Reformation

Peasants Revolt

a series of uprisings by German peasants against their landowners. over 130,000 peasants were killed

Johann Tetzl

priest who offered indulgences to any Christian who contributed money to the construction of St. Peter's Basilica

Ignatius Loyola

(1491-1556) Spanish churchman and founder of the Jesuits (1534); this order of Roman Catholic priests proved an effective force for reviving Catholicism during the Catholic Reformation.

Heresy

(n.)an opinion different from accepted belief; the denial of an idea that is generally held sacred

Council of Trent

- 1545 to 1563 - Called By Pope Paul III To Reform Church - Reaffirmed The 7 Sacraments - Gave Equal Validity to Scripture & Church Rulings - Tried To Improve Corruption Issues - Decreed Marriage To Be A Publicly Held Event (Ended Tradition of Secret Marriages)

Lutheranism

- Branch of Protestantism Founded on Martin Luther's Teachings - Central, Eastern, and Northern Europe

German Peasant's Revolt

- Central Holy Roman Empire (1525) - Aggravated by Crop Failures in 1523 & 1524 - Over 70,000 Peasants Killed By Noble Response

Charles V & Habsburg Rule

- Charles V (1519 - 1556) Inherited Both Spain & Territories W/in the Holy Roman Empire - Elected Holy Roman Emperor In 1519 - Oversaw Spanish Empire In New World - Strongly Catholic

Peace of Augsburg

- Ended 16th Century Religious Wars In Germany (1555) - "Whose Realm, His Religion" - Resulted in Religious Refugees Throughout Germany

Protestantism

- Generally Believed Similar Things: Faith and Scripture Were Only Way To Salvation - Disagreed About Role of Eucharist (Lutherans - Christ Was "In" The Eucharist, Zwingli - Christ Was Symbolized By Eucharistic Celebration)

Martin Luther

- German Theologian - 95 Theses (1517) - Against Indulgences - Argued For Direct Connection To God Via Scripture - Opposed Political Dissent - Opposed German Peasant's War (1525) - Beliefs Primarily Centered in Central and Eastern Europe and Scandinavia

European Witchhunts

- Height of Witchhunts, Late 1500s to Mid 1600s - Centered In Germany, Switzerland, Parts of France, Eastern Europe - Did Not Develop In Spain or Italy - Est 40,000 - 60,000 People Executed (Approx 75% Women)

Elizabeth I

- Henry VIII's Daughter From Anne Boleyn - Protestant But Ruled Moderately In Terms Of Religion - Oversaw English Victory Over Spanish Armada (1588) - Major Contribution Was Helping To End Large Scale Religious Disunity In England

John Calvin

- Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536) - Genevan Consistory - Predestination - Supported Political Dissent - Calvinism = Reform Church - Spreads to Netherlands, Scotland, and Eastern Europe From Switzerland

Society of Jesus

- Jesuits - Founded in 1540 by Ignatius Loyola - Goal: "To Help Souls" - Special Obedience To Pope - Hierarchical - Responsible For Missionary Activity That Brought Large Parts of Europe Back To Catholicism (Also, Brazil, Japan, & Congo)

Reasons for the Reformation

- People Heavily Invested in Religion (Integral Part Of Their Daily Lives) - Ignorance and Corruption in the Church (Indulgences, Pluralism, Clerical Exemption From Taxation) - History of Dissent in Europe

Religious Wars

- Switzerland (1520s - 1530s) - German States (1546 - 1555) (Peace of Augsburg) - France (1562 - 1598) (Est 2 - 4 Million People Killed)

Henry VIII

- Tudor King - King of England Responsible for Founding of Anglican Church (1534) - Dissolved English Monasteries & Confiscated Church Land - Enforced Adoption of Anglicanism In Largely Catholic Ireland

Charles V

1500-1558. Holy Roman emperor (1519-1558) and king of Spain as Charles I (1516-1556). He summoned the Diet of Worms (1521) and the Council of Trent (1545-1563)

Printing Press

15th century invention which revolutionized the ability to print information which in turn affected the speed of the spread of information itself.

Martin Luther

16th century German monk and professor who is considered to be the person who started the Protestant Reformation; he began by criticizing Church practices (mainly indulgences) and ultimately broke with the Catholic Church to form his own new religious faith

Counter-Reformation

A 16th century movement in which the Roman Catholic Church sought to make changes in response to the Protestant Reformation Also known as the Catholic Reformation.

John Calvin

A Protestant leader who called for strict rules and a theocratic government.

humanism

A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements.

Inquisition

A Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy - especially the one active in Spain during the 1400s.

Reformation

A movement for religious reform of the Catholic Church

Calvinism

A religion created by John Calvin

Jesuits

A religious order known as the Society of Jesus, created to strengthen support of the CHurch during the Counter-Reformation. Founded by Ignatius de Loyola in 1534, these "soldiers of the Counter-Reformation" were committed to doing good deeds in order to achieve salvation.

Anabaptists

A religious sect started in Zurich, Switzerland, in the 16th century that believed that true faith was based on reason and free will and that people must knowingly select the Christian faith through rebaptism as adults. These men and women rejected the authority of the state and the courts, abolished private property, and believed themselvesto be true Christians who lived acording to the standards established in the Bible. The movement gained most of its support from artisans and the middle and lower classes, who were attracted by its simple message of peace and salvation. They were persecuted by both Catholic and Protestant authorities, and Zurch's magistrates, angered at the pacifist sect's refusal to bear arms, ordered that hundreds of them be put to death, thereby making them the Reformation's first martyrs of conscience.

Council of Trent

A series of meetings between Catholic Bishops and Cardinals that set several Catholic doctrines. Strengthened traditional Catholic practices and ideas in the face of rebellion by Luther and other protestants

Protestant

A term applied to a Christian who belonged to non-Catholic churches. 16th century series of religious actions which led to establishment of the Protestant churches. Led by Martin Luther

Indulgence

A way to remove sin by paying the Catholic church money. Payments took the place of acts or deeds. This practice began to be seen as a corrupt way for the church to raise money.

Blasphemy

An act or statement that shows disrespect or irreverence toward something considered sacred.

Diet of Worms

Assembly of the estates of the empire, called by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1521. Luther was ordered to recant but he refused. Charles V declared Luther an outlaw.

Predestination

Calvin's religious theory that God has already planned out a person's life.

Huguenots

Converts or adherents to Calvinism in France, including many from the French nobility wishing to challenge the authority of the Catholic monarch. Also known as French Protestants.

Cause of the Reformation

Corruption of the Catholic Church during the Renaissance: Sale of church offices (simony); nepotism (sale to family members of church offices) sale of indulgences, Decline of morality among the clergy, Printing Press, popularity of Martin Luther, popularity of Humanism

Henry VIII

English King who broke away from Pope in order to divorce his wife Catherine of Aragon.

Excommunication

Exclusion from Catholic Church as penalty for refusing to obey church laws. During this time, the punishment often came with the penalty of death

Anglican Church

Form of Protestantism set up in England after 1534; established by Henry VIII with himself as head, at least in part to obtain a divorce from his first wife. Became the official church of England

Johannes Gutenburg

German printer; in 1448 he invented a printing press that used movable type. The first book printed is called the "Gutenberg Bible."

Predestination

John Calvin's belief that at the beginning of time, God had preselected who among all people would be saved and have salvation, a group known as the "elect." This group was expected to follow the highest moral standards and be completely dedicated to God's wishes.

Justification of Faith Alone

Luther's ideas revolved around this central tenet that people were led to salvation only through inner faith in God, rather than by participating in worldly rituals and good deeds.

95 Theses

Martin Luther's ideas that he posted on the church door at Wittenburg which questioned the Roman Catholic Church, especially criticizing the practice of selling indulgences. This act began the Reformation.

95 Theses

Martin Luther's list of complaints and reforms. He accused Johann Tetzel of wrongdoing in his selling of indulgences and asking people to pay for false promises of exoneration of their sins. Luther's protests spread throughout Europe, igniting the Reformation.

Johann Tetzel

Monk who was commissioned by Pope Leo X to raise money for the Church and was sent throughout northern Germany to sell indulgences (official ablutions for the purchaser's sins). This outraged Martin Luther and other critics of the Church and played a role in the start of the Reformation.

Act of Supremacy

Passed by the English Parliament in 1534, it completed England's break with the papacy by declaring Henry VIII the head of the Church of England, or Anglican church. It also allowed the monarchy to confiscate church property.

Simony

Practice of teh Roman Catholic Church in the Middle Ages wherein Church leaders sold high Church positions. This practice was used to gain power for sons who would not inherit family wealth and land because of birth order.

Church of England

Protestant church - and the official church of England - created by Henry VII (r. 1509-47) in 1534 to supplant the Roman Catholic church. Although initially opposed to Protestantism - even executing some of its leaders - Henry changed his mind when the pope refused to approve his divirce in 1527. In response he appointed two Protestants to high posts: Thomas Cromwell as chancellor and Thomas Cranmer as archbishop of Canterbury. Henry instructed Parliament to outlaw the Catholic church and declare him "the only supreme head of the Church of England."

Excommunication

Refusal of the Catholic Church to administer the sacraments to a person.

sacraments

Religious rituals performed by Christians that are believed to be essential for salvation. Questions about the validity of these rituals - how they should be performed and who should be qualified to perform them - represented frequent sources of religious conflict.

Diet of Worms

Special imperial council in Worms, Germany, to which Martin Luther was summoned after his excommunication in 1521. Luther was ordered to abandon his revolutionary ideas, which he refused to do, so he was banished from the empire. Luther was then sheltered in Saxony.

The Index

The list of books prohibited by the Catholic Church (obviously Luther's and Calvin's works are included in the Index). The goal was to protect the faith and morals of Catholics by preventing people from being contaminated. It was created during the Counter-Reformation as a way of stopping the spread of Protestantism.

Lutheranism

The religious doctrine that Martin Luther developed; it differed from Catholicism in the doctrine of salvation, which Luther believed could be achieved by faith alone, not by good works; Lutheranism was the first Protestant faith. Also believed that anyone could interpret the Bible.

Counter-Reformation

Was started in the 1530s by the Church and was aimed at reforming internal Church practices to combat the success of the Protestant Reformation.

Index of Forbidden Books

Written by Pope Paul IV as part of the Counter-Reformation. It forbade Catholics from reading books considered "harmful" to faith and morals. This indicates the significance of the printing press in disseminating Reformation ideas.

Effects of the printing press

people questioned the church because now they could read scripture. People became literate and exploration was made possible (printing of maps). Propoganda becomes possible and books are cheaper and easier to find. Also laws became easier to follow and well known through the country. Caused ideas to spread more rapidly.