SET ENTITLED: https://quizlet.com/_9wnei1?x=1jqt&i=4gt05 6/4 COMPLETED SET--- PRESENT PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE (el pretérito perfecto de subjuntivo) grammar lessons from spanishdict.com and enforex.com LEFT OFF HERE 6/7 @ 3:46 PM The *PRESENT PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE (el pretérito perfecto de subjuntivo)* is a combination of haber in the PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE [(conjugating the auxiliary verb in the PRESENT tense of the SUBJUNCTIVE mood to agree with the subject of the sentence:) haya, hayas, haya, hayamos, hayáis, hayan] and the past participle form of the main verb* which will always end in the letter "o" since the perfect tenses in Spanish do not change the base form "-ado"/"-ido" to agree with ___________ .... The *present perfect subjunctive (el pretérito perfecto de subjuntivo)* tense is *formed by combining haber conjugated in the PRESENT tense of the SUBJUNCTIVE mood [haya, hayas, haya, hayamos, hayáis, hayan (to agree with the subject of the sentence)] and the past participle form (ending in the Spanish "-ado"/"-ido") of a verb* The *present perfect subjunctive (el pretérito perfecto de subjuntivo)* is used to *describe past actions that are connected to the present*, as well as *actions that will have happened by a certain point in the future*. This *tense* is very *similar to the present perfect indicative, but is triggered by the same sorts of words and phrases*, such as those expressing emotions and desires, *as the present subjunctive* *In terms of time, we use the present perfect subjunctive when the main verb (in the independent clause) is in the present, future, present perfect or imperative tense and the subjunctive verb (in the dependent clause) refers to an action that has already been completed* *Uses of the PRESENT PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE tense:* Expression of doubt, Possible non-reality, Expression of emotion, Expression of a wish, Negation #1 *Past Actions Connected to the Present* The present perfect subjunctive can be used *to talk about actions that happened in the past but are relevant in the present*. It's very *common* to see it *used to talk about things that just happened* #2 *Actions That Will Have Been Completed in the Future*: The present perfect subjunctive can be used for Actions That Will Have Been Completed in the Future to talk about things that are expected to be done by a certain points

REINSERTED FROM https://docs.google.com/document/d/1piygzi8dPJd4vs7coh6QR5gUBGNwGJEXhzBKXIs0nh8/edit# @ 1:25 AM 12/22 DECEMBER present perfect subjunctive (el pretérito perfecto de subjuntivo) ALREADY CHECKED TO MAKE SURE THAT THIS FLASHCARD WAS RIGHT ON 6/7 INFO ON THIS FLASHCARD TAKEN FROM ANOTHER ALREADY COMPLETED QUIZLET SET ENTITLED: https://quizlet.com/_9wnei1?x=1jqt&i=4gt05 6/4 COMPLETED SET--- PRESENT PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE (el pretérito perfecto de subjuntivo) grammar lessons from spanishdict.com and enforex.com LEFT OFF HERE 6/7 @ 3:46 PM The *PRESENT PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE (el pretérito perfecto de subjuntivo)* is a combination of haber in the PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE [(conjugating the auxiliary verb in the PRESENT tense of the SUBJUNCTIVE mood to agree with the subject of the sentence:) haya, hayas, haya, hayamos, hayáis, hayan] and the past participle form of the main verb* which will always end in the letter "o" since the perfect tenses in Spanish do not change the base form "-ado"/"-ido" to agree with ___________ .... The *present perfect subjunctive (el pretérito perfecto de subjuntivo)* tense is *formed by combining haber conjugated in the PRESENT tense of the SUBJUNCTIVE mood [haya, hayas, haya, hayamos, hayáis, hayan (to agree with the subject of the sentence)] and the past participle form (ending in the Spanish "-ado"/"-ido") of a verb* The *present perfect subjunctive (el pretérito perfecto de subjuntivo)* is used to *describe past actions that are connected to the present*, as well as *actions that will have happened by a certain point in the future*. This *tense* is very *similar to the present perfect indicative, but is triggered by the same sorts of words and phrases*, such as those expressing emotions and desires, *as the present subjunctive* *In terms of time, we use the present perfect subjunctive when the main verb (in the independent clause) is in the present, future, present perfect or imperative tense and the subjunctive verb (in the dependent clause) refers to an action that has already been completed* *Uses of the PRESENT PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE tense:* Expression of doubt, Possible non-reality, Expression of emotion, Expression of a wish, Negation #1 *Past Actions Connected to the Present* The present perfect subjunctive can be used *to talk about actions that happened in the past but are relevant in the present*. It's very *common* to see it *used to talk about things that just happened* #2 *Actions That Will Have Been Completed in the Future*: The present perfect subjunctive can be used for Actions That Will Have Been Completed in the Future to talk about things that are expected to be done by a certain points

https://www.lawlessspanish.com/grammar/verbs/perfect-infinitive/ Perfect Infinitive Infinitivo compuesto Notes on word order Unlike other compound tenses, object pronouns used with the perfect infinitive are attached to the end of the auxiliary Después de haberte visto... After seeing you... Gracias por haberme ayudado. Thanks for helping me.

REMOVED ABC'S AD INSERTED INTO THIS GOOGLE DOC: @ 1:40 AM 12/22 https://docs.google.com/document/d/1kf_kxdnAiF7lNqS_nqRvrxDgDyYKobocEEMkA5qt02Q/edit

OLD: https://quizlet.com/593908154/edit PRESENT PROGRESSIVE need to customize flashcards from old set https://docs.google.com/document/d/1FrIGBD75Ek40HIVHV8ziWdWyROqiMwrlYvRIAsrQfsw/edit# https://studyspanish.com/grammar/lessons/presprog JUST DIRECTLY COPIED AND PASTED https://quizlet.com/_9tligq?x=1qqt&i=4gt05 DIDNT CUSTOMIZE THE flashcards copied from the old set 1. To form the present participle of -ir stem changing verbs, change e:i and o:u in the stem, and then add -iendo to the stem of the verb. servir: sirviendo pedir: pidiendo decir: diciendo dormir: durmiendo morir: muriendo poder: pudiendo 2. add -ando to the stem of regular -ar verbs 3. add -iendo to the stem of regular -er and -ir verbs some common examples of "orthographic" changes in the present participle: caer: cayendo creer: creyendo huir: huyendo ir: yendo influir: influyendo oír: oyendo traer: trayendo leer: leyendo seguir: siguiendo

Remember, *only use the present progressive for actions that are "in progress."* Compare the *uses of the present indicative* with the uses of the present progressive. Present Indicative: Estudio español. *I study Spanish & I am studying Spanish [these days] & I do study Spanish* Estoy estudiando español= *Present Progressive* *I am studying [right now, at this moment] Spanish* 12/30@ 7:12 pm INSERTED INTO FIRST FLASHCARD use the present progressive to describe an action that is happening right now, by conjugating estar in the present tense to agree with the subject of the sentence and combining it with the present participle (-ando, -iendo, orthographic ending or stem change e:i and o:u for irregular -ir verbs) form of the verb To form the present participle of regular -ar verbs, add -ando to the stem of the verb. To form the present participle of regular -er and -ir verbs, add -iendo to the stem of the verb. To form the present participle of -ir stem changing verbs, change e:i and o:u in the stem, and then add -iendo to the stem of the verb. servir: sirviendo pedir: pidiendo decir: diciendo dormir: durmiendo morir: muriendo poder: pudiendo some common examples of "orthographic" changes in the present participle: caer: cayendo creer: creyendo huir: huyendo ir: yendo influir: influyendo oír: oyendo traer: trayendo leer: leyendo seguir: siguiendo

Undo? @ 3:12 am 1/12 january @ REMOVING ALL THE COMPOUND "_________ SUBJUNCTIVE" TENSES EXCEPT FOR THE IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Q_ZiWuLlmlmi5u7Ir6b6oE6bXOlW_yjXlc-LDULslrE/edit

SEE ENFOREX FOR MAIN DIFFERENCE IN TIMING 12/22 DECEMBER @ 1:47 AM *!!!!!DO NOT CONFUSE THESE 2 COMPLETELY DIFFERENT TENSES!!!!!* *#1 "IMPERFECT subjunctive"="the Spanish past subjunctive tense"* *#2 "PLUPERFECT subjunctive"=the "past PERFECT subjunctive"* [I THINK THAT THIS IS ACTUALLY: the PAST PERFECT tense being used within the SUBJUNCTIVE mood instead of regularly/usually forming the normal/ordinary pluperfect in the indicative mood] *#1 imperfect subjunctive (imperfecto subjuntivo) AKA the Spanish past subjunctive tense (subjuntivo pasado) AKA "the preterite imperfect tense of the subjunctive mood" @* https://quizlet.com/_9wgcuq?x=1jqt&i=4gt05 Imperfect Subjunctive AKA Spanish past subjunctive tense AKA "the preterite imperfect tense of the subjunctive mood"- #105 USES #106 -SE formula but CHANGED studyspanish.com -A form to "-Ra" endings &DIFFERENT WEBSITE CONJUGATION RULES FOR IRREGULAR STEM *#2 past perfect subjunctive AKA pluperfect subjunctive* (el pluscuamperfecto de subjuntivo) SPANISHDICT ENFOREX.com 121spanish.com 6/12 @ https://quizlet.com/599029337/edit The past perfect subjunctive AKA pluperfect subjunctive (el pluscuamperfecto de subjuntivo), is used to talk about hypothetical situations in the past, past conditionals, and past actions that preceded other past actions.

Subjunctive Mood Tenses-DIFFERENCES according to ENFOREX.com Different tenses within the subjunctive mood I think at least are listed @ enforex directly copied and pasted from 12/23 @ 4:43 am December https://www.enforex.com/language/present-perfect-subjunctive.html

Subjunctive Mood Tenses Given that the subjunctive is almost exclusively used in dependent clauses, meaning that the form of the subjunctive you need to use depends upon the tense of the main clause verb as well as the time relationship between that main clause verb and the subjunctive verb. If you're ready to start learning or reminding yourself how to form and use the difference subjunctive mood tenses, just click on the links below: Subjunctive Mood Tenses Examples {A} Present subjunctive Me alegro de que vengas. (I am happy that you are coming.) {B} Present perfect subjunctive Me alegro de que hayas venido.(I am happy that you have come.) In terms of time, we use the present perfect subjunctive when the main verb (in the independent clause) is in the present, future, present perfect or imperative tense and the subjunctive verb (in the dependent clause) refers to an action that has already been completed. Forming the Spanish present perfect subjunctive The Spanish present perfect subjunctive has a compound structure that combines the verb "haber" (to have... ) with the past participle of the main verb of the clause. subjunctive of the helping verb "haber" which is HAYA + past participle of the main verb Imperfect subjunctive Me alegraba de que vinieras. (I was happy that you came.) https://www.enforex.com/language/spanish-imperfect-subjunctive.html Past perfect subjunctive Me habría alegrado si hubieras venido. (I would have been happy if you were to have come.) *figured out confirmed tenses with spanishdict.com but still confusing why website chose to give an UNRELATED EXAMPLE @ 3:06 AM JANUARY 1/12 * the first part of the example: "habría alegrado" is actually a completely separate tense called the "CONDITIONAL PERFECT" which is entirely different from "hubieras venido"="PAST PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE" WHICH also has an alternative option for forming this "hubieses venido"

Present subjunctive

The Spanish *subjunctive mood ("el subjuntivo") is used with impersonal expressions and expressions of opinions, emotions or points of view. It's also used for expressing denial, disagreement or volition as well as for describing situations that are doubtful or unlikely.* There are four main circumstances when do we *use the subjunctive: (1) to express facts contrary to reality (2) to express doubt that something is or will be a fact (3) to express wishes, intents or commands for a possible state of being or action (4) to express how we feel about a possible state of being or action 1/12 2:49 am @ the only important part worthwhile from modern states #44: The Subjunctive Mood is used, mostly in dependent clauses that begin with the words que (that) or si (if), after verbs that suggest non-factual events, such as indirect commands, doubts, subjective perception*, etc.

CONJUGATING simple PRETERITE tense in the INDICATIVE mood https://quizlet.com/_9uwo0g?x=1jqt&i=4gt05 *!!!NEED TO FIX HOW STEM-CHANGING -IR VERBS CHANGE THE STEM IN DIFFERENT WAYS FOR THE PRETERITE CONJUGATIONS!!!* 8/16 STILL NEED TO INCLUDE IN THIS SET - *Other preterite verbs that have irregular conjugations that must be memorized are decir, ver, and verbs like traer* 71. Preterite V-NO ONLY INCLUDED ONE FLASHCARD FOR preterite rule for conjugating Irregular for Verbs that end in -ucir:- NEED TO find flashcards conjugating the irregular verbs decir traer and ver from another set https://docs.google.com/document/d/19XdCpX772DcfqqB15RtVzPaN8juIwM0NfVFxU1B3ODo/edit#

To conjugate *regular -er and -ir verbs* in the *preterite*, simply drop the ending (-er or -ir) and add one of the following: *(yo) í* *(tú) iste* *(él/ella/Usted) ió* *(nosotros) imos* *(vosotros) isteis* *(ellos/ellas/Ustedes) ieron* To conjugate *regular -ar verbs* in the *preterite*, simply drop the ending (-ar) and add one of the following: *(yo) é* *(tú) aste* *(él/ella/Usted) ó* *(nosotros) amos* *(vosotros) asteis* *(ellos/ellas/Ustedes) aron* -ar and -er verbs that usually change their stem in the present tense do not change in the preterite. They are conjugated just like other regular preterite verbs. *Stem changing -ir verbs* have the (preterite) changes *e to i and o to u but only* have these changes when conjugating the *preterite* in the *third person, singular (él/ella/Usted) and plural (ellos/ellas/ustedes) forms* [any -ir stem changing verbs that would usually change the letter "e" to "ie" in all the present tense conjugations except for the nosotros and vosotros forms will still have a stem change in the preterite tense but only changes "e" to "i" when conjugating the third person, singular (él/ella/Usted) and plural (ellos/ellas/ustedes) forms] orthographic spelling changes for *preterite* conjugation that occur *ONLY* in the *yo* form: *Verbs that end in -gar change g to gu* example: yo jugué (jugar) *Verbs that end in -car change c to qu* example: yo busqué (buscar) *Verbs that end in -zar change z to c* example: yo almorcé (almorzar) *(AND THEN JUST ADD THE REGULAR -AR yo ending which is é)* preterite conjugation For *verbs that end in -aer, -eer, -oír, and -oer [EXCEPT FOR traer, atraer, distraer]:* For preterite verbs that end in -aer, -eer, -oír, and -oer, the él/ella/usted forms use the ending "yó" (rather than ió) and the ellos/ellas/ustedes (third person plural) uses the ending "yeron" (rather than ieron). all the other remaining *forms (Yo, tú, nosotros, and vosotros) gain a written accent over the letter "í"* *(Yo) í* *(tú) íste* *(él/ella/usted) yó* *(nosotros) ímos* *(vosotros) ísteis* *(ellos/ellas/ustedes) yeron* *preterite conjugation For verbs that end in -uir:* *(Yo) í* *(tú) iste* *(él/ella/usted) yó* *(nosotros) imos* *(vosotros) isteis* *(ellos/ellas/ustedes) yeron* https://docs.google.com/document/d/1iXTEUSsoYzXqhK5BxqBbgKoZGTNpa8uc6OKhFBZropY/edit# For Preterite verbs that end in -uir, the él/ella/usted forms use the ending "yó" (rather than ió) and the ellos/ellas/ustedes (third person plural) uses the ending "yeron" (rather than ieron) and the written accent over the letter "í" only occurs in the yo form (POSSIBLE EXCEPTION TO THIS MIGHT BE the preterite conjugation of "huir" because studyspanish.com and spanishdict.com both say that the yo form has an irregularity of "hui" not including a written accent over the "í" but all the other Internet search result websites do remember the written accent in "huí"). preterite rule for conjugating Irregular Verbs that end in -ucir: drop the -cir (but keep the u) and add endings je jiste jo jimos jisteis jeron *(for the answer just repeat the WHOLE thing)* irregular preterite verbs that follow the pattern of changing their stem and adding the endings -e, -iste, -o, -imos, -isteis, -ieron are: andar [(stem change:) anduv-] estar [(stem change:) estuv-] tener [(stem change:) tuv-] caber [(stem change:) cup-] haber [(stem change:) hub-] poder [(stem change:) pud-] poner [(stem change:) pus-] saber [(stem change:) sup-] hacer [(stem change:) hic-] querer [(stem change:) quis-] venir [(stem change:) vin-] 8/16 STILL NEED TO INCLUDE IN THIS SET - *Other preterite verbs that have irregular conjugations that must be memorized are decir, ver, and verbs like traer* 71. Preterite V-NO ONLY INCLUDED ONE FLASHCARD FOR preterite rule for conjugating Irregular for Verbs that end in -ucir:- NEED TO find flashcards conjugating the irregular verbs decir traer and ver from another set https://docs.google.com/document/d/19XdCpX772DcfqqB15RtVzPaN8juIwM0NfVFxU1B3ODo/edit#

simple PRETERITE tense in the INDICATIVE mood https://quizlet.com/_9uwo0g?x=1jqt&i=4gt05 words and phrases indicating specific time frames that signal the use of the *preterite*: preterite ayer (yesterday) anteayer (the day before yesterday) anoche (last night) desde el primer momento (from the first moment) durante dos siglos (for two centuries) el otro día (the other day) en ese momento (at that moment) entonces (then) esta mañana (this morning) esta tarde (this afternoon) la semana pasada (last week) el mes pasado (last month) el año pasado (last year) hace dos días/años (two days/years ago) ayer por la mañana (yesterday morning) ayer por la tarde (yesterday afternoon)

To tell us specifically when an action took place, the *PRETERITE* tense is used for actions in the past that are seen as completed and are implied to have a definite beginning and definite end even though they may not always be clearly stated in the sentence. 1. The preterite is used for actions that can be viewed as single events. 2. The preterite is used for actions that were repeated a specific number of times, or occurred during a specific period of time. 3. The preterite is used for actions that were part of a chain of events. 4. The preterite is used to state the beginning or the end of an action. words and phrases indicating specific time frames that signal the use of the *preterite*: *ayer (yesterday)* *anteayer (the day before yesterday)* *anoche (last night)* *desde el primer momento (from the first moment)* *durante dos siglos (for two centuries)* *el otro día (the other day)* *en ese momento (at that moment)* *entonces (then)* *esta mañana (this morning)* *esta tarde (this afternoon)* *la semana pasada (last week)* *el mes pasado (last month)* *el año pasado (last year)* *hace dos días/años (two days/years ago)* *ayer por la mañana (yesterday morning)* *ayer por la tarde (yesterday afternoon)*

73. Pret. vs Imp. III DIFFERENT MEANINGS

To tell us specifically when an action took place, the PRETERITE tense is used for actions in the past that are seen as completed and are implied to have a definite beginning and definite end even though they may not always be clearly stated in the sentence. To tell us in general when an action took place, use of the IMPERFECT tense implies that actions in the past that are not seen as completed did not have a definite beginning or a definite end. *(just read over the whole thing and for the answer just REPEAT the words in BOLD)* *Some verbs actually change meaning, depending upon whether they are used in the preterite or the imperfect:* *1. conocer* *Conocí (preterite)* a Juan hace cinco años.=I *met* Juan five years ago. *(completed action)* En aquella época *conocíamos (imperfect)* muy bien la ciudad.=At that time we *knew* the city very well. *(no definite beginning or end)* *2. querer* María *quiso* comprar la casa.=Maria *tried (preterite)* to buy the house. *(completed action)* Juan *quería* comprar la casa.=Juan *wanteterm-8d (imperfect)* to buy the house. *(no definite beginning or end)* *3. no querer* María *no quiso (preterite)* comprar la casa.=Maria *refused* to buy the house. *(completed action)* Juan *no quería (imperfect)* comprar la casa.=Juan *did not want* to buy the house. *(no definite beginning or end)* *4. saber* María lo *supo* ayer.=Maria *found out (preterite)* yesterday. *(completed action)* Juan *sabía* que María venía.=Juan *knew (imperfect)* that Maria was coming. *(no definite beginning or end)* *5. poder* María *pudo* levantar la mesa.=Maria *succeeded in (preterite)* lifting the table. *(completed action)* Juan *podía* participar en la manifestación.=Juan *was able (imperfect)* to participate in the demonstration. *(no definite beginning or end)*cab *6. tener* María *tuvo* una carta de su mamá.=Maria *received (preterite)* a letter from her mom. *(completed action)* Juan *tenía (imperfect)* un coche nuevo.=Juan *used to have* a new car. *(no definite beginning or end)*

Simple Conditional

all info about only the SIMPLE CONDITIONAL TENSE DIRECTLY COPIED AND PASTED FROM GOOGLE DOC ENTITLED: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1sYAJSPsxOv-kfo8I5VrhkBj6QiSZlex4ij5ePlhVA1I/edit CONDITIONAL tenses: perfect&simple&continuous - guide from clozemaster ALL INFORMATION ON THE CONDITIONAL FLASHCARDS BELOW IS DIRECTLY COPIED AND PASTED FROM GOOGLE DOC ENTITLED: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1sYAJSPsxOv-kfo8I5VrhkBj6QiSZlex4ij5ePlhVA1I/edit CONDITIONAL tenses: perfect&simple&continuous - guide from clozemaster If it is "would + verb", it is simple conditional Yo haría (I would do) Examples Where the Simple Conditional Translates as "Would" #1 To talk about what you "would" do in a specific situation Terminarías con él? (Would you break up with him?) Harías lo que sea por mí? (Would you do whatever it takes for me?) #2 To talk about events that may or may not occur Una luna de miel en Italia sería tan lindo! (A honeymoon in Italy would be so beautiful!) Sería tan horrible perder un padre. (It would be so horrible to lose a parent.) 3. To ask for/give advice ¿Qué harías tú en esta situación? (What would you do in this situation?) ¿Qué deberíamos responder? (What should we respond?) 4. To express requests politely Me gustaría que confíes en tu cuerpo! (I would like for you to trust your body!) Me encantaría casarme contigo Beatriz! (I would love to marry you Beatriz!) 5. To express the future in the past using reported speech (for a refresher on Reported Speech in Spanish, check out this handy article!) Me dijo que te llevaría al cine. (He told me he would take you to the cinema.) Le dije a mi mamá que me gustaría comer tacos hoy noche. (I told my mom that I would like to eat tacos tonight.) 6. To express "what if": Imperfect Subjunctive + Simple Conditional (for a Complete Guide to the Imperfect Subjunctive, click here!) Si pudiera, iría ahorita mismo a París! (If I could, I would go right now to Paris!) Si no tuviera que cuidar de los niños, saldría contigo! (If I didn't have to take care of the kids, I would go out with you!) Examples Where the Simple Conditional Does NOT Translate as "Would" 7. To speculate about something that happened in the past Después de estudiar, tendrían hambre! (Roughly translates to: After studying, they must have been hungry!) Esa sería la razón por la que terminaron! (Roughly translates to: That must have been the reason why they broke up!)

{#101} PRESENT PERFECT tense of the INDICATIVE mood (el pretérito perfecto compuesto o el antepresente) *???PRETTY SURE THAT MY UNDERSTANDING IS CORRECT????:* when it's simply called the "PRESENT PERFECT" alone by itself the TENSE is just assumed to be in the INDICATIVE mood [unless it specifically says the "present perfect SUBJUNCTIVE" then it's the different flashcard below for "el pretérito perfecto de subjuntivo"] INFO ON THIS FLASHCARD TAKEN FROM ANOTHER ALREADY COMPLETED QUIZLET SET ENTITLED: https://quizlet.com/_9v6uci?x=1jqt&i=4gt05 6/11 REPHRASE CONJUGATION USES #101 PRESENT PERFECT tense of the INDICATIVE mood-"el pretérito perfecto compuesto" or "el antepresente" SPANISHDICT.com formula & entire grammar lesson from studyspanish.com - INSERTED INTO SET WITH ALL THE DIFFERENT TENSES https://quizlet.com/596582946/edit

also known as "el pretérito perfecto compuesto" or "el antepresente" in Spanish, formed by conjugating "haber" [(in the PRESENT tense of the INDICATIVE mood:) he, has, ha, hemos, habéis, han] to agree with the subject (not the object) of the sentence and using the past participle as part of a verb meaning "___ed" in English, which will always end in the letter "o" because the "-ado"/"-ido" base form of the past participle does not change when it is functioning as part of the main verb in the perfect tenses (unlike/in contrast to cases using past participles as adjectives that need to agree in gender and number with the noun they modify) John ha visitado a sus abuelos muchas veces. (John has visited his grandparents numerous times.) ¿Has oído la nueva canción de Lady Gaga? (Have you heard the new Lady Gaga song?) Hemos leído todos los libros de la biblioteca. (We have read all the books in the library.) *The PRESENT PERFECT is formed by combining the auxiliary verb "HAS" or "HAVE" (=present INDICATIVE conjugations of "haber": he, has, ha, hemos, habéis, han) with the past participle (the Spanish "-ado"/"-ido" ending which means "___ed" in English) form of the main verb* FINAL GOOD REPHRASING @ 11:45 PM 1/13 ALMOST 1/14 JANUARY updated from set with the things that are true for all the perfect tenses https://quizlet.com/659100758/edit entitled only what i know for sure is true about the compound tenses @: *the PRESENT PERFECT is a compound tense, which is used for past actions that repeat or continue to affect the present, that's formed by combining the present indicative (tense) of the auxiliary verb "has" or "have" with the past participle form of the main verb to talk about things that started in the past and continue into the present* I have studied. (main verb=studied & auxiliary verb=have) He has written a letter to María. (main verb=written & auxiliary verb=has) We have been stranded for six days. (main verb=been & auxiliary verb=have) In Spanish we'll need to choose the conjugation of "haber" that agrees with the subject (not the object) of the sentence. The present tense forms of haber (which can only be used with a past participle) are: (yo) He = I have (tú) Has = You have (él) Ha = He has (nosotros) Hemos = We have (vosotros) Habéis = You-all have (ellos) Han = They have 12/22 December EXAMPLES @ https://www.lawlessspanish.com/grammar/verbs/present-perfect/ The Spanish present perfect is used just like its English counterpart: to express that something has happened at some point before now. In Spain, you *can also use the present perfect with specific times, dates, days, and years* Hemos visitado Chile tres veces=We have visited Chile three times. Ana ha ido al médico ayer=Ana went to the doctor yesterday. *The present perfect is often used with adverbs of frequency, ya (already), and "todavía no" (not yet)* Ya he visitado España. I have already visited Spain. Todavía no he visitado México. I haven't visisted Mexico yet. Expresses an action completed but with a connection to the present The present perfect tense is frequently used for past actions that continue into the present, or continue to affect the present. He estado dos semanas en Madrid. [I have been in Madrid for two weeks.] Diego ha sido mi amigo por veinte años. [Diego has been my friend for 20 years.] also used to talk about things that have happened in the recent past in Spanish, For talking about actions that happened in the recent past, the present perfect is more widely used in Spain than in Latin America. It's more common to hear the preterite, or simple past, used in Latin America to talk about something that just happened. The present perfect may be used to talk about an action still in progress, but it's also common to use the simple present tense to do this. EXAMPLES He vivido aquí por muchos años. (I have lived here many years.) Hace tres años que vivo aquí. (I have lived here for three years.) The present perfect may be used to talk about something that was just done, but it's also very common to use "acabar de" or the simple past, especially in Latin America. EXAMPLES He comprado la leche y los panes. (I've bought the milk and the rolls.) Acabo de comprar la leche y los panes. (I just bought the milk and the rolls.) Compré la leche y los panes. (I bought the milk and the rolls.) The present perfect tense is often used with the adverb "ya". Ya han comido. [They have already eaten.] La empleada ya ha limpiado la casa. [The maid has already cleaned the house.] Haber and Pronoun Placement Haber , the auxiliary verb used with the present perfect, and the past participle are never separated in a present perfect construction. If an object pronoun (such as los) is used with the present perfect, it goes immediately before haber. EXAMPLES ¿Los has visto? (Have you seen them?) Se las he dado. (I have given them to her.) *(read over the whole thing and for the answer just REPEAT the words in BOLD)* *When used as an adjective, the past participle changes to agree with the noun it modifies.* However, *when used in the perfect tenses, the past participle never changes.* Past participle used as an adjective: La cuenta está pagadA. [The bill is paid.] Past participle used in the present perfect tense: He pagadO la cuenta. [I have paid the bill.] Past participle used as an adjective: Las cuentas están pagadAS. [The bills are paid.] Past participle used in the present perfect tense: Juan ha pagadO las cuentas. [Juan has paid the bills.] Note that *when used to form the present perfect tense, only the base form (of the past participle [which is pagado in the example]) is used* *(read over the whole thing and for the answer just REPEAT the words in BOLD)* *The auxiliary verb ("haber," meaning "has" or "have," in the present INDICATIVE conjugations: he, has, ha, hemos, habéis, han) is conjugated for the subject of the sentence, not the object* Juan ha pagado las cuentas. [Juan has paid the bills.] The first example uses "ha" to agree with the subject "Juan," the sentence does NOT use "han" to agree with "cuentas." Juan y María han viajado a España. [Juan and Maria have traveled to Spain.] In the second example, we use "han" because the subject of the sentence is "Juan y María." *The auxiliary verb and the past participle are never separated within the present perfect tense. To make the sentence negative, add the word "no" before the conjugated form of haber.* (yo) No he comido. [I have not eaten.] (tú) No has comido. [You have not eaten.] (él) No ha comido. [He has not eaten.] (nosotros) No hemos comido. [We have not eaten.] (vosotros) No habéis comido. [You-all have not eaten.] (ellos) No han comido. [They have not eaten.] Again, the auxiliary verb and the past participle are never separated. *Object pronouns are placed immediately before the auxiliary verb ("haber," meaning "has" or "have," in the present INDICATIVE conjugations: he, has, ha, hemos, habéis, or han agreeing with the subject of the sentence)* Pablo le ha dado mucho dinero a su hermana. [Pablo has given a lot of money to his sister.] *To make this sentence negative, the word "no" is placed before the indirect object pronoun (le)* Pablo no le ha dado mucho dinero a su hermana. [Pablo has not given a lot of money to his sister.] *when a reflexive verb is used to form the present perfect tense, the reflexive pronoun is placed immediately before the auxiliary verb (meaning "has" or "have," which is "haber" conjugated in the present INDICATIVE [he, has, ha, hemos, habéis, han] to agree with the subject of the sentence)* Me he cepillado los dientes. [I have brushed my teeth.] Compare this present perfect tense example (above) to how the reflexive verb is used in a simple present INDICATIVE sentence: Me cepillo los dientes. [I brush my teeth.] *(when a reflexive verb is used to form the present perfect tense, you can) make the sentence negative by placing the word "no" before the reflexive pronoun* (which is "me" in this example): No me he cepillado los dientes. [I have not brushed my teeth.] *Questions using the PRESENT PERFECT tense are formed* as follows. Note how *the word order is different than the English* equivalent. ¿Han salido ya las mujeres? [Have the women left yet?] ¿Has probado el chocolate alguna vez? [Have you ever tried chocolate?] Here are *the same sentences in negative form.* Notice how *the auxiliary verb and the past participle are not separated.* ¿No han salido ya las mujeres? [Haven't the women left yet?] ¿No has probado el chocolate ninguna vez? [Haven't you ever tried chocolate?]

El Presente de Subjuntivo Subjunctive, Present Subjunctive Subjuntivo yo juegue, tú comas yo sea Expresses subjectivity in a subordinate clause

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1gYDERPDdwcQhXgraMz3SppTKy7JVdORRQXhLNLbvKJg/edit# Subjuntivo The Spanish subjunctive is a special verb form, called a mood, that is used in dependent clauses to indicate some sort of subjectivity, uncertainty, or unreality in the mind of the speaker. In Spanish, feelings like doubt and desire require the subjunctive, as do expressions of necessity, possibility, and judgment. It can be helpful to consider them in themed groups: Preferences, Advice, Needs, Desires, Orders Judgments, Emotions, Feelings Possibilities, Opinions, Doubts, Suppositions Additional Subjunctive Triggers "TWO SUBJECTS" IMPORTANT NOTES ABOUT USING THE INFINITIVE INSTEAD OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE add words that signal trigger use of the subjunctive to corresponding quizlet set that already exists NOTES RELATING TO SUBJUNCTIVE CONSTRUCTIONS @ 7:32 PM 1/17 Copied and pasted directly from doc entitled: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1gYDERPDdwcQhXgraMz3SppTKy7JVdORRQXhLNLbvKJg/edit# Note that there are two additional conditions to meet before using the Spanish subjunctive: 1) Que The dependent clauses is introduced by the relative pronoun que (that). Examples: Quiero que tu lo hagas=I want (that) you do it. No es cierto que yo venga=It's not certain that I will come (am coming).) Two subjects The subjects of the dependent and main clauses are usually different. (Quiero que vayas al museo=I want you to go to the museum.) If the subjects are the same, the infinitive can be used instead of the subjunctive. [I want to go to the museum="Quiero ir al museo." (NOT: "Quiero que yo vaya al museo.")] The present subjunctive is never used in IF-clauses directly copied and pasted again from enforex the original pasted below on 12/23 December @ 6:23 am Present subjunctive ENFOREX.com https://docs.google.com/document/d/1xcEEEGXbY3TEL1YcGsUCbcPNJXucN3Ue0o4MSJ7uRl8/edit# https://www.enforex.com/language/spanish-present-subjunctive.html In terms of time, we use the present subjunctive when the main verb (in the independent clause) is in the present, future, present perfect or imperative tense and the subjunctive verb (in the dependent clause) refers to an action that takes place at the same time as or after the main verb. Forming the Spanish present subjunctive Below you can find the basic rules of forming the present subjunctive. Like any grammatical "rule", there are exceptions and irregularities, but we'll get to those later. In the meantime, get a grasp on the general rules: Conjugate the verb into the first person singular form (yo) escuchar --> escuchocomer --> comoescribir --> escribo Drop the -o ending escucho --> escuch_como --> com_escribo --> escrib_ Add the opposite endings-AR VERBS "opposite endings" example: escucharyo-eescuchetú-esescuchesél, ella -eescuchenosotros/as-emosescuchemosvosotros/as-éisescuchéisellos, ellas -enescuchen-ER & -IR VERBS"opposite endings"example: comerexample: escribiryo-acomaescribatú-ascomasescribasél, ella -acomaescribanosotros/as-amoscomamosescribamosvosotros/as-áiscomáisescribáisellos, ellas -ancomanescriban Using the Spanish present subjunctive Like we said at the beginning of the page, the present subjunctive is used when: the verb in the independent clause is in the present, future, present perfect or imperative tense the dependent / subjunctive verb refers to an action that takes place at the same time as or after the action of the main verb Aside from the time issue, take a look at the following table to learn about when to use the subjunctive Why subjunctive? ExampleExpression of doubt. Dudo que venga. (I doubt that he'll come.) Possible non-reality. Busco unos zapatos que sean cómodos. (I'm looking for shoes that are comfortable.) Expression of permission. El hotel no permite que entren los perros.(The hotel does not allow dogs to enter.) Expression of emotion. Siento que estés triste.(I'm sorry that you are sad.) Expression of a wish.Queremos que llegue.(We want him to arrive.) Expression of command. Dile que lave los platos.(Tell him to wash the dishes.) Expression of intent. Te doy mi número para que me llames.(I'm giving you my number so that you call me.) NegationNo es verdad que ella se vaya.(It's not true that she's leaving.)

long-term INSERT HERE MODERN STATES #54 because i think includes a specific use for the imperfect subjunctive at the end https://quizlet.com/_avqfta?x=1jqt&i=4gt05

https://quizlet.com/659636635/edit unknown link @ 9:43 am 1/16 54. Expressing Present Attitudes Toward Past Events • When an emotional attitude is expressed in the present (I'm glad) toward an action completed in the past (she left), the perfect subjunctive is normally used in the dependent clause: Main clause: Present attitude Present indicative Me alegra I am glad que Dependent clause: Complete past event Perfect subjunctive se haya ido. (Es una) lástima que It's a pity that No pueden creer que They can't believe that Ojalá que I hope no haya llovido el verano pasado. it didn't rain last summer. no hayas continuado escribiendo. you didn't continue to write. hayas tenido un buen viaje. you had a good trip. (that) she (has) left. • Only when a present attitude refers to things that used to happen or descriptions, the past [imperfect] subjunctive may be used in the dependent clause: No es sorprendente que Colón viajara [haya viajado] con frecuencia. It's not surprising that Columbus used to travel [had traveled] frequently.

"IR A + infinitive" lesson#32studyspanish.com @ATTEMPTED REPHRASING @ 10:40 PM january 1/11 almost 1/12 is a specific type/way/form/method of using the future/indicate something in the future combines two verbs in order to refer to a point in the future the first verb "ir" is conjugated in the present tense while the second verb remains in the infinitive form

original directly copied & pasted below. https://studyspanish.com/grammar/lessons/ira IR A + INFINITIVE In Spanish, many useful expressions are formed by combining two verbs. When this occurs, the first verb is conjugated, while the second verb remains in the infinitive form. ir, viajar Yo voy a viajar a España=I am going to travel to Spain. acabar, comer Tú acabas de comer=You have just eaten. saber, nadar Juan sabe nadar=Juan knows how to swim. volver, leer María vuelve a leer el libro=María reads the book again. One such expression combines the verb ir (conjugated) with an infinitive. The preposition "a" is always used. The formula is: ir a + infinitive = to be going to do something (in the near future) Voy a llevar a mi hermana a su casa=I am going to take my sister to her house. Vas a invitar a muchas muchachas=You are going to invite lots of girls. Cristina va a conversar con mi mamá=Christina is going to talk with my mom. Eduardo va a leer el libro=Edward is going to read the book. Remember from the previous lesson how to conjugate the verb ir: voyvasva vamosvaisvan Here are some useful words and expressions for pinpointing exactly when you are going to do something. hoytodaymañanatomorrowmás tardelateresta tardethis afternoonla semana que vienenext weekel mes que vienenext monthel año que vienenext yearesta nochetonightmañana por la mañanatomorrow morningmañana por la tardetomorrow afternoonmañana por la nochetomorrow night Let's add a flashcard for the expression "ir a + infinitive": VERB FLASHCARDSCOMPLETE LIST Ir a + infinitive To be going to do something(voy, vas, va, vamos, vais, van)