Reformation in Europe

What title was originally given to King Henry VIII by the pope?

"Defender of the Faith"

What are some of the new practices which came out of the Catholic Reformation?

-Popes are instructed to take care in selecting cardinals -bishops must live in and be associated with their dioceses -celibacy and special grabs required for priests -seminaries instituted to train priests from an early age

What were some of Zwingli's teachings?

-Scripture is the sole source of truth -church leaders have no special authority to interpret scripture -church is corrupt -priests should be able to marry -denied real presence of the Eucharist

What regulations governed German princes under the Peace of Augsburg?

-each Prince/King can choose what religion their region will follow, but ONLY between Catholicism or Lutheranism -Catholic priests who converted must give up their land -people could move to the territory where their religion existed

What three principles did Luther introduce?

1) Sola Scriptura (only scripture) 2) Sola Fide (only faith 3) Sola Gratia (only grace)

What happened to the peasants who were part of the Peasant's Revolt?

130,000 were killed and the rest wither rejoined the Catholic Church or joined radical Protestant groups

What is an indulgence?

A decree often given in associated with the sacrament of reconciliation or earned through good acts which reduces/eliminates time spent in purgatory for your sins

How did Henry become the head of the Church of England?

A parliamentary decree in 1533 declared that the king was not subject to any foreign power, leading him to issue the Oath of Supremacy and force his subjects to take it

How much of European land was controlled by the church prior to the reformation in the 1500s and 1600s?

About 50% - after the reformation, most land was owned by secular leaders

What is the modern name for the Church of England? What is it called in the US?

Anglican Church; Episcopal Church

Which Catholic bishop was executed for not obeying the oath of supremacy?

Bishop John Fisher

What created anticlericism in France?

Bloody religious wars with the Huguenots

What is declared at the First Diet of Speyer?

Each prince within the HRE can determine the religion of their region (Catholicism or Protestantism)

Who did Luther appear before at the Diet of Worms?

Emperor Charles V

True or False: Ignatius Loyola, Teresa of Avila and John of the Cross were all doctors of the church.

False - Ignatius Loyola is NOT

True or False: It was Martin Luther's intention to fragment the Catholic Church

False - he wanted to reform it, but he was unwilling to compromise on his beliefs for the sake of preserving the peace

True or False: Most of Ireland converted to Protestantism by the 17th century

False - only Northern Ireland really converted

What role did nationalism play in the reformation?

For the first time in history, people began to feel loyal to their nations and to secular leaders over the church

Where did Calvin establish his theocracy?

Geneva, Switzerland

Which side did Luther support during the Peasant's Revolt?

German princes

What country was Martin Luther from?

Germany

Why did King Henry IV maintain Catholicism in France in the late 1500s?

He needed to retain the support of the common people, most of whom were devoutly Catholic

Why did Henry want an annulment from the pope?

He wanted to divorce Catherine and marry Anne Boleyn because Catherine hadn't produced any male heirs

Who was his first wife?

His brother's widow, Catherine of Aragon

What was the name given to French Protestants?

Huguenots (which means "oath comrades")

Which 3 important church figures from this chapter came from Spain?

Ignatius Loyola, Theresa of Avila and John of the Cross

Where did Luther go into hiding? What did he do here?

In Wartburg, Germany with Duke Frederick; refined theology and translated bible into German

What did the Edict of Nantes decree?

It forbade Huguenots from practicing their religion in certain villages

How does the Church justify the emphasis it places on Tradition?

It is inspired by the Holy Spirit and serves to fill in the gaps between the death of Christ and the writing of the first gospel

Which religious leader brought Protestantism to Scotland?

John Knox

Which Saint reformed the Carmelite order and used sensual imagery to describe theology?

John of the Cross

Which pope demanded that Luther recant or face excommunication?

Leo X

What happened on January 3, 1521?

Leo X excommunicated Luther

What does the Edict of Worms declare?

Luther is a heretic and is sentenced to death

Which gospel contains the passage about the "keys to the kingdom" which justify the selling of indulgences?

Matthew

Where did the named Protestants officially come from?

Name given to those princes who protested the reversals/calls to try Luther as a heretic that were part of the Second Diet of Speyer

On what day did Martin Luther post the 95 theses? Where did he post them?

October 31st, 1517; on the doors of the church in Wittenberg, Germany

What is the most important new belief introduced by Calvin?

Predestination (God has already chosen some people for heaven and some for hell)

What was the name of the Protestant movement Calvin established? Why?

Presbyterians; it was led by clergymen called presbyters (which means elders)

Which monarch helped to keep Spain mostly catholic?

Queen Isabella

What is the name of the Protestant movement Zwingli established?

Reformed Christianity

What order was Martin Luther originally a part of? What was his profession?

The Augustinians; university professor/priest

What was the name of the order begun by Teresa of Avila?

The Carmelites (Decalced or "without shoes")

What Church council is most often associated with the Catholic Reformation?

The Council of Trent

What invention allowed Luther's ideas to spread rapidly?

The Gutenberg Printing Press

What institution controlled heresy in Spain during the time of the reformation?

The Inquisition

What two spiritual practices did Ignatius Loyola create?

The Spiritual Exercises and the Examen

What problems was the Church concerned about around the same time as the beginning of the reformation?

The growth of Islam and the need for convert natives in the new world (they assumed that this whole thing was just a dispute between two religious orders because Johann Tetzel was a Dominican and Luther was an Augustinian)

Besides the theological implications, why were people upset about the selling of indulgences?

The money was sent outside of their home countries to Rome, where leaders were perceived to be corrupt

What were laws in Geneva based on?

The scripture

What was Luther primarily protesting with his 95 Theses?

The selling of indulgences for money by Bishop Albrecht of Mainz

Why didn't Protestantism really spread to France or Italy?

There were very few Protestant inroads in either country. In France, French leaders maintained strong authority over internal church matters thanks to the Avignon papacy, and many catholic scholars in French universities helped to clarify doctrine. Basically, Italy had Rome so they were literally at the center of Catholicism.

What did Luther and his students do with the papal letter that demanded he recant?

They burned it

Who was the king's chancellor who refused to take the oath of supremacy and was eventually executed for not remaining silent about it in the presence of Richard Rich?

Thomas More

What was the purpose of the council of Trent?

To correct abuses within the church and clarify theology

Why did Albrecht of Mainz sell indulgences?

To pay for his position as a bishop (he sent 50% of all revenue he collected to Rome to help pay for St. Peter's Basilica, which is why the pope permitted it)

Where did Zwingli establish his theocracy?

Zurich, Switzerland