Reformation Test

Vernacular

Everyday language of ordinary people

Hapsburg-Valois Wars

Francis I, Schmalkdic Leauge, and Ottoman Turks against Charles V

Marburg Colloquy

The meeting of Luther and Zwingli to unite their two movements. They failed over the issue of communion. Zwingli believed the Bread and Wine were symbolic. Luther could not go that far.

Simony

The selling of church offices

Pluralism

an official holding more than one office at a time

Two Sacrements

baptism and communion

John Calvin

religious reformer who believed in predestination and a strict sense of morality for society

Thomas Aquinas

(Roman Catholic Church) Italian theologian and Doctor of the Church who is remembered for his attempt to reconcile faith and reason in a comprehensive theology

In Defense of the Seven Sacraments

A book written by King Henry III of England, criticizing Luther's views on the Catholic Church. This was written in a time of heightened power of the Catholic Church in England; kings had the power to appoint bishops.

moral decline

Gambling, drunkenness, etc. Popes weren't being celibate.

Katerina von Bora

German Catholic nun who became the wife of Martin Luther

Battle of Frankenhausen

German peasant army is crushed

Ulrich Zwingli

Swiss theologian whose sermons began the Reformation in Switzerland

Pope Julius II

The "Warrior-Pope"; most involved in war and politics; personally led armies against enemies; instituted reconstruction on St. Peter's Basilica.

Menno Simons

Pacifist leader of the Anabaptists who continued the movement in northwestern Europe, followers known as Mennonites

Against the Thievish, Murderous Hordes of Peasants

Pamphlet written by Luther against the peasants revolting against the nobility in the German states

Papal dispensation

Permission required from the Pope in order to be exempted from the laws or observances of the Church

Pilgramage of Grace

catholic uprising in england in 1569 that tried to restore the catholic religion

Luther's 95 Theses

challenged the practice of selling indulgences

Scrupulosity

characterized by pathological guilt about moral or religious issues

First Act of Succession

declared only Henry and Anne Boleyn's children are rightful heirs to the throne

Religious Piety

devotion and reverence to religious practices and God

Archbishop of Mainz

dispatches Luther's 95 theses to Rome

Protestant work ethic

Sociological term used to define the Calvinist belief in hard work to illustrate selection in elite group

Thomas Cranmer

first archbishop of the Church of England, wrote The Book of Common Prayer

spiritual purity

holiness

Papal Primacy

referring to the pope's status as first among the other bishops.

Concilarism

reform movement saying that supreme authority from Church resided in a council apart from or against the pope

theological seminaries

reformed the church through education and discipline

Ockam's Razor

the principle that irrelevant detail should be cut away

Johann Tetzel

A monk Luther found offensive because he sold indulgences with the slogan "As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs."

Caesaropapism

A political-religious system in which the secular ruler is also head of the religious establishment, as in the Byzantine Empire.

Dutch Reformed Church

A reformed Christian denomination in the Netherlands; strong calvinist influence

Institutes of the Christian Religion

Calvin's formulation of Christian doctrine, which became a systematic theology for Protestantism

Transubstantiation

Catholic belief that the bread and wine actually become the body and blood of Christ.

Swiss Civil War

Catholic vs. Protestant. Kappel, June 1529 - P; Catholics had to recognize rights of Swiss Protestants and break their foreign alliances. Kappel, October 1531 - Zwingli wounded and executed; states allowed to choose their own religions.

Hussite Wars

Caused from unrest in Bohemia and the execution of John Hus. War against the Holy Roman Empire in Bohemia

Calvin's Theocracy in Geneva

Censorship of literature Punishments for dancing, playing games, drinking, braiding hair, falling asleep at church Death sentence and prison time for adultery, pregnancy outside of marriage, heresy, blasphemy, coughing at church

Ausburg Confession

First Protestant confession of faith

Field of the Cloth of Gold

Francis I invited Henry VIII to his court to make an alliance against Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor); Francis offended Henry by outspending him and Henry did not agree to alliance; instead, Henry made alliance with Charles V

Hugenots

French Protestants who followed the teachings of John Calvin

Annulment

The declaration by the Church that a marriage is null and void, that is, it never existed as a sacramental union. Catholics who divorce must have the marriage annulled by the Church to be free to marry once again in the Church.

Sack of Rome (1527)

a military event carried out by the mutinous troops of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor in Rome, then part of the Papal States

Sola Deo Gloria (Glory to God Alone)

all glory is to be due to God alone, since salvation is accomplished only through his will and action; one should not exalt human beings (saints, popes, etc)

benefice system

allowed important ecclesiastical posts to be sold to the highest bidder

absenteeism

an official not participation in benefices but receiving payment and privileges. On of the corruptions in the Catholic Church

Pope Leo X

began to sell indulgences to raise money to rebuild St. Peter's Basilica in Rome; tried to get Luther to recant his criticisms of the church; condemned him an outlaw and a heretic when he would not do so; banned his ideas and excommunicated him from the church

Anglican Church

church that King Henry VIII of England creates so that he can marry and divorce as he pleases

clerical ignorance

clergy was ignorant; many preached in Latin that they couldn't read or understand

Avignon Papacy

the period of Church history from 1308 to 1378 when the popes lived and ruled in Avignon, France instead of in Rome

Julius Excluded

1514, Erasmus, depicts Peter (guarding Heaven's gates) telling Julius he isn't as holy as he think he is and rejects him, compares being holy and being called holy

Peace of Augsburg

1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler

Albert of Prussia

1st European ruler to establish Lutheranism as the official state religion of his lands

Catherine of Aragon

1st wife of Henry VIII. Mother of Mary I. Henry's desire for a divorce from her precipitated England's break with Rome.

Spiritual Exercises

A 30-day program created by Ignatius of Loyola, Founder of the Jesuits. A powerful method of growing in spiritual maturity and the love of God.

Pope Clement VII

A Medici pope who refused to grant Henry VIII an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon; his indecisiveness in choosing alliances led to the Sack of Rome by Charles V and marked the end of the High Renaissance in Italy.

Fideism

A philosophy that accepts religious beliefs without grasping their intellectual content

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

Purgatory

A state of final purification or cleansing, which one may need to enter following death and before entering Heaven

Confessions of Augsburg

An attempted compromise statement of religious faith to unite Lutheran and Catholic princes of the HRE, but rejected by Catholic Princes

Munster Rebellion

Anabaptists seize control and declare an Old Testament theocracy; form of communism

Holy Communion

Another name for the Eucharist, the Body and Blood of Jesus Christ.

Diet of Worms

Assembly of the estates of the empire, called by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1521. Luther was ordered to recant but he refused. Charles V declared Luther an outlaw.

Lady Jane Grey

Before Edward VI died, he made this woman the next in line to take the throne in England, depriving Mary I of her rightful rule. Days after her crowing, she was removed and beheaded. Mary I became queen.

Sola Scriptura (Scripture Alone)

Belief that the Bible is the sole source of religious truth

Index of Prohibited Books

Books that supported Protestantism or that were overly critical of the Church were banned. Possession could be severe

Hussites

Followers of John Huss who questioned Catholic teachings about the Eucharist

Lollards

Followers of John Wycliffe who questioned the supremacy and privileges of the pope and the church hierarchy

Johann Eck

Formidable scholar and champion of Catholicism who debated Luther in the summer of 1519.

Thirty-Nine Articles

Issued by Elizabeth I, these provided for the foundation of the Anglican Church, maintaining all the outward appearances of Catholicism, but implanting Protestant doctrine into the Church of England.

Pope Paul III

Italian pope who excommunicated Henry VIII, instituted the order of the Jesuits, appointed many reform-minded cardinals, and initiated the Council of Trent.

Geneva, Switzerland

John Calvin's city that was to become a model Christian community. A city whose laws matched the will of God or Calvin. Geneva was a refuge for persecuted Protestants.

Anne Boleyn

Henry VIII mistress during the time of the English Reformation, she gave birth to Elizabeth, future queen of England. One of the reasons Henry VIII wanted to get his marriage to Catherine annulled is so that he could marry her.

The Defense of Seven Sacrements

Henry VIII's condemnation of protestant beliefs (written while he was still catholic) - he was labeled "a defender of the faith"

Edward VI

Henry VIII's only son, who took England in a more Protestant direction during his short reign

Third Succession Act

Henry restores Elizabeth and Mary to the line of succession behind their half-brother Edward

William of Ockham

Heretic whose writings and ideas about human actions influenced Luther's own ideas and writings.

the "elect"

In Calvinist doctrine, those who have been chosen by God for salvation.

Matteo Ricci

Portuguese Jesuit missionary who went to China, assimilated into Chinese culture and language and ran a Christian mission in China.

On Temporal Authority

Power of the state/worldly power, in contrast to spiritual authority

Benefice System

This permitted important ecclesiastical posts to be sold to the highest bidders and had left residency requirements in parishes unenforced. A tool of the medieval church.

Francis Xavier

This was a man who helped Ignatius of Loyola to start the Jesuits. He also was famous for his number of missionaries he went on to promote Christianity

Charles V

This was the Holy Roman Emperor that called for the Diet of Worms. He was a supporter of Catholicism and tried to crush the Reformation by use of the Counter-Reformation

John Knox

This was the man who dominated the reform movement in Scotland. He established the Presbyterian Church of Scotland so that ministers ran the church, not bishops

Mary I

This was the queen who reverted back to Catholicism in England for five years and during this reign, she executed many Protestants

Martin Luther

a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.

Michael Servetus

a Spaniard who was among the chief thinkers for the Anti-Trinitarians. He was executed in 1553 in Geneva for "blasphemies against the Holy Trinity." This thinker was among the strongest opponents of Calvinism, especially its belief in original sin and predestination and has a deserved reputation of defending religious tolerance.

Debate at Leipzig

a debate between Luther and Johann Eck

Schleitheim Confession

a declaration of swiss anabaptist belief

Protestantism

a form of Christianity that was in opposition to the Catholic Church

schism

a formal split within a religious organization;

Bohemia

a historical area and former kingdom in the Czech Republic

Discalced Carmelites

a reform group of the Carmelite order founded by John of the Cross and Teresa of Avila

Great Schism of the West

a split in the Catholic Church that developed in the late 1300s when competing cardinals elected two new popes, each one claiming to be the real pope

Baroque Art

art that originated in Rome and is associated with the Catholic Reformation, characterized by emotional intensity, strong self-confidence, spirit

Teresa of Avila

began an order of nuns, reformed Spanish convents and monasteries

nepotism

favoritism shown to family or friends by those in power, especially in business or hiring practices

Maximillian I

first hapsburg leader of the HRE

Phillip Melanchthon

friend of Martin Luther, he wrote the Confessions of Augsburg, an attempt to unite Lutheran and Catholic princes that failed.

Papal Bull 1570

gives Luther 60 days to recant his beliefs or else he is excommunicated

regional consistories

judicial bodies which oversaw the new Protestant churches

material poverty

lack of sufficient material means to meet basic human needs

Fredrick III

protected Luther from the pope after Luther defied the pope by refusing to stop his crusade

Statue of the Six Articles

reaffirmed catholic teachings, rejected protestant beliefs, mirrored catholicism with the exception of Papal supremacy

Second Succession Act

removes Elizabeth from line of succession, following the execution of Anne Boleyn

Marian Persecutions

revives medieval heresy act, executes nearly 300 protestants including Archbishop Cranmer

On the Freedom of a Christian

shaped as a letter to Pope Leo X in latin

nominalism

simpler solutions are more correct than complex ones

Sacrement

something that must be done for entrance into heaven

Book of Common Prayer

the Anglican service book of the Church of England

Predestination

the belief that what happens in human life has already been determined by some higher power

Council of Constance

the council in 1414-1418 that succeeded in ending the Great Schism in the Roman Catholic Church

heresy

the crime of holding a belief that goes against established doctrine

German Peasants' Revolt

the democratization of the Church led people to believe they could overtake the political hierarchy as well (overthrow the feudal system)

consistory

the governing council of the Calvinist Geneva, consisting of members from the city government, the church leadership, and the laity

Cardinal Thomas Cajetan

the pope send to have public meetings with Luther but had no interest in debating; he condemned Luther for questioning the pope's authority

celibacy

the state of abstaining from marriage and sexual relations

politique

those in a position of power who put the success and well-being of their state above all else

protestant women

were literate and taught children to read the Bible, women are still second to men

Commentary on True and False Religion

written by Zwingli, argues whatever lacks literal support in Scripture is not to be believed or practiced

An Appeal to the Nobility of the German Nation

written in German, calls for princes to correct church abuses and to strip bishops of their wealth and worldly power

The Babylonian Captivity of the Church

written to the clergy in Latin; Rome's system holds Christians captive in depriving them individual freedom to approach God directly in faith

Bernini

Italian sculptor and architect of the Baroque period in Italy

Catholic Reformation

a 16th century movement in which the Roman Catholic Church sought to make changes in response to the Protestant Reformation

Hapsburg Family

Powerful Catholic family that controlled many European states

Saxony

state in Germany, led by Prince Frederick.

Church Corruption

1400s. Led to Reformation. Simony, nepotism, absenteeism, uneducated priests, sale of indulgences

Affair of the Placards

A Protestant protest against the Cathoilc Church in 1534. Posters denouncing the Cathoilic Church were posted around Paris. This led to persecution of Protestants and John Calvin/s immigration to Switzerland.

Mary Stuart

A Scottish Catholic queen who fled Scotland during its reformation and later attempted to organize the assassination of Elizabeth I; she was beheaded.

Ecumenical Council

A gathering of the Church's bishops from around the world convened by the Pope or approved by him to address pressing issues in the Church.

Jesuits

Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism.

William Tyndale

An English professor who believed that everyone should be able to interpret the Bible. He translated the Bible to English which led for his arrest. However, he escaped and continued to translate the Bible. He was eventually executed.

Council of Trent

Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend.

Sola Chisto (Christ Alone)

Christ os the only mediator between God the Father and man, there is salvation through no other; removes necessity of priests and clergy

Spiritual Real Presence

Christ's body and blood are actually present in the sacrement, but presence is communicated in a spiritual matter, rather than physically being eaten

Church of England

Church created in England as a result of a political dispute between Henry VIII and the Pope, Pope would not let Henry divorce his wife

Swiss Brethren

First major group of Anabaptists which formed in Zurich in 1525; origin of many groups which hold to "believer's baptism"

Act of Supremacy

Declared the king (Henry VIII) the supreme head of the Church of England in 1534.

Sola Fide (Faith Alone)

Dismisses the value of spiritual and corporal works of mercy as a means to attain righteousness

Elizabethan Settlement

Elizabeth and Parliament required conformity to the Church of England but people were, in effect, allowed to worship Protestantism and Catholicism privately

Elizabeth I

English Queen and politique who united Protestants and Catholics through compromise

Henry VIII

English king who created the Church of England after the Pope refused to annul his marriage

Spanish and Italian Inquisitions

In Spain, there was persecution of Christian moors and Jews suspected of returning to their previous faith. In Italy, Pope Paul IV placed Jews in ghettos.

Anabaptism

In this religion, they believed in adult baptism, chose their own ministers, and believed in complete separation of the church.

Francis I

King of France; a Renaissance monarch; patron of the arts; imposed new controls on the Catholic church; ally of the Ottoman sultan against the Holy Roman emperor.

Phillip II

King of Spain, 1556 - 1598; married to Queen Mary I of England;he was the most powerful monarch in Europe until 1588

Thomas Cromwell

King's principle secretary that advised annulment of marriage.

Fidei Defensor

Latin for "defender of the faiths"

cuis regio, eius religio

Latin for "whose region, his religion". This means that the religion of the monarch would be the religion of the people. The term was used in the Peace of Augsburg.

Priesthood of all believers

Luther said/realized that everyone should follow their calling and find their own faith through scripture, which meant that no one could achieve a higher level of spirituality because of a church position.

Consubstantiation

Luther's belief that the bread and wine is not changed but that Christ is present in spirit only

Against the Bull of the Antichrist

Luther's written response to the pope, calls for a rebellion against the Church

Order of Friars Minor

Mendicant religious community founded by St. Francis of Assisi Emphasis of the community's work was on serving the poor and the Eucharist

Doctrine of Two Kingdoms

One of Luther's beliefs, this stated that Faith and Politics were separate and should not overlap

iconoclasm

Opposing or even destroying images, especially those set up for religious veneration in the belief that such images represent idol worship.

Phillip of Hesse

Powerful german who sought to unite the Swiss and German protestants in a mutual defense pact. His efforts were spoiled by the theological differences between Martin Luther and Ulrich Zwingli. He brought them together in October 1529 but they were unable to resolve their differences, leading to the splintering of the Protestant movement.

selling of indulgences

Practice of popes using their authority to limit the time a person's soul spent in purgatory, in exchange for cash

Schmalkaldic League

Protestant alliance formed by Lutherans against the Holy Roman Empire.

42 Articles

Radical statements of doctrine issued by Edward VI (Henrys only son) (written by Cranmer) Aligned with radical Calvinism; taught justification by faith and supremacy of Holy Scripture, denied transubstantiation, recognized Seven Sacraments

Baptism

Sacrament by which God cleanses all sin, and one becomes a member of the church.

Five Solas

Sola Scriptura, Sola Fide, Sola Gratia, Solus Christus, and Soli Deo Gloria.

Jan Hus

The leader of the Czech religious reforms, and the spiritual founder of the Protestant reformation in the 1500's. He was convicted by the Council of Constance for heresy.

Puritanism

The religion of a group of religious dissidents who came to the New World so they would have a location to establish a "purer" church than the one that existed in England

Apostolic Succession

The uninterrupted passing on of apostolic preaching and authority from the Apostles directly to all bishops.

Twelve Articles of the Swabian Peasants

These articles expressed the qualms that the Swabian Peasants had and their demands for equality and fair treatment by the Church; in wake of recent peasant wars

Jane Seymour

Third wife of Henry VIII who gave birth to Edward VI and died during childbirth

John Whycliffe

Thought Christians didn't need Church/sacraments to achieve salvation and regarded the Bible as the most important. Completed first translation of the Bible to English and launched a systematic attack against the Church using sermons and writings to call for change

Reformation Parliament

Used by Henry VIII to end pope's power in England, make him head of church and to grant him a divorce from Catherine of Aragon.

Edict of Worms

When Charles V exiled or outlawed Luther from The Holy Roman Empire or any of it's other lands.

Conrad Grebel

creator of the Anabaptists; was once a disciple of Zwingli, but broke away

Erasmus, In Praise of Folly

criticized the corruption in the church and the hypocrisy of the clergy

Sola Gratia (Grace Alone)

every good action is a direct result of God's saving Grace (no human capacity for goodness); people cannot freely choose good but can freely choose evil

Lutherian ideas

faith alone leads to salvation, the Pope has no authority over the Church, no spiritual hierarchy/no priests, Baptism and Holy Communion are the ONLY true sacrements, everyone must be able to read the bible for themselves