Reformation

John Calvin

A French lawyer who became a theologian. He studied classical history and focused on humanism. He started the religion Calvinism and he carried on the work of the Reformation in Switzerland after Zwingli died. He wrote the Institutes of the Christian Religion which was a complete and clear set of beliefs formulated by Calvin. This work laid out what the faithful should believe on every major question of religion. - He provided his followers known as Calvinists with a code that united them and gave them strength in face of opposition and persecution. - He settled in the free city of Geneva and Calvinism became their official religion - Calvin kept Luther's Reliance on faith in the Bible but emphasized of community of believers

Johann Tetzel

A German monk who encouraged people to buy indulgences that would pardon them from sin. He was told by Pope Leo X to sell indulgences, and he did it to raise money for St. Peter's Basilica which Luther believed was corrupt.

Pope Paul IV

Italian pope who created the Index of Prohibited Books: what books catholics couldn't read since they were considered heretical work. This was easier than burning books since the invention of the printing press. This index was followed until 1966 and he is most well known for his involvement in the counter reformation.

Pope Paul III

Italian pope who refined from 1534-1549. He began the deliberate policies of reviving a more spiritual outlook on the Catholic church. He made sure that intelligence and devout men were Bishops and Cardinals. He also brought the medieval Inquisition to Rome from Spain which brought many cruel punishments to make sure people stay in the church. Pope Paul III also brought together the Council of Trent which defined official church doctrine and he approved of the Jesuits.

Queen Elizabeth I

The daughter of King Henry VIII who was the main person to take action to start the Anglican Church. She tried to balance Protestant Doctrine and Catholic tradition, but wasn't very successful, however she did it to shape the modern Anglican Church as we know it today. "Virgin Queen."

Torquemada

"Black Legend" Spanish Dominican Friar/Monk who was Catholic and supported King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella (her childhood priest). He was Influential to them with political and religious affairs. He was the Grand Inquisitor of the Spanish Inquisition who hated Jews, Muslims, and conversos, but was of Jewish ancestry. He wanted to exterminate and hunt all of them down and he would throw them into prison and torture them they would also be fake, show trials. His name means "to burn." He created the bloodlaws to identify anyone with Jewish blood and exclude them from holding public office or being denounced as a heretic. HE was EXTREMELY VIOLENT.

Peace of Augsburg

(events leading to it/decisions made)- When Charles V attempted to stop the spread of protestantism, he sent his armies to fight the protestant princes in Germany. While he won most battles, he wasn't able to defeat the princes of the Lutheran faith. This led him to making the compromise with the princes. It was a peace treaty signed in 1555 that stated that each German ruler had the right to choose the religion for his state and people could move if they didn't agree. This caused hundreds of new religious groups and nearly all princes accepted Luther's faith.

Council of Trent

(know each council and what they decided)- Pope Paul III starts it by gathering a council of high up Catholic church officials who met in 3 sessions. They defined church doctrine with the same precision that Calvin used to define faith. They banned the selling of indulgences and disciplined the clergy (also made decisions about church hierarchy). Emphasized the need for ceremonies. Conference 1: - Idea of sola scriptura was rejected, church AND bible are authority - Affirmed that there are 7 sacraments - Help priests take on responsibilities - Latin is the official language of the bible and mass Conference 2 - Church's view on communion is accurate - Transubstantiation- actual bread and wine being changed to body and blood - Discuss clerical discipline Conference 3 - Keep saints, keep clergy educated, and rid absentee priests and bishops - Clergy does have a more important role that everyday citizens At the conference Jesuits were considered as clergy members SUCCESSFUL- clarified their beliefs (make clear what rey stand for), fixed corruption (educate and discipline clergy and make sure no absentee priests) Long lasting effects- confirmed and reiterated catholic positions on the priesthood, sacraments, a place of tradition down to the late 20th century and it inspired the church with new energy for winning back the European christians.

Spanish Inquisition

(you don't need to know details about the other inquisitions)- an inquisition driven monarchs, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella where they persecuted or tried to convert Jews and Muslims. The most violent out of the three we studied. It was led by Torquemada. - Inquisition- a Roman Catholic institution (trials) that fought heresy and other irregular religious belief and practice. It's created from a desire to maintain orthodoxie, traditional catholic beliefs among its followers. Violent way to get rid of other religions - Conversos- people who converted to catholicism, but still practiced their religion in secret. They could be identified by not eating pork (Jewish Standard) and doing housework on Friday (Shabbat). This was mainly done by Jews during the S I. - Grand inquisitors and Inquisitors were in charge of running the inquisition - If found guilty- torture, death, and expulsion - Leadership would put on trials to make this seem legal/ legitimate - Auto de fe- act of faith - Benefit of guilty heretic- be strangled/killed before burned alive. - "Holy Child ''of Laguardia - symbol of cruelty. Story to target the Jews- killed a boy, ripped out his heart, and they ate it. - Edict of expulsion- a document that states you have to convert to catholicism or leave Spain. Resulting in thriving Jewish Quarters of main Spanish towns were emptied out of their inhabitants.

Anglican

- Anglican Church originated in England - King Henry VIII started the church of England - He does this so he can get a divorce (in religion only king can get a divorce) - Queen Elizabeth I (Henry's daughter) will establish the Anglican Church - Anglican Church is a mix of Protestant and Catholic beliefs - This church is started for secular and political purposes not spiritual - Believed in Book of Common Prayer (mix of Catholic and Protestant blessings) - Have 7 sacraments but stress the importance of the first 2 (Communion and Baptism) - Believe in a literal interpretation of communion (like Catholics) - Transubstantiation - when the priest is literally changing the bread and wine to the body and blood - No pope - Literature is in English (vernacular language) - The monarch of England is head of church and state (theocracy) - Anglicans believed in good deeds but believed in just faithfulness to get to heaven

Catholicism

- Created by Jesus Christ - Sold indulgences: pardons from the punishment of sin, part of the sacrament of penance - Also sold indulgences because they say it would buy a loved one out of Purgatory and put them into Heaven. - Tetzel asked people to buy indulgences - The Catholic Church controlled political and social ideas and how the universe worked. - The Church basically controlled people's lives and how they should live and understand the world. - Purgatory and indulgences go together because the pope issued an indulgence that could be purchased and would release a soul from purgatory. - Purgatory: suffering by souls of sinners who are atoning for their sins before going to heaven - Transubstantiation: the bread and wine literally became the body and blood of Christ - 7 Sacraments: Baptism, Confirmation, Eucharist, Penance (confession), Anointing of the sick, Holy orders, Matrimony - Language of Bible in Latin - Only clergy members can read it - Church Hierarchy: consisted of deacons, priests, bishops, archbishops, cardinals, and the Pope - Good deeds and faith would allow people to reach salvation - They worship to God and Jesus - You can pray to images - A priest was not allowed to get married - Catholics believe the bread and wine are physically changed into the blood and body of Christ (Believe in Transubstantiation) - Big on Saints (they celebrate Saints)

Protestantism

- Created by Luther - Protests princes and the catholic church - Religious sects that separated from the Roman Catholic Church due to differences in the doctrine - Lutheranism, Calvinism, Presbyterian, Anabaptist, and Anglican are sects of Protestantism (Sect: Religious groups that emerged in many of Germany and Switzerland that didn't form organized churches with clear-cut rules. Were societies of a few people gathered together with a preacher as their leader.)

Calvinism (& Huguenots) - part 2

- Elect goes to Heaven. Reprobate goes to Hell. - You don't know if you are an Elect or Reprobate. - Everyone should act as if they are an Elect. - All people are flawed, corrupt., and sinful by nature. - Omnipotent (all power) and Omnipresent (everywhere). God - Believes in two sacraments (baptism and communion) - Calvin wants everyone to have a moral life. - Believes in a theocracy (when church officials are part of the government/church and state are one) - Theocracy ruled by a clergy that claimed God's authority. - Calvin believed Communion/ Eucharist was symbolic up until the person eats the bread and drinks the wine. - Calvin believed mankind cannot participate in their own salvation. He believed that there is no way mankind can participate in salvation because they cannot be God. - Calvin expected his followers to follow highest moral standards such as devoutness, dislike of frivolity, self-discipline, attendance at sermons for the reason of denouncing people's sins, and complete dedication to God's wishes. - Wanted righteous living (made government enforce this) - There should be no separation between church and state (theocracy) so that the government can make sure everyone is living up to the right moral standards - Ecclesiastical Ordinances- no drinking, dancing, bright colors, gambling, theater, adultery, luxurious clothing, showing off wealth, pray to Saints, or have too much food - Severe punishments for people who broke the law

Lutheranism

- First Protestant group created by Martin Luther - Faith alone (not good deeds) will save you (lead you to Salvation) (believed in good deeds but it is not the reason to attain Salvation) - God wanted his believers to seek repentance - 95 Theses questioned the Catholic Church - Ideas spread through the 95 Theses being copied by the printing press - They believed in 2 sacraments baptism and the Eucharist which were the only two sacraments in the Bible - The Bible was in vernacular language and anyone could read it - Sola scriptura: the Bible is the final Authority in figuring out - Sola fides: people only need faith to earn salvation - Ministers can be women, married, and have children - No worshiping of statues or images - Communion is the symbolic change of bread and wine (consubstantiation) - No Saints - The church and state are one - Followers will be baptized as babies

Anabaptist

- Founded by Hans Denk - originated in Germany - persecuted by both Protestants and Catholic groups and are forced to move around frequently since they are not safe - baptism is for adults not babies - Believed in public confession - Church and state should be kept separate because the church is the one who punishes people for their sins not - Pacifits: no war - anti-slavery - Women were allowed to be church leaders - Refuse to swear oaths to political leaders

Presbyterian

- Founded in Switzerland and brought to Scotland by John Knox - Ideas and similar beliefs to Calvinism - Leadership was an assembly of lay and ruling elders who governed as a group - The church split: "Old Lights" who focused on old, traditional ideas of the church and were more conservative about religious practices and talks based off the bible and the "New Lights" who focused more on the new ideas about the Great Awakening and theology

Calvinism (& Huguenots)

- John Calvin starts religion in France but establishes the church in Switzerland. (Goes to Switzerland because his followers are being persecuted - Huguenots) - Calvinism spread to France where its converts became known as Huguenots - Catholic French Monarchs considered Huguenots a threat to national unity - To most kings in France and European rulers, a subject who differed from their king in matters of religion, committed treason - In 1562, Huguenots defended themselves in many bloody civil wars with the Catholics - In a form called Puritanism, Calvinism would play an important role in England and English colonies of North America - Calvinist churches were the strongest of many Protestant churches that had been established in Europe by the 1600 - He chose Switzerland because there had already been a reformation movement started. -The leader of the movement was Zwingli. - Zwingli gets killed in a battle between Protestants and Catholics. - Believes in The Institutes of the Christian Religion - Believe in predestination (the belief that God has already decided who is going to Heaven and Hell.)

Problems with the Church

- Was corrupt - Clergy members are less spiritual: popes spend money on cathedrals and private items rather than the community - Priests were uneducated, drank, and gambled - Simony: the selling of church positions - Clergy members and the Pope would have children and sexual relationships - The way to become "pure" was to do good deeds, but really it was about one's interfaith to God. (Luther idea) - Extremely dishonest to the people - Had too much power

Zwingli

A vicar at the Cathedral in Zurich who met Erasmus and was influenced by his humanist writings. He led the forces of religious reforms in Switzerland. He met with Luther and they discovered that they agreed on Doctrine but disagreed about forms of worship and the use of images. His supporters whitewashed wall decorations in the church, and he died in battle between Catholics and Protestants in 1531. John Calvin carried on his work to Switzerland

Order of Henry's Wives

Catherine of Aragon Ann Boleyn Jane Seymour (gave him a son) Ann of Cleves Catherine Howard Catherine Parr

Bosch (artist)

Dutch reformation artist who painted the Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things. He had a complex and individual style with ideas about morality and being a good person (heaven and hell). - 7 sins: gluttony, sloth, greed, envy, wrath, lust, pride

Sacraments (know all 7 and the 2 the Protestants practice)

Catholic - Baptism- born into the church - Confirmation- confirm beliefs made when baptized in the church - Eucharist- literal bread and wine (transubstantiation) - Penance- forgiveness of sins - Anointing of the sick- priests remove sin from a dying person (unable to go to penance) - Holy orders- clery members are ordained - Matrimony- getting married. Promising to uphold values Protestant- practice the only 2 sacraments in the bible - Baptism- right of entry into the church, a baby is welcomed with godparents. Cleanse from original sin from Adam and Eve. Water is poured on the forehead. - Eucharist- receiving of communion. White clothing (dress) to be pure. First time receiving the body and blood of christ.

Differences between Protestant and Catholics

Catholics - Practice 7 sacraments - Latin canon which only clergy members can read - Hierarchy- Deacons, priests, bishops, archbishops, cardinals, and pope - Salvation- indulgences, faith, and good deeds - Priests and marriage- consider marriage as a holy sacrament or sacred mystery, but priests cannot get married - Communion- the edible ritual, elements used during the mass literally become the body and blood of Christ - TRANSUBSTANTIATION-actually making body and blood from bread and wine - Saints- respect saints and look up to them as examples of how to live your life in faith. Catholics pray to Mary to ask them to pray to God. They are big on saints and the celebration of them. - Icon/idol worship- Mary is big in the catholic religion. Catholics use statues, and they are important figures in the religion Protestant - Practice the 2 sacraments in the bible (communion and baptism) - Bible is in vernacular language and anyone can read it - Sola scriptura- the bible only - Hierarchy- minister, paster, priest, deacon, elder (women can be ministers) - Salvation- faith in God, Sola Fide- faith alone (will save you), and through Jesus Christ - Priest and marriage- many protestants consider marriage to be a sacred institution or "holy ordinance" of God, but priests can get married - Communion- consubstantiation- Jesus's body and blood are seen as coexisting with the bread and the wine. It is a symbolic change of bread and wine. - Saints- NONE - Icon/idol worship- NONE

Catherine of Aragon

Henry's first wife, Ferdinand and Isabella daughter (Spanish), and had one daughter to make it past birth, Queen Mary. She was Catholic, but left Henry so he could have a son and was devoted to Henry, even though he would cheat, until she died of heart issues. She was Henry's most influential advisor during her early years with him.

Ann Boleyn

Henry's second wife, which the Pope declared invalid, and gave birth to Elizabeth I. She was Protestant, and was well liked by Erasmus, who dedicated books to her. She killed Utopia, and knew how important it was to be a part of court life. She was sentenced to death and beheaded for treason and adultery.

Jane Seymour

Henry's third and favorite wife, "one true love," who gave him a son, Edward VI. She was Catholic but practiced protestantism for Henry. She was extremely kind, not highly educated, and died giving birth. Her death devastated Henry because he really liked her and gave her his son

King Henry VIII

King of England (From England) who caused the break between England and the Roman Catholic Church (a political move). Defended the church against Martin Luther's ideas which earned him the name "Defender Of The Faith," from the Pope. England's break with Rome happened because he wanted to divorce his wife for not producing a male heir to the throne. At the same time, he fell in love with Anne Boleyn, a lady in waiting, which was another reason he wanted to get rid of his wife, Catherine of Aragon. He created the Anglican Church because he wanted to divorce his wife and have a son. King Henry had six wives because his religion allowed for him to divorce.

Henry IV (Henry of Navarre)

Made the Edict of Nantes: it is legal for Huguenots, Calvinists, to worship and it gives some political worship. King of France.

Diet of Worms/Edict of Worms

Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther, but has Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor) summon Luther to put his excommunication into effect. Luther is asked to recant his beliefs. He does not because he wants to fix the catholic church. Luther is an outlaw and considered a heretic.

Reformation Artwork (main message/details)

Reformation - focus on communion - Reformation leaders - Nature and scenes of everyday life - Biblical scenes - Symbolic and being in the discussions of morality - Simplicity (Jesus, but just Jesus, not him dying or with halos) - Didn't worship icons - Heavily relied on the printing press Counter Reformation - Glorify God and sacraments - Jesus and Mary are prominent figures - Saints - Pope - Art is much more decorative and elaborate Both contain stories from the Bible and show sacraments The 7 Deadly Sins and the 4 Things- Bosch- gluttony, greed envy, wrath, sloth (lazy), lust, and pride

John Knox

Started the religion of Presbyterian by the influence of Calvin and Calvinism. Was Scottish. He carried on ideas from Calvin's teachings and helped them grow in Scotland. The Presbyterian Church was governed by lay and ruling Elders while other Protestant groups were governed by a hierarchy of Bishops.

Charles V

The King of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire who was the leader of the Diet of Worms. He was originally from Ghent, a Flemish City. He summoned Luther to debate his beliefs in front of the diet, and ban Luther from the Roman Empire. He continued to oppose Luther's doctrines and did what he could to stop the spread of Lutheranism. While attempting to stop the spread of Protestantism, he got caught up for about 10 years fighting the Ottoman Turks and the French.

Pope Leo X

Try to get Luther to recant his beliefs and labels Luther as an outlaw heretic and excommunicates him from the church. BELIEVED IN INDULGENCES

*Importance of Printing Press

When the Index of Prohibited Books, which forbid catholics to read certain books, was established, it was a recognition of the important part the printing had during the Reformation. Before the ability to print, the church could easily find and burn manuscripts of heretical work, however after printing was developed it became far easier to prohibit what people could read than try to burn the book.

Ignatius of Loyola

a Spanish soldier who walked limp because his leg had been shattered fighting for Charles V against the French. While recovering, he read about the life of Jesus and the saints, and like Luther, he wondered how he could attain salvation despite his sins. The answer came to him and he recorded Spiritual Exercises: salvation can be achieved by self-discipline and tremendous effort to do good deeds, one's actions. He founded the Jesuits in 1534 in Loyola. He convinced 6 fellow students at the University of Paris, but not Calvin, to take religious vows to follow him. In 1540 Pope Paul III recognized the Jesuits as an official order of the Catholic Church.

Act of Supremacy

a law that made England break ties from the Catholic Church, which began a spark in the English Reformation. States that the monarch is the head of church and state, rather than the Pope.

Jesuits

declared clergy members of the church important to the counter reformation. By expanding their army, they could slow the spread of Protestantism in Poland, Germany, and France. They promoted education, nonviolence, and highly disciplined clergy members. (Highly religious and trained clergy members to instill discipline). Spread catholicism as far as China and Japan and opposed to killing heretics because they believed once they discussed religion with protestants, they could convert them and gain a soul.

Hans Denk

founded the Anabaptists. He was German and considered radical, and believed only real believers should be baptized, so adults, not babies should be baptized.

Martin Luther

from Germany. He studied law but when caught in a thunderstorm, he had a spiritual awakening from God to become a monk (against his father's wishes). He wrote the 95 Theses which questioned the ideas of indulgences and other Catholic ideas. He created protestantism and Lutheranism (branch of protestantism). Luther never set out to create a new religion. He wanted to fix the Catholic church and when the Catholic Church didn't want to help he's forced to start a new brand of Christianity. - His ideas surrounded Faith salvation and good deeds - A result of The 95 Theses and speaking out against the church, Luther was asked to go to a city in southern Germany, Augsburg to defend his opinions in front of an imperial assembly. - When he was on trial Luther did not recant his beliefs; he stuck to them and would not be persuaded by Cajetan, so he returned to Wittenburg. - He had an issue with good works because he felt it seemed like bribery and the only way to get to Salvation was between you and God (inner faith) - Argued for consubstantiation - Bible is not authoritative, and no church hierarchy - Priesthood of all believers- Everyone with faith is equal in God's eyes - The only reason to receive salvation from God is that they seek repentance and had faith in God alone - Anti Semitic against Jews - Later in Life- believed Pope was the antichrist

Women in Protestantism (different views)

there was a debate as to whether God sanctioned women to have the same roles as men in the religion. - Conservatives: men are better than women in religion - God wanted man to interpret his word, not women and that women no matter what are subservient to men, naturally speaking. - Radicals: women and men are equal in religion - Quakers (Radicals) say that the Conservatives have no evidence for their claim because by looking at the Bible, women were given the same tasks as men (uses direct examples of women with powerful jobs in the Bible) - Luther's view on women in the Church and on marriage was that men and women should get married because God created two sexes for a reason and that whatever the husband has, then the wife has it two. Even though this wasn't equality, there was equity of marital property.

King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella

they ruled Spain and worked with Torqemada so Spain could have religious purity with other political/religious affairs. They believed that conversos, Jews, and Muslims should be exterminated and ordered them to either leave or renounce their faith.

Edict of Nantes

was a decree issued by King Henry IV which gave Huguenots freedom of worship and some political rights.