Reformation study guide 2

What circumstances prompted Luther to post his Ninety five Theses?

A 27 year old archbishop held three offices, archbishop in Magdeburg, administrator of Halberstadt, and appointed archbishop of Mainz. To do this, he needed papal dispensation. So he borrowed money from the Fuggers to allow this. And he was allowed to give out indulgences to pay off the Fugger family. When Tetzel began selling indulgences, Martin was concerned that people who bought the indulgence had no repentance afterwards.

Martin Luther

A German Augustinian friar who launched the Protestant Reformation.

Council of Trent

A council made by Alexander Farnese. It was to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants.

Brethren of the Common Life

A group of people who were laypeople, and followed a simple Christian life.

Calvinism

A new outlook on religion based on John Calvin's beliefs. They believed in the redemptive work of Christ, and were confident that God saved them.

In what ways was the Anabaptist movement an extension of the Lutheran and Calvinist reformation?

Anabaptist movement was an extension of the Luther and Calvinist reformation because they believed that people could choose their faith when they were adults and it was crazy to baptise infants. They took Lutherś teachings literally in the beginning, wanting to have the same church that the early Christians did. They also believed that the Christian state and community were not the same thing. All three saw the separation of the church and state was a step to secularism.

In what ways did Calvin's beliefs differ from those of Zwingli?

Calvin believed that the blood and body of Christ are spiritually but not physically present in the blood and wine, and they are consumed spiritually. Zwingli thought the Lordś Supper is a memorial of the Last Supper and that no change whatsoever occurs to the elements.

Discuss the political significance of Calvinist and Lutheran doctrine.

Calvinist believes that there is such thing as predestination, and that humans are below god, and he is superior. Lutherans were basically non-Catholic Christians. The political significance of calvinist was that they believed that people were already destined, so they might have believed that any people they disliked were already sentenced negatively. While the Lutherans political significance was they were a big mass of people who didn´t support the Roman Catholic Church, or any Catholics at all. Also, Lutherś doctrines of salvation by faith and the priesthood of all believers not only raised the religious status of the commercial classes but also protected their pocketbooks.

What impact did the spread of Protestantism have upon the political balance of power in Europe from 1520 to 1603?

Charles V and the French war, revolts in Germany, Henry wants an annulment, Sacred Congregation of Holy office and Inquisition, Council of Trent, Mary Tudor reign(restoration of Roman Catholicism in England), Peace of Augsburg(recognized Lutheranism), Reign of Elizabeth. The spread of protestantism affected the political balance of power in Europe. In many places, the power of the church was lessened while people began to realize Martin Lutherś ideas and accept them. However, this on the other hand, caused some leaders to strictly force Roman Catholicism on their people, such as Mary Tudor. The balance of power was all over the place.

Charles V has been considered a medieval emperor. In what respects is this true? What were the origins of his empire?

Charles inherited a lot of states from all over. They were all separately governed and had differences. But he wanted to unite them and continue Christendom. The origins of his empire were Spain from his mother, and the Spanish dominions in Italy, Sicily and Sardinia.

The Institutes of the Christian Religion

First published in 1536 and ultimately issued in 1559. This held all of Calvin's ideas. He believed in absolute sovereignty, omnipotence of God, total weakness of humanity.

Peace of Augsburg

Gave each German Prince the right to choose what religion their territory would be. Recognized Lutheranism as well.

Pope Paul III

He was earlier known as Cardinal Alexander Farnese. He promised two German cardinals that if he became pope, he could make a council. He was a Roman aristocrat, humanist, and astrologer, and immediately made his grandson's cardinals. He seemed unfit to reform. But he appointed several cardinals who could, such as Gian Pietro Caraffa. He also established the Inquisition in the Papal States. And called a council who met at Trent(imperial city close to Italy). This was to reform the church but also give reconciliation with the Protestants.

Charles V

Held his first assembly of the Estates of the Empire during the time of uproar because of Luther. He summoned Luther to appear before the Diet Of Worms, ordering him to recant. When he refused, he named him an outlaw. 2 years after Luther named the 95 theses, the German electors named Charles V as the emperor.

What were the causes and results of the English Reformation?

Henry has fallen in love with Anne Boleyn, but was married to Catherine of Aragon. She had been married to his brother before, but the Pope had allowed that to "go away". He wanted an annulment, saying his marriage was never "real" because there was a law of god that said he couldn't marry his brother's widow. His request reached Rome while Luther was speaking his mind. If the Pope had allowed the annulment, it would show that the former Pope had erred, supporting Luther. So he didn't. But the capture of Rome by Charles V, Queen Catherine's nephew, got the Pope in a situation. So he removed the church from papal jurisdiction.

John Tetzel

Hired by Archbishop Albert to sell indulgences.

What effect did Luther's concept of state authority over church authority have on German society and German history?

His ideas were quickly printed and spread. German Princes protested the decisions of the Catholic people, they were now interested in Luther's ideas more.

What were some of the signs of religious vitality in fifteenth- and early-sixteenth-century society?

In Holland, there was a group called the "Brethren of the Common Life". These lay people liked a simple life, carrying out the duties of a Christian. They fed the hungry, clothes the naked, and visited the sick. They taught in local schools to prepare future priests as well. The movement found houses in Netherlands, Germany, and Rhineland. Europeans remained deeply loyal to the Roman Catholic Church. Villages always contributed to honoring saints, middle class folk made pilgrimage to shrines(St Peter's in Rome). The upper class remembered the church in their will. In England, the church was given a huge donation of almost 30,000 pounds, people spent effort on religion(time, income).

What were the achievements of the Council of Trent?

It dealt with doctrinal and disciplinary matters. It gave equal validity to the Scriptures and the and tradition in matters as truth and authority. It reaffirmed the seven sacraments and the traditional Catholic teaching on transubstantiation, so it rejected Calvinist and Lutheran positions. It strengthened ecclesiastical discipline to stop the abuse of power. They kept bishops in their own dioceses, suppressed pluralism and simony, and forbade the sale of indulgences. Concubines were given up, bishops had to visit every religious house within the diocese every 2 years. Every diocese had to create a seminary to educate and train the clergy. They designed the curriculum and even suggested that the poor should have the advantage. They ended secret marriages in Catholic countries by saying a marriage had to have witnesses, along with a parish priest.

The Imitation of Christ

It gained wide appeal by laypeople. It urges Christians to take Christ as their model and seek perfection in a simple life. (thomas a kempis)

To what extent did the Council of Trent address the issues in Luther's 95 Theses?

It reaffirmed the seven sacraments, and the traditional teaching of Catholic transubstantiation, going against Lutherś ideas.

To what extent were Luther's 95 Theses a political as well as a dogmatic protest against the Roman Catholic Church?

It was a political and dogmatic protest against the Roman Catholic church. It was a protest because what the church was doing wasnt right. But it was also political because it involved the government as well and how things should be ruled.

Why was Calvin's Geneva called "the city that was a church"? What is a theocracy?

It was called this because it was the model for a Christian community for Protestant Reformers, under Calvin's watch. A theocracy is when the religious officials are in power.

What were Luther's answers, as delineated in the Confession of Augsburg, to the four basic theological issues?

Luther believed that salvation and justification comes from faith.

Ninety-five Theses

Luther's argument that indulgences were being used inappropriately.

Appeal to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation

Luther's book, a cry to tell the German princes that unless they destroyed papal power, reform was impossible. He urged them to confiscate ecclesiastical wealth and to abolish indulgences, dispensation, pardons, and celibacy. It was their public duty to bring the public reform of the church.

In what ways did Lutheranism differ from Calvinism?

Lutheranism believes that salvation depends on merit and worthiness, it is a gift of Godś Grace. But Calvinism believes in predestination, when your fate is already mapped out. Also, Lutheranism is the belief that after consecration the bread and wine undergo a spiritual change whereby Christ is really present, but the bread and wine are not transformed. Calvin believed that the blood and body of Christ are spiritually but not physically present in the blood and wine, and they are consumed spiritually.

Lutheranism

Lutherans believe that humans are saved from their sins by God's grace alone, through faith alone, on the basis of Scripture alone.

Was the Reformation in England more of a political or dogmatic reformation? Explain and prove.

Part of the reformation was because of King Henry VIIIś marriage troubles. The Lollards had been driven out, but still survived, and people were drawn to their ideas. They believed that people could have their own individual perception of the Bible. They were anticlerical and put no importance in the sacraments. William Tyndale also called for reform, he met Luther and a year later printed a translated version of the New Testament. It was distributed by the Lollards in England. The doctrines which would be soon known as protestant flourished undercover. The religious side of life held much power in England. The Reformation in England was an act of state initiated by the Kingś emotional life. Because the church didn´t allow Henry to have annulments, he became the sovereign in England, did not allow judicial appeals to the papacy, so the Crown was the highest power(The Act In Restraint Of Appeals). Then he required churchmen to submit to the king and forbade the publication of ecclesiastical laws without royal permission(The Supremacy Act). This was a more dogmatic reformation, because he made all these Acts to put him in power, so he could do whatever he wanted without many people able to sway it.

Eumencial council

Pope Julius II summoned this, they met in Rome between 1512 and 1517.

Holy Office

Pope Paul III established the Holy Office, with jurisdiction over the Roman Inquisition. It published a list of forbidden texts, called the Index of Forbidden Books.

Pope Alexander VI

Publicly acknowledged his mistress and children. Because of this inappropriate action, the word Borgia became a synonym of moral corruption.

Protestantism

Rejected the Roman papacy. Maybe the embrace of light and genius. Reject the idea that the Roman Catholic Church's doctrine is the one true church, believing in the invisible church, which consists of all who profess faith in Jesus Christ.

Describe the practice of indulgence selling? What authority did Luther question and on what argument did he base his position?

Selling indulgences was Tetzel's work. He advertised and people bought them. He even drew up a chart for prices due to different sins. Luther questioned Archbishop Albert's authority, and the Pope's, arguing that indulgences undermined the seriousness of the sacrament of penance, competed with the preaching of the Gospel, and downplayed the importance of charity in Christian life.

Ulrich Zwingli

Swiss humanist and admirer of Erasmus. He was elected People's Priest, and would rely on Erasmus's New Testament instead of the church. He believed Christian life rested on the Scriptures, and fought indulgences and the church. He was well supported by his town, but disagreed with Luther on many things.

Counter-Reformation

The Counter-Reformation was a comprehensive effort composed of Ecclesiastical or structural reconfiguration, religious orders, spiritual movements, and political dimensions. Catholic efforts to to convince or coerce dissidents or heretics to return to the church lest they corrupt the entire community of catholic believers.

What was the Inquisition? How extensive was its power?

The Inquisition was a powerful instrument in the Counter-Reformation. It was a committee of 6 cardinals with judicial authority over all Catholics. They could arrest, imprison, and execute. It mainly attacked heresy. It operated under Roman law. It accepted hearsay evidence, wouldn't tell the victim the evidence against them, and would use torture. In the Papal states, they defeated heresy. Influence was slight outside of the Papal states.

Why did Protestantism and Anglicanism fail to gain popular support in Ireland as they did throughout the rest of the British Isles?

The ancient Irish hate for English political and commercial exploitation, and the reformation added the antagonism of religion. The English regarded the Irish as barbarians. When Henry VIII became the sovereign over everything, and the reformation happened, most of the Irish(political reasons) stayed Roman Catholic.

What reasons might explain the failure of Protestantism to spread to the French nobility to the degree that it did in the German states?

The authorities were highly against it. Any protestants were quickly take care of by death and executions. The French also wanted to keep the German states divided, Europe witnessed a French Catholic King supporting the Lutheran princes of Germany against the Catholic King of Germany(Charles V).

Roman Catholicism

The bible is the word of god.

Why was the condemnation of Luther in 1521 at Worms not enforced by the German nobility? What was the result?

The condemnation of Luther in 1521 was to keep Luther from teaching. It was not enforced because the German Princes didn't want to enforce it. This was a political disaster for Germany. Princes used the religious issue to further extend their financial and political independence. When differences became linked to political ambitions and financial receipts, it hurt the German government.

Henry VIII

The divorce became a mess of politics, a complete break of Rome followed. He was the ruler of England, with a ton of drama with his wives and all. Made his own church so he could have divorces too.

What were the goals and methods of the Ursuline order and the Society of Jesus?

The goal of the Ursuline order was to educate. It was an order of nuns founded by Angela Merici. They educated women. She wanted to combat heresy with Christian education. The society of Jesus was found by Ignatius Loyola. He was a Spanish soldier who played a role in the resisting of Protestantism. He converted Asians and Latin American Indians to Catholicism, and spread Christian education through Europe. When he rested because of a battle wound, he studied Christ's life and religious books and wanted to become a soldier for Christ instead of in the military. He used a year for seclusion, prayer, and personal mortification, and got insight for his classic Spiritual Exercises(1548). He gathered a group of six people and secured papal approval of the Society of Jesus. These Jesuits' goals were to help souls.

What was the Elizabethan Settlement?

The parliamentary legislation of the early years of her rule required outward conformity to the Church of England and uniformity in all ceremonies. People had to attend church and they were fined if they didn't.

Elizabethan Settlement

The parliamentary of the early years of Elizabeth's reign laws. They required outward conformity to the Church of England and and uniformity in all ceremonies.

Anabaptism

They believed that only adults could make a free choice about religious faith, baptism, and entry into the Christian community. They wanted to rebaptise believers. They wanted a voluntary association of believers who experienced an inner light.

To what extent could the Reformation be viewed as a further progression in the rise of an educated middle class?

This can be viewed as a further progression in the rise of an educated middle class at some length. During the Reformation, people were encouraged to look to the Scriptures, read, and some may have encouraged people to even perceive the Bible or Scriptures to their own meaning. This all caused everyone to take a moment and think about what they really believed, and take action, which was a huge step to an educated middle class.

In what ways were the Anabaptists radical for their time? Why did many of their beliefs cause them to be bitterly persecuted?

This was radical for this time since they believed in religious toleration. They wanted to rebaptise people, and believed that people could choose their religion. And they never forced their values on anyone else. They viewed a Christian state differently than a Christian state. Their churches were independent, allowing them to elect ministers and run its own affairs.

What were some of the signs of disorder within the early sixteenth-century church? What impact did church wealth have on the condition of the church?

Three disorders that were focused on were clerical immorality, clerical ignorance, clerical pluralism(with absenteeism). Clerical drunkenness, gambling, indulgence in fancy dress, and use of concubines were all signs of disorder. Also, not all priests were educated well enough to read or write fluently. Church wealth would assure the priest's presence.

What caused the spread of Lutheranism throughout the German states among the nobility and the common people?

What caused the spread of Lutheranism through German states was his 95 Theses translated into German and being read all over. Pulpits and printing press spread it all over. Also, city governments had expressed resentment of clerical privileges and immunities. Also, critics of the late medieval church(educated townspeople) condemned the irregularity and poor quality of sermons. So preacherships were created. And Lutherś ideas had attracted many preachers. Preacherships also encouraged the Protestant form of worship, in which the sermon, not the Eucharist, was the central part of the service. And in the countryside, the peasants were attracted to Lutheranism as well. He came from a peasant background and knew of their suffering. Also, he appealed to the smart peopleś intelligence because he encouraged them to read the Scriptures. Germany also lacked a strong central power. They had weak borders, localism, and chronic disorder. The nobility strengthened hold on territories, while the imperial power declined. Decentralization and local power allowed Luther to influence Germany.

The German Peasants' Revolt of 1525

a wide revolt against the government. It failed because of intense opposition to the aristocracy, who slaughtered many people. The representative of the Swabian government went to Memmingen and drew the Twelve Articles which condemned lay and ecclesiastical lords and summarized the crisis. They complained that nobles took their stuff, forced new rent, and forced the poor to pay unjustly.

Preacherships

because of the poor quality of sermons, preacherships were made of educated men(preachers) and they were required to give a number of sermons yearly.

Church of England

belief in God as Father, Son and Holy Spirit is at the heart of our faith. Christians believe that Jesus is God's Son. Jesus reveals to us that God is our Father, and that God is available to us through the Holy Spirit.

Presbyterian Church of Scotland

believe that the supreme standard for belief and practice is the Bible, received as the inspired and inerrant Word of God. Generally exhibit their faith through acts of generosity, hospitality, the constant pursuit of social justice and reform, as well as proclamation the gospel of Christ.

transubstantiation/consubstantiation

by the consecrating words of the priest during the Mass, the bread and wine fully become the blood and flesh of Christ, who is fully present in the bread and wine. The belief that after consecration the bread and wine undergo a spiritual change whereby Christ is actually present but the bread and wine are not transformed.

John Knox

dominated the movement for reform in Scotland. A passionate preacher, began to reform the church. We worked with Calvin and wanted to structure the church like Calvin's Geneva. He persuaded the Scottish parliament to to enact legislation ending papal authority. The mass was abolished, he established the Presbyterian Church of Scotland. It was much like Calvin's idea.

Indulgence

in order to be reconciled to God, after committing a sin, they must confess to a priest and do the penance assigned.

Act of Restraint of Appeals

it claimed the king to be the supreme sovereign in England and forbade judicial appeals to the papacy, so the Crown was the highest power.

Pluralism

many clerics, especially higher ecclesiastes, held several benefices(offices) simultaneously but seldom visited their benefices, let alone performed the spiritual responsibilities those offices entailed.

Benefices

permanent Church appointment, typically that of a rector or vicar, for which property and income are provided in respect of pastoral duties.

Archbishop Cranmer

simplified the liturgy, invited Protestant theologians to England, and prepared the first Book Of Common Prayer. This included the services of the Church of England.

Mary Tudor

the reign of her was short. It was a quick move back to Catholicism. She rescinded the Reformation legislation of her father's reign and restored Roman Catholicism. Her marriage to Philip of Spain was unpopular in England. Many executions of Protestants didn't sit well with her subjects. When she died, her sister Elizabeth took the throne, a step to religious stability.