REL 1000 FINAL
Non-Possession
Renounce possessions and desire for them; Monks and nuns formally give everything away
Tian
Sage is a person whose life is in harmony with the ____
Hubbard claimed that he mastered what?
Science, He earned himself a PhD
Scripture as Guru
Scripture is divinely inspired and the Guru's writings are divinely authored (1st was Guru Nanak, Second was Guru Gobind Singh)
Ali Muhammad was a ____ muslim
Shi'a
Imam vs imam
Shi'ism: title of the divinely ordained leader of the Muslim community; Sunni: one who leads prayer.
Who was the last leader of the Baha'i?
Shoghi Effendi
Who was Abdul Baha's successor?
Shoghi Effendi -- grandson
What happened to the leadership in Baha'i after Shoghi died?
Shogi established the Universal House of Justice before he died
Kachh
Shorts (under garments)
Truthfulness
Should not lie or hide the truth; it is only okay to lie if it will stop violence from happening
more
Siddharta said that meditation become more or less conscious?
Wheel turning Discourse
Siddharta then delivered the _______ or The Middle Way; Which described the 4 Noble Truths and the 8 Fold Paths
One who vows to become a Buddha
Siddhartha Gautama became a bodhisattva, what is that?
ruler
Siddhartha Gautama's father wanted him to become a ___ so he kept him locked in the palace and gave him everything
Bodhi tree
Siddhartha Guatama vowed to meditate under ___ ___ until liberated
Mara, Nirvana
Siddhartha Guatama was challenged by ___, and achieved ___ "with remainder"
45 years, Nirvanna
Siddhartha taught for ___ years and at death he entered a state of ____
No
Since the Qur'an was received in Arabic, is a translation of the Qur'an really the Qur'an?
Kirtan
Singing hymns of praise
Yogacara
Some people argue that _____ is actually a dualist school of Madhyamika buddhism due to the fact that their is a fake reality which we perceive and a real reality
Jiva
Soul
Gospel of Luke
-has account of Jesus' birth -Goal: Jesus as a prophet (of Hebrew Bible), he was trying to fix Jewish religion -includes stories prior to Jesus' birth -Angel Gabriel appearing to Mary to tell her she's pregnant with the savior/messiah -virgin birth in Bethlehem--called for taxation -angels appear to shepherds -more detail about trial-sent to King Herod Antipas (by Pilate) to determine whether or not he's guilty then sent to Pilate -Pentecost described in Acts of the Apostles.
Kara
Steel bracelet on right wrist
Kirpan
Steel dagger
Chuang-tzu
Studied Lao-tzu; had text of his name attributed to him; explicit contempt for politics; calls for freedom from social control and our own minds; freedom by embracing nature; focus on natural world
Noble Truth of Origin
Suffering arises from excessive desire (to end suffering we don't desire)
Noble Truth of Cessation
Suffering will end when desire ceases
crystallization
Sufis believe that through practice and commitment you can experience this union with god
The Great One
Supreme deity (emanation of tao)
Ryobu (Two Aspect) Shinto
Syncretism between Shinto and Buddhism; Shinto for day-to-day, Buddhism for afterlife; Kamis seen as buddhas; developed Shinto doctrine
Bodhisattva
Takes vow not to enter Nirvana until every other being has been enlightened; Nirvana viewed as a selfish goal; provide assistance
Analects of Confucius (written like an interview)
Teachings of Confucius are called?
What do Baha'i believe about god?
That he is one god that manifests himself at different times to different people
Buddha, Dharma, Sangha
The 3 gems of buddhism
Ruler, subject; father, son; husband, wife; elder, younger brother; elder, younger
The 5 Relationships
Kes, Kangha, Kirpan, Kara, Kachh
The 5K's
Right conduct, effort, livelihood, mindfulness, meditation, speech, thought, understanding
The 8 Fold Path
What is Shoghi's nickname?
The Guardian
Noah
The first covenant was with ___, after the Tower of Babble
The Earthly One
The heavenly one's disciple (Lao-tzu deified)
Many-sideness
The jainists view of our physical existence is called ___ based off of their view that even though our physical bodies change and not all things remain the same, our soul will still be the same
2nd Temple Judaism
The judaism that followed the re-building of the temple was called ______
Qi
The matter that is in the physical realm
Non-Violence
The most important principle of Jainism (practicing vegetarianism, etc.)
Kes
Uncut hair and beard
Theodosius
Under emperor _____ the roman empire officially became Christia
Torah
Usually translated as "law"; general term in the Hebrew scriptures referring to divine law and instruction but can also refer to the first five books of the Bible or to revelation in general.
Mahayana, Madhyamika and Yogacara
Vajrayana buddhism is considered a form of _____ with influences from _______ and ____ schools.
Wuwei
Virtue; emphasis on Lao-Tzu's teaching; means action without over-reaction; focus on experience rather than reason; government should not impose excessive laws
false barriers between self and ultimate reality
Wang Yangming believed that sagehood comes from breaking down the what? But we don't enter Nirvana or break a cycle bc there is none
no, but he was the most successful
Was Martin Luther the first reformer?
it was normal, just a way to spread news back then
Was it normal in Luther's time to nail things on a door or did this mean something significant?
5th
We are in the __ stage of decline
Abdul believed that America could have a great religious destiny if?
We got our shit together and learned to balance material and spiritual need
Muhammad gave the last bits of the Qur'an
What also happened at Mount Arafat that is significant?
Dhikr and sama
What are the 2 devotional practices of Sufism?
Sunni and Shi'a, they split over who should take over after Muhammad's death
What are the 2 major sects of Islam, why did they split?
1. these religions were distracting, 2. these were seperate issue that he never touched on
What are the 2 reasons that Confucius never touched on respect for gods and spirits?
Seveners and Twelvers, who should take over after 6th Imam
What are the 2 sects Shi'a Islam? What did they split over?
The Great One, The Heavenly One, The Earthly One
What are the 3 high gods of Toaism; later referred to as "The Three Pure Ones'
1. conversion 2. Syncretic form 3. Revitalization movement
What are the 3 main responses when different cultures meet?
Shrine, Domestic, and Sect
What are the 3 main streams of Shinto today?
Judaism, Christianity, and Islam
What are the 3 religions of Abraham?
1. those present at creation (in charge of everything/formless) 2. personification of natural forces 3. deified ancestors (moral peeps who led good lives and had good death)
What are the 3 types of orisha?
Suffering, Origin, Cessation, 8 Fold Path
What are the 4 Noble Truths
Pure Land Buddhism, Madhyamika, Intuitive Sects, Vajrayana
What are the 4 Philosophical schools of Mahayana Buddhism that we learned about?
-Eshu, Oshun(women), Obatala (creation), Ogun (war/iron)
What are the 4 most popular orisha in the US?
a sick man, suffering old man, dead man, and ascetic monk meditating and then realized that all life is suffering, but it can be escaped
What are the 4 sights that Siddharta saw?
Shadah, Salaht, Zakaht, Ramadan (Sawm), Hajj
What are the 5 pillars of Islam?
1. animism 2. magic 3. divination 4. taboo 5. sacrifice 6. myth 7. rituals 8. rites of passage
What are the 8 features of a basic religion?
1. Seeing one's body as the body of Buddha. 2. Seeing ones environment as the pure land of the Buddha. 3. Perceiving ones enjoyments as bliss from the Buddha, free from attachment 4. Performing one actions only for the benefit of others
What are the Four Purities?
Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John
What are the canonical gospels?
1. evolutionary 2. phenomenological 3. geographical
What are the different ways religions are classified?
Amritdhari, Kesdhari, Sahajdhri, Udasi
What are the distinctions in Sikhism?
Whirling Dervishes--poetry is recited and members spin
What are the mevlevi sufis known for?
Matthew, Mark, and Luke, they had very similar gospels --seem to share sources
What are the synoptic gospels, why are they grouped together?
yellow hat and red hat
What are the two sects of Vajrayana?
Holy Immortals were the top dogs and Yazata were the rest
What are zoro's heavenly beings called? (both the archangel types and the others)
Intuitive sects
What buddhist sect was influenced by Yogacara bc there is a huge focus on meditation?
Thier path to enlightenment will be incredibly easy bc Amidabha will show them the way
What do Pure Land Buddhists believe will happen to them after they reach the Pure Land?
focus on illogical statements to find enlightenment
What do intuitive sect buddhist do in order to find enlightenment?
wood, money and prayers
What do zoros offer at the temples?
Freddie Mercury
What famous person was a Zoroastrian?
the death of his firstborn son (passover)
What finally convinces Pharaoh to let the Israelites go?
1. historically oral traditions 2. hard to separate out the culture and the religion 3. archeology requires alot of interpretation 4. ATR is on the decline
What four things make it hard to study Traditional African Religions?
Dharma
What gem do the 4 noble truths fall under?
Ahura Mazda / Ohrmazd
What god did Zoroasters believe in?
he left and was never seen again
What happened after Laozi wrote the Tao Te Ching?
Women are subservient to men, you can become impure from actions, by cleansing you become closer to gods
What ideas are reinforced in the Shinto creation myth
Hindu--devotion, Jainism--Asceticism, Buddhism--mindfulness
What is Hinduism focused on? Jainism? Buddhism?
belief in one god and Muhammad as final prophet
What is Islam?
to realize through yoga that the universe and it's perceiver exist only in the process of percieving
What is Yogacara's ultimate goal?
these are NOT exclusive to basic religions
What is important to know about the features of a basic religion?
Eid al-Fitr
What is the 3 day festival that marks the end of Ramadan?
Church of England
What is the Anglican church?
white unstitched garments
What is the attire for the Hajj?
Mevlevi Sufism -- Mevlevi Rumi (mystic and poet) his son established the religion after his death
What is the best known sufi order in the west? Who is the founder?
-had to have initial belief that Hinduism is a less evolved form of religion...this is false
What is the issue with Muller's idea about religion?
Orthodox Judaism
What is the largest sect of Judaism
What happens in Mecca (rest of the journey is the actual Hajj)
What is the lesser Hajj?
These relationships are reciprical, yes there is a ruler, but it is his job to treat his subjects like his family and it is the subject's job to follow their ruler loyally
What is the main idea behind the 5 relationships?
Majority: Sunni (85%), Minority: Shi'a (15%)
What is the majority sect, what is the minority sect?
-attempt at making a round world, flat -it was made so that sailors knew where to sail -nope
What is the mercator map? Does it show the world for what it really is?
alot of things distinguish us from them (LSU chant, patriotism, ect.)
What is the one issue with Durkheim's view?
to become a bodhisattva
What is the ultimate goal of the Mahayana?
-Peter's map
What map shows an actual representation of the world?
Friday noon prayers
What prayers are special?
Jung and Freud
What two people's ideas are universal, but based on the individual? (belief in individual thing, but we all have it)
Marx and Durkheim
What two people's ideas are universal, but based on the social?
Taoism and Confucianism
What two religions developed as the Feudal System declined?
Q and Mark
What two things are seen as a likely source for Matthew and Luke's gospel?
Pharisees
What was the only group to survive the revolt?
Jews, Christians, Polytheists, animism Zoro
What was the religion in Arabia before Islam?
Assertion with qualification
When Jainists talk they qualify everything--it seems to me it is hot out today. It is based on their view. They try not to offend.
The Great Departure
When Siddharta became a wondering student and ascetic
What did Abdul do that was against the social norms of the 1950's?
When at a fancy dinner, Abdul made sure that the African American man who brought him to the dinner sat beside him
During the 4th century, one group went south bc vision of famine (they continued to not wear clothes--Digambara) the others who stayed in the north began wearing clothes and accepted the new scripture (Svetambara)
When did Jainists separate into the two sects? Why? What are the two sects?
around 1st century CE
When did Mahayana develope?
8th day of the 12th month
When does the Hajj begin?
just know this
When jesus was baptized he gained followers and performed miracles, he was arrested in Rome, peter's denial, tried by Pilate, crucified, women find empty tomb, appears to followers after death
Sun goddess (Amaterasu)
When man cleaned his Left eye this was created
God of summer wind (susano-o)
When man cleaned his nose this was created
Moon god (Tsukiyomi)
When man cleaned his right eye this was created
570 BCE
When was Lao-tzu born?
-after Muhammad's death -middle east was mainly oral tradition culuter--peeps had memorized every single word of it
When was the Qur'an written down? Why did it take it so long for it to be written down?
after jesus's death
When were the conical gospels recorded?
India, about 2500 years old (came about when Jainism did)
Where did Buddhism originate? How old is this tradition?
Angra Mainyu (Ahriman)
Where does Evil come from if there is only one creator?
1. Catholics 2. Luther 3. Calvin 4. Arminius
Which sect is which? 1. Salvation through faith and catholic works 2. salvation through faith alone 3. salvation by divine grace only 4. salvation by faith and moral life
Pharisees
Who came into power after the 2nd temple was destroyed?
anyone with the proper education (even women in reform movement)
Who can become a Rabbi?
Jacob Arminius
Who challenged Calvinism and said that Jesus' death opened up the possibility that everyone can be save, but we must live a moral life with faith
jesuits
Who changed Kung Qui's name to Confucius?
'Ali --> Muhammad's son
Who did the Shi'a name as the next leader after Muhammad?
Abu Bakr as Caliph
Who did the Sunni name as the next leader after Muhammad?
Bodhidarma
Who formed intuitive sect buddhism?
Cyrus
Who leads the persians and allowed the Jews to rebuild their temple so that temple life becomes important again?
Same person who wrote gospel of Luke
Who most likely wrote Acts of the Apostles?
Abraham
Who originally built the Ka'bah according to Islam?
Elizabeth
Who took the throne after Mary?
no one--she ended the line of tutors
Who was Elizabeth's heir?
Bloody Mary, she persecuted protestants and killed around 100 of them--alot fled and went into exile to America
Who was the next to take the throne? What was her nickname, why?
1. widespread dissatisfaction w/ Church 2. Printing press made it super easy for his thesis to spread 3. Conversion of Henry VIII
Why did Martin Luther succeed where others failed? (3 reasons)
-they believed in the same god -hoped one day that they would convert to Islam
Why did Muhammad allow jews to practice their religion?
middle east was a mainly oral tradition area, peeps thought apocalypse was near, hard to write
Why did they wait so long after Jesus's death to write the gospels?
Constant reminder that suffering is relative
Why do Jainists talk with assertion with qualification?
-symbolize when Hagar got pregnant with Ishmael and was sent away into the desert. -She couldn't find water and so she went running between the two hills to look for something -god chose to help her and gave her water
Why do Muslims walk between 2 hills during the Hajj?
Bc the 8 fold path is very very vague
Why do we see so much diversity in Buddhism?
-bc of the way we study religions (east vs. west) -its an oral culture -Yoruba is an umbrella term for the lots of different forms of Yoruba that developed
Why is Yoruba not considered a world religion?
They believed in a cycle that holds our soul which never changes, Buddhist believe that nothing is unchanging
Why is the gem of Dharma so different from Jainist and Hinduist views?
-makes everyone equal -marks a significant day -marks a rebirth
Why such plain clothing for the Hajj?
Went against major religion and was an economic threat (many pilgrims came to see Ka'ba)
Why was Muhammad's idea so frowned upon?
showed early Christians that you should not deny Jesus ever, even if there is the threat of death (which was a very real possibility back then-martyr)
Why was Peter's denial important to include in the story of Jesus?
1. selling of indulgences 2. widespread corruption in leaders (priests had families, but were obvious about it)
Why was there widespread dissatisfaction w/ Church?
refused to accept roman authority or religion
Why were christians persecuted by the romans?
Sage
Wise teacher with outstanding character
Sikh
Word meaning "Discipline"
Guru
Word meaning "Leader", single divinely ordained leader
Is scientology a world wide religion?
Yes
-orisha -location
Yoruba is a theistic tradition. The ____ are the hundreds of deities. They gain or lose importance based on ____. Some even have multiple names.
instrumentalist
Yoruba is an ____ religion, focusing on this world.
practice, practice, reciprocity
Yoruba is focused on ____. there are beliefs, but ____ is held with much more importance. This revolves around idea of _____ (give and get)
nah
Zoro is congregational or nah?
Islam
Zoro persecution only got worse with the reign of ___ due to them rejecting it as a valid religion (not the same god as the other religions they allowed to flourish)
prayer and personal purity
Zoro practice focused on what two things?
fire temples
Zoro's did not participate in blood sacrifices, instead they had ___
8 years
Zoroaster had a revelation over __ years where giant immortal beings told him about the one true god
20, 30, peeps worshiping the one true god
Zoroaster left home at ___ and had a prophetic vision at ___ because he felt it was his responsibility to make sure that people were doing what?
-middle east -monotheistic -Ethnic religion (born into it)
Zoroastrianism is a religion of what region? Is it polytheistic or monotheistic? Is it a universal or ethnic religion?
-choose god -choices -good
Zoroastrians believe in free will, thus they think it is our responsibility to do what? -Additionally we are rewarded or punished based on our ___ -However they believe that __ will always triumph in the end
Islam, Muslim
__ is the tradition, while ___ are the people
Prophet
__ message for specific people at a specific time and their job is the bring god's peeps back into the fold
Baal Shem Tov
___ called for isolation (Hasidic leader)
Persians
___ conquer the babylonians
Moses
___ ends up doubting god and as a result he can no longer enter the promised land
Neo-confucianism
___ is a response to Buddhisms, people didn't like having a foreign religion gaining prominence so this developed, asked metaphysical questions and contributed this thinking to Confucius
Joshua
___ leads the israelites into Canaan where the become a nation state for the first time
Revivalism, Amaterasu
___ led to veneration if the Emperor bc he was seen as a divine descendant of the goddess _____, but this was abolished after WWII bc they allowed freedom of religion
Messenger
___ sent to a specific community, but message is a universally binding, sacred law that surpasses all time (ex. 10 commandments to Moses)
Mecca, Ka'ba
___ was a religious center, while the ___ was a religious shrine to many deities
Moses
___ was raised as royalty until he kills an egyptian and flees into the desert
Charles V
____ banished Martin Luther
Zhu Xi
____ beliefs became orthodox after his death, he believed that humans and cosmos realms mirror each other, his views filled the void left by Confucius
Solomon
____ builds the 1st temple in 930 BCE which soon becomes the center of religious life
Moses Mendelssohn
____ called for assimilation
Babylonians, law, community
____ conquer Judah and Jerusalem in 586 BCE. The temple is destroyed and this is when we see ___ become important. Additionally there is an emphasis on ____ and religion can be practiced anywhere now
Rabbinic writings
____ gives us purity laws
Rabbis
____ seen as successors of Pharisees
Zhang Daoling, Heavenly (Celestial) Masters
_____ claimed Lao-tzu had appeared to him in, idea that people were lacking truth and were worshipping demons (focused on spiritual world instead of now) ; Lao-tzu will return to establish peace
Assyrians
_____ destroy the Israel in 721 BCE which forms the 10 lost tribes of Israel
Theravada
_____ do not accept scriptures after the 1st century
The Great Ultimate
_____ is the perfect Li, perfection of principals
fire temples
fire remained an important symbol; (this is what Zoroaster was tending to when he was killed); use sandalwood to keep fire burning.
mystic goal of sufism
focus on divine love or absolute union with god
Hubbard believed that reading about imaginary worlds dud what?
freed us from the illusion
pathetic fallacy
giving human characteristics to objects, feelings, or ideas, when we lose something and say it got up and walked away
good news
gospel means ____, which means the gospels are divinely inspired
oedipal origins
guy kills his dad and marries his mom
How did the guy who wrote Dianetics feel about communism?
he really didn't like it
Additionally, Hubbard claimed that he ____ in the military. However this is very hard to believe since he ____
healed himself while injured in the military, he did poorly in the military
What do Baha'i believe about religion and science and when they contradict?
if they seem to contradict we go with science
Scientologists believe that being bound to the MEST universe is an ____
illusion
Scientology believes that the material world is an ____, but there is something (changing or unchanging) about us that is ___ again and again
illusion, unchanging, reborn
Rabbinic Movements
importance of the synagogue- "assembly"; anyone with the proper education (including women in the Reform Movement); clarify laws of ritual and conduct; commentary on the Hebrew Bible; flourished under Islamic rule.
The first Church of Scientology was founded where?
in LA
Intuitive Sects
includes Zen; ; Transformative truth from sudden moments of insight; reject reason; strong focus on individualism
How was Abdul's message received in America?
intrigue and astonishment
What is a hagiography?
it's like an exaggerated biography (think of the lives of the saints, those are exaggerated)
Responsa
letters that extended the reasoning of the Talmud for modern issues
epistles
letters written by Paul to the early Christian churches.
Essenes
likely authors of Dead Sea Scrolls (found in the Middle East); followed the Teacher of Righteousness to the desert; began planning for the apocalypse; Jews expect human messiah.
sama
listening to chants or poetry (hearing)
Islam
natural world submits to god, but human beings are the only ones that get to choose
Hubbard also had a ____ experience, he wrote about this in "_____"
near death experience, Excalibur
Zoroastrianism
not very well-known because not many practitioners anymore; first religion from the Middle East; Freddy Mercury followed this tradition; "a bridge between the East and the West"; developed within Aryan culture; oldest of the remaining religions in the Middle East; first truly Monotheistic (Ahura Mazda/Ohrmazd); belief in only one god; ethnic religion- both parents have to be Zoroastrian.
Scientology is often drawn as a ____ since this is common when they describe a religion as a cult
octopus
How did Baha'u'llah die?
of natural causes in 1892
Sadducees
one of the primary sects of the first century; embraced acculturation- pretty willing to accept Roman authority; temple was center of power; they were priests; literal reading of the law, very influential, did not believe in afterlife
Moses
pharaoh orders death of infant Israelite boys due to a little bird telling him that a prophet would come, but _____ survives due to his mom putting him in a basket to float down the Nile
Dianetics deals with the ___, Scientology deals with the ____
physical, thetan
Scientology developed in a modern era when you could do what with religions?
pick the one you wanted
Gathas
portion of Avesta (scriptures) believed to be Zoroaster's actual words; hymns of early Zoroastrianism.
divination
predicting the future and interpreting events
Anti-Semitism
prejudice against Jews for religious reasons.
What was Hubbard before he became the leader of Scientology?
prolific writer
Zoroaster
prophet of Zoroastrianism born ~1400-1000 BCE born into warrior clan; demons sent to destroy him when he was an infant
Mind: the emotions
reactive
What mind is full of engrams?
reactive
dhikr
recite names of god and perform certain movements (remembrance)
Abrahamic traditions
religions and traditions based around a covenant between God and Abraham, and his descendants.
Initially Scientology was taken as a ____ issue, until it was refused by that community. Thus Hubbard made it ____
scientific, religious
ritual
scripted actions that are repeated the same way every time
Gospel of Matthew
-has account of Jesus' birth -goal: convince Jews that Jesus was the messiah - Jesus as a rabbi, a teacher -virgin birth in Bethlehem, even though from Nazareth -Angel appears to Joseph and tells him he should marry Mary because she's pregnant -Herod the Great ordered all baby boys killed; miraculously saved (clear focus on showing Jesus is the new Moses) -3 wise men/Magi -gives genealogy of Jesus from King David to Joseph (even though he didn't biologically father Jesus).
Why does god have to come back and come back in different forms according to Baha'i?
-has to fit expectations of peeps -religions/people get corrupted over time
Avesta
scriptures of zoroastrianism
What does the Creed of Scientology state?
-humans are spiritually and physically equal (modern idea) -right to sanity (central idea) -right to defense (both physically and for the integrity of the church) -mental health should not be separated from religion -our spirit alone can save/heal us
Vision of angel Gabriel during Ramadan that called him to be a prophet
-in 610 Muhammad has a vision of what?
Pharisees
second of the primary sects of the first century; more wary of Roman authority; broader textual interpretation; believed Sadducees were misrepresenting Judaism and misleading Jews; saw themselves as true keepers of the law.
After the occult experience, Hubbard Published Dianetics. The book was more ___ than religious
self help than religion
Community as Guru
sharing ideas on the scripture, let's it be fluid with time
monotheism
single creator of all things; the belief in a single Supreme God.
Ali prophesied that even though he was great, what would happen?
someone greater would come
Magi
spread and maintained the Zoroastrian religion; these people held incredible influence, they are the same people that come to see jesus's birth
myth
story that people tell that are assumed to be true, not always in a historical context, but can explain a broader truth (doesn't have to be literally true)
Hubbard traveled the word looking for something greater, so what did he do?
studied under various religious figures
Ifa
-incredibly popular divination (many peeps don't sacrifice to Orisha, but still do this practice) -used for decision making (both minor and major) -person is given a set of verses and is allowed to interpret the results themselves -pine nuts are very important
-virgin -magi and shepherds -Bethlehem, Nazareth -David
-jesus was born to a ____ mother -the _____ and ____came to his birth -born in a manger in ___, but they are from ____ -Jesus descends from the line of ____
Twelvers or Imami
-majority- ~85% of Shi'a -follow line of younger soung -succession continued until 874 where the 12th Imam disappeared -no successor because the missing 12th continued to be Imam -some believe he is spiritually still Imam and some believe he is literally still Imam because he is still alive end of time he will return as Mahdi- ushers in end of time, Messianic figure.
Sevener or Ismaili
-minority population; ~15% of Shi'a -followers of eldest son's son (eldest son died before 6th Imam so they say the 7th Imam is the eldest son's son)
How do people feel about Scientology being tax exempt?
-mixed feeling -people argue that scientology is a business cult
Paul
-more influential than the Apostles -he was influential before he was a Christian -Roman Citizen and Pharisee (could travel w/o fear of harm)
Sufism, mysticism, crystallization
-name is for suf or wool -came out of asceticism -most rejected this later though so they focused their shift to _____ -___ was established in the 8th century, but was institutionalized in the 13th
Gospel of Mark
-oldest of the four gospels -begins with Jesus' baptism -very little in __ that's not in the other two synoptic gospels
What do Baha'is mean when they say that all humans are part of 1 human family?
that we are all equal
Spenta Mainyu
the beneficent spirit in Zoroastrianism.
What is the number one thing that ruins the chances of a religious tradition surviving?
the death of the founder/leader
Exodus
the flight of the Jewish people from bondage in Egypt.
Holocaust
the murder of six million Jews by the Nazis during World War II.
Ahura Mazda
the one Supreme Lord recognized as the one reality; the Wise Lord.
Scientologists believe that our potential is constrained by what?
the physical world and body
indulgences
the remission of sin in return for money or other contributions.
Diocletian
the worst persecution was under ___ starting in 303 CE
Ali was executed on July 9th 1850, what happened to his followers?
they all died too
What is the one thing that all New Religious Movements share in common?
they are new
What happened to Mirza and the followers of Ali?
they were exiled to Turkey
taboo
things that are forbidden/should be avoided
How are engrams erased from the reactive mind?
through auditing
How do we expand through the 8 dynamics?
through scientology of course
What is the goal of scientology?
to move through the 8 dynamics
Abraham
was promised he would become the father of a great nation, possess a land, and become a blessing to all people if he were faithful to his part of a covenant with God; is succeeded in this covenant by his son Isaac, his grandson Jacob (or Israel), and Jacob's twelve sons
Hubbard believed that when we read what happens?
we are more true to ourselves
Paul's Letters
what are the oldest texts in the NT?
-this fallacy leads to generalized statements that are not always true -it skews our perspective and hides it (clouds our judgment of the way things are and how we feel they should be)
what is the problem with the pathetic fallacy?
initiation ritual
when children become full-fledged members of zoro
Long before Hubbard began the tradition, he did what?
wrote about the central idea of it
rite of passage
your perform ritual and you are changed, allows us to mark a point where person has changed
Hajj
-pilgrimage to Mecca -re-enact the experience of Abraham and Ishmael -Travel to Mecca during the set time and perform the rituals over 5 days
Salaht
-prayer, obligatory 5X a day -call to prayer -expected to wash to complete cycles -Faces the Ka'bah
Conservative Judaism (Sabato Morais)
-reaction to Reform Movement -introduced some reforms -accepted some higher criticism -Misnah is not literal -men wear a yarmulke but not other traditional dress -both men and women use tefillin -kept other traditions; often kosher; recognize matrilineal only descent -conversion is allowed for man married to gentile woman
Orthodox Judaism (Baal Shem Tov)
-reject modernity; continued to live as they'd always been living; -reject assimilation and higher criticism (question Hebrew Bible, etc.) -strict gender roles and observance of the Sabbath; -keep kosher (dietary restrictions came out of Rabbinic Movement) -can't eat in restaurants owned by Gentiles -typically men don't cut their beards or side curls; traditional dress (more than just modesty)
Protestant reformation
-salvation through faith not sacraments -no need for priests or hierarchy -believe pope had no authority (religious and political move)
Olodumare
-supreme being -created the orisha (and indirectly us) -we do NOT worship him (used to think its bc he was not important, actually its bc he is too important to be bothered by us) -some question as to how long he has been the supreme being (some suspect monotheistic traditions had influence here)
Calvinism (John Calvin)
-took Luther further -total human depravity (humans are awful and don't deserve to be saved) -Predestination- damned or Saved; we don't know -we are saved by god's divine grace only.
Yoruba
-traditional ATR religion -has 100 million followers worldwide -about 25 million practitioners in W. Africa
Gospel of John (non-synoptic)
-very different account in tone and content from synoptic gospels -concerned with Jesus' cosmic significance -describes Jesus as the incarnation of the divine eternal word -starts before time then skips to his adult life.
Reform Judaism (Moses Mendelssohn)
-wanted to assimilate in European life -do not cover heads (except during prayer) -no kosher expectations -do not wear ritual clothing or use tefellin at all -don't require Hebrew prayer -accept patrilineal (as well as matrilineal) descent and intermarriage -women can be rabbis.
Paul
-wrote letters to early christians communities
Fundamental Principles of Baha'i Faith 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
1. All humans are part of 1 human family 2. message of all religions is the same--peace & goodwill 3. religion and science should not contradict 4. insist that world peace will occur under and international government 5. we must develop an international language
1. most converted to christianity/islam 2. some did, other converted for personal gain 3. yes 4. Revitalisation movement, not a war, more like gaining pride in what used to be
1. For Yoruba in Nigeria, what happened when the two cultures met? 2. did they believe in the new religion? 3. did many of the converters retain yorubic traditions? 4. What happened in the 1960's?
1. evolutionary 2. based on the assumption that some religions are more primitive than others (falsely assumes progression happens in religion) 2.1 Con't: euro/christian focus, assumes that christian like religions are pinacle of religion
1. This classification of religion categorizes religions based on how "advanced" they are 2. what is the problem with this?
1. geographical
1. This classification of religion categorizes religions based on region of practice/origin
1. phenomenological
1. This classification of religion categorizes religions based on similarities in religious life regardless of time and place
What are the characteristics of new religious movements?
1. Traditions respond to modern world 2. Countercultural most of the time 3. Usually syncratic 4. Founded by characteristic leader 5. They are new
1.a. instrumentalists 1.b. complicated relationship btwn good and evil 1.c. theistic religion 2. there is a focus on the now, if you do something this will happen 3. something is good if it makes good, something is evil if it makes evil 4. there are monotheistic and polytheistic religions
1. What are some generalizations about ATR? 2. What does it mean that ATRs are instrumentalist? 3. why is it difficult to distinguish btwn good and evil 4. what does it mean that ATRs are theistic?
Who did Baha'u'llah name as his successor?
Abbas Effendi-- the eldest son
What name did Abbas Effendi take once he became the successor?
Abdul Baha -- Servant of Baha
Canaan
Abraham was promised that he descendents would live in the promised land called ___
stone Satan
Additionally pilgrims symbolically _____ at Mina
Romans, law
After the 2nd temple was destroyed by the _____, temple life became unimportant, instead ___ was important
no
After the 2nd temple was destroyed, was it ever rebuilt?
Hajit
After the Hajj is completed the Muslim is now free of sin and is given the title of ____ which means they completed the Hajj
Non-Violence
Ahisma
Noble Truth of Suffering
All being is suffering
Kami
All-pervasice force present in nature, gods, and spirits; communications through rituals and medians
The Creed of Scientology feels very ___ with the inalienable parts
American
Hubbard, in Dianetics, said that people have two minds, which are?
Analytical and reactive mind
Mahavira
At 30 he renounced the world and began a journey; pulled out his hair, stopped wearing clothes, rejected physical world, he tried his best to not cause harm to others
7-10 years
At what age are children initiated into Zoro?
Mount of Mercy or Mount Arafat
At what mount do pilgrims pray at that symbolized where Adam and Eve first meet up after being expelled from the Garden of Eden?
Non-Stealing
Avoid taking what's not yours
Once Ali announced that he was the 12th Imam he too the title ___ or "____"
Bab -- "Gate" way to god
Baha'i is named for it's founder, ______. Which means "____"
Baha'u'llah, "Glory of God"
What did Mirza change his name to? What did he call his followers?
Baha'u'llah, Baha'i
yes and yes
Does zoro have prophets? Judaism?
Revivalism
Due to ___ the Kokugaku (National Learning) Movement began
When did Scientology develope?
During the cold war/anti-communism era
cord-Kutsi, Vest-Sadre, 5X a day
During the initiation ritual children are given a cord called a ___ and a vest called a ___ to wear always. Additionally they re-tie their cord ___ a day during prayer
Marcionism
EARLY CHRISTIAN DEBATE -2 Gods -1 creator of our world -1 is the father of Jesus
Montanism
EARLY CHRISTIAN DEBATE -emphasis on holy spirit -charismatic and apocalyptic -want direct experiences through holy spirit
Gnosticism
EARLY CHRISTIAN DEBATE -secret knowledge passed on to a few people (Gospel of Thomas) -no real connection to the Hebrew Bible -said Jesus had no physical form since being physical is to be corrupt -therefore Jesus only appeared physical -material world was not created by god
Philosophical traditions, religious traditions
Early traditions in Taoism were? What about later?
Tantric Practices
Easiest way to enlightenment by Vajrayana buddhists; focus on energy transfer from us to Buddha(was practiced in sexual ways); centrality of the "Four Purities", eventually you become a buddha if you keep focusing on being a buddha
protestant
Elizabeth switched England's religion to?
Abdul spoke about what when he came to America?
Equality between races, genders, and harmony between science and Religion
God as Guru
Eternal, formless, beyond attributes, this is the supreme
Abdul Baha did some travelling while he was alive, where did he travel to and why?
Europe, US, and Canada to show the world that Baha'i was being persecuted (he was trying to protect the community)
Sallekhana
Fast until death; not considered suicide; ultimate expression of non violence
-people pool money together -sacrifice is given to the poor
Finally an animal sacrifice is given, but how is the sacrifice gathered and what happens to it after?
12 stages of Jain time
Happiness increases and decreases
Scientology, what is the hardest thing to grasp when evaluating this religion? Why?
Hard to tell fact from fiction -intense efforts on both sides to discredit the other (those who support vs. those who oppose)
Catherine of Aragon
King Henry VIII's first wife; had one daughter, Mary; marriage was annulled as per King Henry VIII's request (but not through the pope); Catholic Spanish Royality
Confucius, 551
Kung Qui; birth was miraculous (___ BCE); teachings recorded after death
Who was the charismatic leader of scientology?
L. Ron Hubbard
Tao Te Ching
Lao tzu recorded how to live in touch with the inner tao in a book called the _______ ; a poetic stanza; "The Way that can be spoken of is not the constant Way." Started it off saying, If I am writing about it, then it's not tao
Dalai Lama
Leader of Yellow Hat; political leader of Tibet until the 1950's; believed to be an incarnation of Bodhisattva of Compassion
Kosher
Literally, "fit," "proper"; that which is ritually clean or acceptable in Judaism; usually applied to food or food preparation.
According to Baha'i all the prophets and messengers have the same message which is?
Love God and each other (You should be Baha'i, but as long as you live your life to love god, it's okay)
works or laws in general, not just jewish practice (works are works regardless of religion so the sacraments were considered works)
Luther felt that when Paul referred to works he meant what?
599, ruling
Mahavira was born around ___ BCE to the ___ caste
12 years, 72
Mahavira was enlightened after ____ - This is when stopped producing Karma; Died and was liberated at the age of _____
Gautama
Mahayana belief - Conceive of ______ as one of many eternal beings; assisted in missionary efforts
Revivalism
Major boom in 17th century; rejection of outside influence
German
Martin Luther's friends hid him away where he was given the opportunity to translate the bible into ____ which was another way he took away the priest's power (translated the NT first then the OT)
Karma
Material in nature, Particles bind our souls, thoughts and intentions are important
Ajiva
Matter
What is the MEST universe?
Matter, energy, space time universe
What day is considered a feast day in the Scientology community?
May 9th, 1950 -- The day Dianetics was published?
Tao (dao)
Means "the way", used riddles and teachings (they were secret)
Vajrayana (Tibetan Buddhism)
Means the "Diamond Cutter Way;" incorporates Indian tantric practices with local traditions
Nam Simaran
Meditation to the divine name
Who took over leadership once Ali died?
Mirza
Who claimed to be the fulfillment of Bab's prophecy?
Mirza Hussain Ali Nuri
What follower of Ali was spared? Why?
Mirza Hussain Ali Nuri, His father was a rich and powerful man
Udasi
Monastic group, shave beard and head, missionaries
Sexual Purity
Monks and nuns are celibate
Perfect Truth, Wang Zhe
More popular in the North; Founded by ____; Major form on Taoist monasticism
613
Moses gave an additional ___ laws (distinguished Jews from Gentiles)
10 commandments from god
Moses leaves with his people and the red sea parts and he is able to leave, however Moses must now wonder the desert. While wondering Moses gets the _____
burning bush
Moses sees a ___ ___ in the desert that is god that tells him to tell Pharaoh to let his people go
10 plagues
Moses tells Pharaoh to let god's peeps go, but Pharaoh says no, as a result god sends down the ____
Johanan ben Zakai
Most changes of Jewish life are attributed to who?
Pure Land Buddhism
Most popular Buddhism of the world, most popular in Asia too, from the 1st century,
Mahavira, 24
Most recent Jina (enlightened teacher), He is the most recent of ___ Jina
Medina (possibly assassinated)
Muhammad died in 632 in ___
Covenant of Medina
Muhammad fixed the issue and created the ____ which declared Medina a Muslim commonwealth
22 years
Muhammad received the Qur'an for how many years? (god's words directly, not Muhammad's)
messenger
Muhammad was a messenger or a prophet?
against
Muhammad's message went with or against popular religious views at the time?
Act is very painful, reminds them that everyone suffers. This is an outward expression of rejection the social norms of the world
People who identify themselves as Jainists still pull out their hair. Why?
Yang
Positive force
Siddhartha Gautama
Prince, virgin birth, named "successful one" bc he would become a Buddha
When Abdul was released from ___ he went to America. This was the ____ time a direct descendant of a prophet from the East came to the West.
Prison, 1st
Amidabha
Pure Land Buddhists believe that we should focus our attention on veneration of _______ who vowed to create a pure land or "land of Bliss"
Shinto Creation Myth
Relatively recent; 2 gods sent to organize universe; woman speaks first, negative creation, gives birth to demon child; next, man speaks first, she births universe; she dies in fire, he becomes impure when he goes looking for her; ritually cleanses himself;
we define religion as a set point, but this can change over time
Religion is arbitrary, meaning?
Jainism
Religion of India; Non-violence; Reject caste system; Atheistic; Dualistic; Small, but influential minority
Theravada, Mahayana, Vajrayana
3 main forms of The Sangha in Buddhism
Underworld, Middle World, Heavens
3 realms of the Universe in Jainism
ancestor
Chinese religions place a huge importance on ____ worship/veneration
evangelical
Christian churches following in the tradition of Martin Luther.
Pharisees
Christianity became distinct within a generation after the destruction of the temple. They went against the ___ and said that we should forget the law and just follow and believe in what Jesus said
-middle east, orthodoxy, mono (but has trinity), universal
Christianity is a religion of the _____, focuses on orthodoxy or orthopraxy, mono or poly, universal or ethnic?
Jewish
Christianity started as a ___ sect that anticipated the Messiah and the apocalypse
1. gentile conversion 2. roman empire
Christianity's spread was due to what?
1. Who died (NA: indians died, Af: colonizers died) 2. Why they were colonized (NA: went to settle, Af: for resources) 3. How they were depopulated (NA: disease, Af: slave trade)
Colonization was different between N. America and Africa. In what 3 ways was it different?
Kangha
Comb in hair
K'ung Fu-tzu
Confucianism named for this sage
his mother raised him with an education and thus Confucius learned to emphasize ability over birth
Confucius father was a very very old ruler when his mother had him, as a result he died soon after Confucius' birth, what happened to Confucius and his mother after that?
present
Confucius was very focused on the?
Lao-tzu (Laozi)
Debate about his existence; older contemporary of Confucius; born and taught in China
How does the Universal House of Justice run itself?
Democratic--elected officials serve terms--this is to help protect the community
Mencius and Hsun Tzu
Developed Confucius' thought after his death
Scientology started with _____
Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health
nope
Did early Judaism believe in an afterlife?
nope
Did mary leave any heirs?
fire
In zoro fire temples there is a stationary ___ that is maintained constantly
Adi Granth
Includes Guru Nanak's devotional hymns
Dualistic
Individual soul (jiva) remains after liberation from matter (ajiva)
Amritdhari (Singh)
Initiated member of the Khalsa; Guru Gobins Singh picked the 5 cherished ones willing to die; wear the 5K's; minority but influential
Baha'i is a NRM with it's roots in ____
Islam
Why was Baha'i persecuted in the Islam community?
Islam believed that Muhammad was the last prophet
124,000 prophets, 26
Islam believes there have been ____ prophets between Adam and Abraham, but only ___ are named
submission
Islam means ____
-middle east -mono -universal -1 billion followers
Islam originated where? Poly or mono? Ethnic or universal? How many followers?
both
Islam places an importance on orthodoxy or orthopraxy?
Joseph
Israelites are welcomed into Egypt by ___, but they were later enslaved
Noble Truth of the 8 Fold Path
It is possible to put an end to desire, and therefore suffering by following this path
What is a characteristic thing about Scientology and how much you know about it?
It's a progressive religion, you learn new things the higher up you get
Did Hubbard believe in Scientology?
It's impossible to know, there is the possibility that what he wrote about was not meant to be taken literally
Moksha
Jainism and Hinduism believe that liberation or ____ will release us from the cycle of birth and re-birth.
Matter (single-celled creatures), sentient beings(plants), and that which is neither (time/karma)
Jains have categories of reality, what are the 3 categories?
Karma
Jains think it's material; it follows our individual souls and stays with us as we are reborn
John the Baptist
Jesus was baptized by ____
Pharisees
Jewish tradition that exists now is due to whom?
jew-human, christ-human/divine
Jews believe the Messiah is ___ while christians believe the Messiah is ___
3rd and 4th
Jinas are only born in the ___ and ___ stages of decline; things aren't too good or too bad
orthopraxy
Judaism focus on orthopraxy or orthodoxy?
covenant, god and Abraham
Judaism is based on a ____ between god and whom?
mono, ethnic, middle east
Judaism is mono or poly? Ethnic or universal? Where did it originate?
opposed
King Henry 8th originally opposed or supported Luther?
jesus
Paul taught that you achieve salvation through ____ not jewish practice
Adi Granth
"First book," poems of the first 5 Gurus and some non-Sikh poetry; text itself is honored as an object (set up on a pedestal)
Mahayana
"Greater Vehicle;" Enlightenment IS possible for laity; accept authority for "secret" scriptures; ultimate goal is to become a Bodhisattva
Keshdhari
"Hair-bearing;" don't cut hair or beard but aren't amritdhari; tie hair in knot and cover with a turban; majority in India, minority elsewhere
Max Muller
-based his theory off of Hinduism -believed Hindu began as from of nature worship (deities were personification of natural world)
Shadah
-bearing witness, expressing personal belief and witnessing to others
Shi'a (Shi'ism)
-believed Muhammad named his successor -swore allegiance to the successor and his descendants -reject the authority of the caliphate -Imam: title of the divinely ordained leader of the Muslim community -broader interpretation of the Qur'an (Imam could interpret text, but not Caliphate) -diversity within tradition.
Sunni, during fall of Ottoman empire
-believed Muhammad named no successor -have a Caliph as a political leader -Caliph leadership continued through the Caliph families -When did fall of Caliph leadership occur? -4 schools of thought under this sect
E. B. Taylor
-believed all religion came from animism (animism, spirit of tree which became monotheistic views of today) -He did NOT believe in animism -said belief of animism came from belief about the dead (our *spirit* animates us and makes the living separate from the dead)
Sigmund Freud
-believed in universal oedipal origins of all religions -believed there was a time when this sort of stuff happened and since males would feel guilty about it afterwards, they made their dad a god -says religion is a way to ease psychological stress (mass delusion) we create a father figure that will save us all
Karl Marx
-believed religion to be a negative social construct -ideology invented by the elite to suppress the poor -he believes that since we don't all follow communism anymore, religion was invented by capitalism -religion is the opium of the people (to find real happiness we must abolish the illusion of religion)
Emile Durkheim
-believed religion was a positive social construct -believed religion was a social cohesion (creates groups by drawing a line between us and them)
Carl Jung
-believed there was a universal collective unconscious -we are universally hard-wired for religion -its evolutionary advantageous (gives us a way to cope w/ trauma)
Hadith
-body of texts reporting Muhammad's words and example -collected in the 8th and 9th centuries -used with the Qur'an to interpret Islamic Law
What influences does Scientology pull from Asian influences?
-buddhist ideas and Daoism
297 BCE, Asoka
However, in _____ BCE when emperor _____ was converted, the divisions caused tensions
Jen
Human-heartedness or goodness
Sangha
The community (Buddhism)
Yogacara
"Practice of Yoga;" emphasis on meditation; there is a "consciousness only" buddhism. There is a single reality and it's a storehouse of consciousness.
Sahajdhri
"Slow-adopter;" Unbaptized; clean shaven, cut beard and hair; majority outside of India, they are part of tradition, but are seen as not as a good at it
Lama
"Superior one", religious and political leader, only form of buddhism to have a heirarchy
Madhyamika, Nagarjuna and Yogacara
"The Middle Way", What are the 2 sects?
Li
"The course of life as it was intended to go;" set of essences or organizing and normative principles belonging to the metaphysical realm
Theravada
"The way of the elders;" the oldest and most conservative form of Buddhism; monks remain separate; Buddhism in its original form; ultimate goal is Arhat
Shinto
"The way of the gods;" indigenous traditions of Japan; Animistic (nature worship); no historical founder or scripture
Guru Nanak
"There is no Muslim and there is no Hindu"
Digambara
"sky-clad" Jainist sect- Males don't wear any clothes, women do
Svetambara
"white-clad" Jainist sect- all wear white robes
With what person did Baha'i begin with? (It's not the founder, but the guy before that)
'Ali Muhammad (Bab) Siyyid---Shirazi)
1. Brahman is supreme being, then Shiva, Devi, and Vishnu 2. Shiva 3. he is simultaneously a creator and destroyer (you need to destroy in order to create) 4. Devi 5. Has 3 names, Devi, Kali, and Durga 6. each represents a different side of her. Kali: fearsome warrior, Devi: is the non-violent maternal side, Durga: somewhere in between 7. Vishnu 8. avatars 9. A fish to warm primeval man of a great flood 10. by re-affirming the truth 11. 10th is the last incarnation where there will be the final era
* Way of Devotion* 1. What are the 3 central Deities and the all supreme being? 2. What god does NOT manifest himself, according to most, and is the destroyer? 3. Why is Shiva a divine paradox? 4. Shiva is her companion and she is considered the supreme deity 5. What is Devi known for? 6. What is the significance of her 3 names? 7. This is the all pervasive one, the preserver 8. Vishnu is always present everywhere, he appears as ____ 9. what was his first incarnation? 10. How does Vishnu save us in his other avatars? 11. How many incarnation is Vishnu supposed to have?
1. Way of action, knowledge, and devotion 2. performing duties unselfishly w/o hope of reward or liberation or punishment 3. by studying knowledge and scripture one can achieve transforming wisdom about atman and Brahman 4.devotion can provide general amnesty for wrong doing and by devoting your time to a deity 5. way of knowledge
*3 Ways to Liberation* 1. What are the 3 ways to liberation? 2. how do you achieve liberation through the way of action? 3.how do you achieve liberation through the way of knowledge? 4. how do you achieve liberation through the way of devotion? 5. What way is limited to certain castes?
1. not much 2. polytheists 3. common for people living in a hot climate 4. yes, common for nomadic people
*Aryans* 1. How much is known about the Aryan Religion? 2. What thiests are they? 3. They were nomadic, why? 4. Did they have sacrifice? If so, why is this expected?
1. Hymn to the supreme Person 2. different parts of the body make it function, but it is all essential 3. Law of Manu 4. Aryans, indigenous 5. Teach: Brahmins, Study: Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaisyas 6. Brahmins or Priestly 7. Kshatriya or Ruling 8. Vaisya or merchant 9. Shudras or Servants 10. Outcasts or untouchables 11. move/marry outside of their caste 12. Karma, you live your life as an untouchable bc you did something REALLY bad in a past life
*Caste System* 1. comes from the vedic hymn ______ 2. this is symbolic and states that .... 3. it is described in the _____ 4. There is a theory that the ____ put the caste system in pace to empower themselves and keep them apart from the ____ indefinitely 5. What are the castes that can teach the Vedas? What are the castes that can study the Vedas? 6. ____ this caste performs the rituals on behalf of non-priests 7. ___ this caste's job is to protect the people (politically and with soldiers) 8. ____ this caste's job is to perform commercial transactions and do agriculture 9. ___ this caste cannot study the Vedas and are not permitted to accumulate wealth. 10. ____ are not apart of the system, they are useless, and hold jobs that no one else can hold 11. The untouchable class is there to show what happens if one tries to what? 12. The caste system is not seen as wrong, especially the untouchables, bc of what reason?
1. Hinduism, British Colonizers 2. 80% 3. Indo-Aryan Migration that occurred 4000 years ago. 4. a group who migrated to the middle east and was influenced by the monotheistic belief and then went to india and was influenced by the culture there 5. indigenous, and aryan traditions 6. Buddhism and Jainism
*Hinduism* 1. ____is full of diverse traditions/beliefs/practices. This term was brought on by ______. 2. These people make up ___% of India 3. When did hinduism "begin"? 4. The term Aryan here is used to describe what? 5. Hinduism is a mix between ___ and ____ religions 6. what other 2 religions also came out of this fusion?
1. Bhagavad Gita 2. 300-200 BCE 3. war 4. Krishna, 9th 5. Krishna, Arjuna 6. You should fight bc it is your job 7. makes the duties of the religious caste system and describes the 3 ways to liberation
*Mahabharata* 1. This is known for the _____ 2. this was written when? 3. This is a story about ___ 4. ___ is the ___th incarnation of Vishnu. 5. __ is advising ____ 6. Krishan isn't fighting and Arjuna asks why he should fight if Krishna isn't, what does Krishna say? 7. What does this story do?
1. 500 BCE 2. divinely inspired human, smriti 3. more well known 4. epics, ancient stories, codes of law 5. Sacred Books, Ramayana, Mahabharata
*Non-Vedic Literature* 1. this began around ____ 2. This literature was written by _____, who is called ___ 3. are these more or less well known than the vedic texts? 4. They include what 3 things? 5. There are 2 epics called the _____ and they are the ___
1. nope 2. ~7th-8th century 3. that gods are somehow more present in temples 4. non congregational 5. ritual recitation and sacrifice (food or drink)
*Practice/Temple Worship* 1. are their temples in the Vedic era? 2. When did temples start to arise? 3. Temples arose bc of what idea? 4. temple worship for Hindus is ____ meaning that priests are there to perform rituals and that is it 5. this form of worship focuses on what?
1. were born much like humans 2. false 3. the 4 social classes of the caste system 4. FALSE 5. aryans 6. Upanishads 7. Vishnu 8. all of these are ways to liberation (asceticism, meditation, devotion, following rules of the caste system) 9. Shiva
*Quizzes 2* 1. According to some Vedic accounts, the gods _____. 2. Women and other female figures are not discussed in the Vedas because they are considered unimportant in Hindu culture 3. The first hymn of the Rg Veda is often used as scriptural justification for _____. 4. The Vedas are the only texts that matter to Hindus. 5. "Hinduism" developed after _____ migrated to India 6. The _____ are the most recent Vedic texts and are best described as philosophical works. 7. In the Bhagavad Gita, the god _____ appears as Krishna in order to advise Arjuna. 8. According to most interpretations of the Bhagavad Gita, one can become liberated through _____. 9. _____ is one of the most popular gods in post-classical Hinduism and is known as "the destroyer."
1. that natural objects (like stones, trees, etc.) have souls. 2. a feeling of guilt about a prehistoric murder. 3. oppress the underclass 4. avoided 5. False 6. divination 7. deal with issues related to this world (illness, romance, work, etc.) 8. a sacred life force. 9. True 10. Wovoka 11. They attempt to restore traditional (pre-encounter) ways of life
*Quizzes* 1. Edward Burnett Tylor maintained that religion developed out of animism. Animism is belief _________. 2. Sigmund Freud believed that religion developed out of _______. 3. According to Karl Marx, religion functions to _____. 4. Taboos are people, places, ideas, actions, etc. that should be _____. 5. The characteristics described as "common features of basic religions" are simply never found in more "modern" religious traditions. 6. What kinds of rituals are used to predict the future and/or interpret events? 7. Ifa divination is used primarily to _______. 8. Ashe is best described as ________. 9. Yoruba practitioners do not make stark distinctions between natural/supernatural, sacred/profane, nor human/divine. 10. Who was the Ghost Dance prophet? 11. What characterizes a revitalization movements?
1. is true 2. Rama 3. take her son's place 4. 14, Rama, Sita, ad his loyal half brother 5. happily and willingly 6. Sita 7. he follows his dad's words not bc it is easy, but bc it is was is expected. He saves Sita bc he should 8. Yes, Vishnu
*Ramayana* 1. this is a story that is or is not true, but has been embellished w/ extra details? 2. __ was the King's favorite son 3. However, the King promised that wife 2's son would be king. Wife 2 thinks that Rama will do what? 4. As a result, the King exiles Rama for __ years. Who all leave with Rama? 5. Do they leave happily and willingly or resentfully and non-willingly? 6. ___ is taken and Rama has to save her 7. Why is Rama considered the ideal son and husband? 8. Is Rama considered an incarnation, if so of what god?
1. sacrifice to philosophy, vedic to classical 2. Brahman 3. Brahman 4. karma 5. samsara 6. Moksha 7. atman and Brahman 8. atman, Brahman 9. in many many ways
*Upanishads* 1. This marked the movement from ___ to _____ and marks the shift from ___ period to the ___ period. 2. This is where we first hear the idea of ____ 3. This is a single reality, a type of monism, there is no you and me, there is only one thing 4. ___ is a force that keeps us bound to a cycle (a system of reward and punishment attached to actions) 5. ___ is the cycle of death and rebirth (not exclusive to hinduism) and our goal is to escape this cycle 6. ___ is the idea that we gain liberation through experiential knowledge, it is our liberation 7.The knowledge we need to gain liberation is about the relationship between ___ and ____. 8. Where ___ is the individual and ___ is the one reality. 9. How is this relationship interpreted?
1. earliest sacred surviving texts 2. nope, there are castes that aren't even allowed to 3. ~2000BCE-400BCE 4. disagree 5. were NOT
*Vedas* 1. What are the vedas? 2. do many people read the vedas? If so, why not? 3. seers of the Vedas transmitted mantras when? 4. Do people agree or disagree on the Vedas' origins? 5. There is the universally accepted truth that the Vedas (were or were not) written by humans?
1. Hymns, Directions for Rituals, Forest Treatises, Upanishads 2. yes 3. do not worship, there are some deities who aren't even mentioned in the hymns. 4. direction for rituals 5. forest treatises 6. upanishads
*Vedic Collections* 1. In each Vedic collection there are 4 sections, what are these sections? 2. Are the hymns important in religious practice? 3. However, there are major sections devoted to deities that Hindus (do or do not) worship? 4. what section of the vedic collections was important during the vedic period? 5. this sections was manly for men who were priests and who would go off to be priestly hermits, it was their guidebook 6. This philosophical section was not added until ~ 600 BCE
1. performing one's duties selflessly 2. caste system
*Way of Action* 1. how do you achieve liberation through action? 2. this is related to the _____
1. dualistic 2. moral, physical, and mental 3. Pantanjali 4. single object, Samadhi 5. samadhi
*Way of Knowledge 2* 1. Yoga is a monoistic or dualistic school of philosophy? 2. based on ___, ___, ___ discipline 3.The Yoga Sutras are attributed to be the guy who made modern yoga 4. Yoga allows for meditation on a _____. If perfect concentration is achieved, this leads to ____ 5. ____ is absorption into the union with Brahman which ends the cycle of rebirth
1. 6, Vedanta & Yoga 2. Vedanta 3. Upanishads, Bhagavad Gita, and Brahma Sutras 4. Shankara, Ramanuja, and Madva 5. Shankara 6. Ramanuja 7. Madva 8. just know
*Way of Knowledge* 1. How many primary schools of Hindu Philosophy developed? What are the most well known today? 2. This philosophical school describes a particular approach to scripture and there is a major debate over monism 3. Vedanta is based upon the ___, ___, and ____ 4. The vedanta are widely debated, what are the 3 major philosophers? 5. ____: special devotion to SHIVA, many followers believed he was an avatar of Shiva, Believed that Brahman is the single reality and that Shiva is the best representation of that idea 6. _____: special devotion to VISHNU, believed Atman & Brahman aren't one thing, but are connected 7. ____: most common, believed atman and Brahman are separate (dualism) 8. All believed in atman and brahman and all believed that to get liberation we need to experience this relationship
Lao-tzu and Chuang-Tzu (Zhuangzi)
The early traditions were associated with what two people?
Reconstructionist Judaism (Mordecai Kaplan)
-1920s -rituals important because they bind the community -not history related to God but to each other; Judaism as culture, not religion; an evolving tradition.
Humanistic (Sherwin Wine)
-1960's -secular Jewish identity--what ties the community is history -no reference to god, can be atheistic
What happened in this near death experience? What did he realize during this?
-While under Anesthesia having surgery -He died during this and floated up and saw his body -He realized that our true selves are spiritual not physical
What is auditing?
-Hooked up to machine -machine bleeps when a question asked by the auditor picks up on an engram in the mind -the auditor keeps asking questions/criticizing until the engram is erased
Mecca
-Muhammad was born in ___ -is family was influential, but he was an orphan--was an outcast since culture was very family/community based -he traveled in caravans and met his first wife
Nagarijuna
2nd century convert; taught the emptiness of all things; monism - Nirvana and samsara are the same thing which went against the Indian world view
-25% -75% -Islam is taking hold in N. Africa, along with Christian missionaries. The sahara used to keep N. and S. africa separated, but in today's modern world this is not so, now Africa is becoming mostly Islamic or Christian.
-Only ___% of the people living in africa say they follow and ATR -so from 1900's 2000's there has been a ___% decline in practitioners, why?
-reincarnation -When we die we enter a new life. Before we are born we have already determined our life, but we forget what our destiny is. Our goal, while alive, is to re-learn our destiny (and through this our purpose)
-Yoruba also heavily believes in _____. -Why is this so important in Yoruba tradition?
Martin Luther
-Roman Catholic German Augustinian monk who interpreted the readings of Paul to mean that salvation came through faith not works
Eshu
-This orisha is complicated. -Trickster--he causes trouble for fun. -messenger orisha--he gives our message to the Orisha we are trying to contact -every ritual starts by sacrificing to him
-orisha -important
-What is the focus of devotion in Yoruba tradition? -These are reciprocal relationships meaning those _____ to us are the ones we focus on.
1. N. Am. Revitalization movement 2. Wovoka the Lakota prophet had a vision that if he united the tribes and performed this dance and followed the new rules set down by their ancestors then the Europian would leave, the buffalo would return, and the spirits would come back. 3. Wounded Knee, Lakota 4. Sitting Bull 5. police and lakota 6. police, took away all their weapons 7. A massacre; shot and killed 300 members of the lakota while 25-40 officers died
1. What type of response happened during the Ghost Dance? 2. ____ the ___ Prophet had a vision of what? 3. At ____ a large scale collection of _____ gathered that were performing the ghost dance. 4. The police arrested ____, who was an influential revivalist, a few did not like this and a fight broke out. 5. Who died in the fight? 6. Who stopped the group of Lakota trying to get away, what did they do when they caught them? 7. Something happened and members of the military panicked, what resulted?
1. revitalization movement in S. Af. 2. Nongquwuse has a prophetic vision that if her community sacrificed all their cattle then the European Colonizers would go away. 3. A massive famine and more conversions to survive 4. Those who refused to sacrifice and kill off their cattle (there was one condition and they did not follow it)
1. What type of response happened during the Xhosa Sacrifice? 2. what happened that led to the sacrifice? 3. what happened as a result? 4. What did they equate their loss too?
1. Conversion/Syncratic response 2. healer 3. revitalization 4. catholicism 5A. he went to a sick child to perform a healing ritual and a priest came in and said you are doing more harm then good so leave, and in this moment he realized that christianity was the way. 5B. he saw the power of the European gov't and realized that native americans were outnumbered and revitalization was useless, this is when he converted 6. Black Elk Speaks, was not 7. affirmed his catholic faith, but said he still prays to the 6 grandfathers while actively converting peeps to christianity
1. What type of response happened with Black Elk? 2. He had a vision a 9 and became a ____? 3. Originally Black Elk called for a _______ 4. However, Black Elk later converted to _____ 5. What are the 2 explanations that are given as to why he did this? 6. In his biography called ______ many people read his book and said he (was or was not) catholic. 7. In 1934 what did Black Elk do?
1. Vedic tradition began around 1500 BCE which evolved from indo aryan mixing 2. Vedic tradition is WAAAAY different from modern tradition (which came from the classical period) 3. During migration or after the vedic period
1. When is the Vedic Tradition said to have begun? 2. Why is the vedic period considered distinct from the classical period? 3. So what are the 2 dates for when Hinduism began?
How does scientology count as a New religious movement?
1. counter cultural--they are critical of psychiatry/psychology 2. responds to modern world 3. syncretic--mixing Asian religions and alternative medicine, and occultism/magic 4. founded by a charismatic leader LR Hubbard
Mirza took step to preserve the tradition before he died, what did he do?
1. specifically named a successor--human successor 2. Said only his successor could interpret the writings (this would stop the community from splitting) 3. Said it would be 1000 years before another manifestation would occur (this eliminates division over scripture, leader, or god coming back)
Guru Gobid Singh, Khalsa
10th Guru; created military order _____; most were executed; succession ended with his assassination
Ali announced in 1844 that he was the _____
12th Imam
How long did Lafayette Ronald Hubbard live?
1911-1986
When was Hubbard exposed to ritual magic? What happened?
1940's -he helped with an impregnation ritual in a cult -he ruined the cult and took the leader's girlfriends and $25,000 in cash
Scientology was incorporated in?
1954
When was Scientology officially tax exempt and considered a legit religion?
1993
Perfect Truth and Heavenly Masters, split over practice not doctrine
2 main sects of Taoism, why did they split?
How long was Abdul in America? Where did he travel?
293 days from east to west coast
Sangha, monastic
3rd gem of Buddhism, Originally only meant the ____ community, but now it includes the whole buddhist community
God is guru, Teacher, Scripture, Community
4 Notions of Guruship
Guru Nanak
4 journeys (in all 4 directions); settled after 20 years and gathered group (Sikhs); taught them meditation on the divine name and singing devotional hymns and reciting poetry ends samsara, before he died he names next guru
Non violence(ahimsa), Non stealing, Non possession, Truthfulness, Sexual Purity
5 principles of Jainism
It is not until we get through the __ dynamic that we fully understand the ___
7th, 8th
Yes, however the only respected and showed commitment to their one god (later this turned into the believe that their god was the only one)
Did zoroastrians believe that other gods existed?
Dasam Granth
Book of the 10th; Guru Gobind Singh's works; includes autobiography and poetry
Digambara--men will be distracted by women so they wear clothes, also women can only be liberated if they come back as a man Svetambara-believed women could be liberated
Both Digambara and Svetambara have differing views on women, what are they?
Was it good or bad that Hubbard was a writer?
Both sides used this to their advantage so it was good and bad
Domestic Shinto
Broadly defined Shinto; worship at home with a god shelf, Includes divination, spirit, possession, and shamanic healing
Siddhartha Gautama
Buddha of this age; lived over 500 lives; taught for 45 years; entered state of nirvana at death, he was not a god, but a human who filled his potential
Hubbard claimed he was a ___ named ____
Buddha, Maitreya
through our efforts, not devotion or asceticism
Buddhists believe that you achieve liberation how?
S. France to N. Africa and throughout Middle East, India and Central Asia
By 750 the Muslim empire spread from ___ to ___ and throughout the ____ and into ___ and ____
Middle World
Can only achieve liberation in the ___ ____
Matthew: Angel-Joseph, Herod shows up, Jesus is Rabbi/Messiah, Magi Luke: Angel-Mary, Herod w/ greater detail, Jesus is prophet, Shephard's
For MATTHEW: The angel appears to who? Does Herod show up? And what is he trying to convince the Jews about? Wise men or shepherds? For LUKE: The angel appears to who? Does Herod show up? And what is he trying to convince the Jews about? Wise men or shepherds?
Mahdi
For the twelvers who still believe that the 12th Imam will come back at the end of time, what is this Messiah called?
1. you could not convert because you were given the option before you were born to be one or not 2. The religion is not keeping you from god, it's only keeping you from the tradition
For what two reasons did Zoroastrians keep their religion ethnic?
Buddha
Fully enlightened teacher
4th cent. BCE, decade, non-violent
In the ____ is when we see the division in the Sangha. This was a ____ after Siddhartha's death. The curious thing about these divisions is that they were _______
Mencius
He believed that a sense of right and wrong is shared by all people, evil comes from the environment, we are naturally good, but we need models of behavior
Hsun Tzu
He believed that evil is inherent in human nature, we need laws and training to control us
Wang Yangming
He believed that the Ultimate reality is subjectivity that infuses all objectivity--clear buddhist influence
What happened the first time Ali was put in front of the firing squad?
He did not die and said he would not die until he was finished. His partners didn't die either
What happened the second time Ali was put in front of the firing squad?
He died in front of the squad since he had finished his buisiness
How is Hubbard's occult experience viewed by the Scientology community and dissenters of scientology?
He saved the girl Vs. He screwed the occult leader over and is a greedy guy
Unfortunately for Hubbard, why is his PhD not real?
He studied his "real" science, in reality he had failed physics. He believed that regular science was not "real"
What did Mirza claim to be other than the fulfillment of Bab's prophecy?
He was a manifestation of god
Anne Boleyn
Henry 8 2nd wife, mistress originally, only had 1 child--daughter-Elizabeth, beheaded
Defense of the 7 Sacraments
Henry 8 published _____ in response to Luther
Defender of the Faith
Henry 8 was named ____ by the pope
Jane Seymour
Henry 8's third wife, had 1 son Edward
Who does Bahaullah claim has been a manifestation of god?
Him and all the other prophets of other religions (includes religious leaders)
The Heavenly One
His disciple (tao personified)
based on practice
How are sects of Judaism differentiated?
He tried to unify the Buddhists and began missionary efforts
How did Asoka cause tensions to rise and cause dramatic differences in the buddhist sects?
Picked the 5 cherished ones (story about beheading them)
How did Guru Gobind Singh create the Khalsa?
Sacrifice --> prayer/mercy Priests --> rabbis Temple--> Synagogue Temple festivals --> small scale commemoration (Passover vs. Seder)
How did Jewish life change after the 2nd temple was destroyed?
killed by people opposed to him and his teachings while he was tending the eternal fire (77 years old).
How did Zoroaster die?
stone structures held bodies and the bones fall into a pit
How do Zoros dispose of their dead since they view dead bodies as being impure?
through belief and devotion
How do christians believe you you attain salvation?
make Qi like Li through meditation
How do people reach the Great Ultimate according to Zhu Xi?
20 years
How long did it take for the Qur'an to be compiled after Muhammad's death?
10
How many human gurus have their been?
14 million (7 million in US)
How many jews are there world wide?
not alot, he converted a local king, but that was about it.
How many people did Zoroaster convert before his death?
250,000
How many practitioners are left in zoro?
2500 years old
How old is Jainism?
What do Baha's mean when they say that the message of all religions is the same--peace and goodwill?
If a religion does not preach peace and goodwill, it is not a true religion
you support the monastic community so that they can achieve enlightenment
If you are a lay Theravada buddhist what is your duty?
95 thesis
In 1517 Luther nailed his ___ on the Church's door
excommunicated
In 1521 Luther was accused of political subversion and was ____ (NOTE: he was not trying to make a new movement, just reform)
Act of Supremacy
In 1534 parliament passed _____ which made Henry 8 the head of the Church of England--so england was now protestant
7 years
In 1547 Edward became king and england remained protestant for __ years. Unfortunately Edward died very young and left the throne with no heirs
Shinto
In 1868 the state religion became _____ due to an increase in nationalist identities
Medina
In 622 Muhammad was asked to settle a dispute so he went to the city of ___
Battle of Badr
In 624 during the ______ about 300 Muslims defeated about 1000 Meccans
won
In 625 the Meccans sent another army and ___
Battle of Trench, won
In 627 during the _____ the Muslims ___
Mecca
In 629 Muhammad led an army to ___. Instead of fighting though the Meccans allowed the Muslims to perform there rituals and thus Islam spread around ___
yes
In Chinese religions, is it common for people to identify with multiple religions?
missionary
In Christianity, someone who goes to another region or country and preaches the word of god.
being vegetarian--not harming anything, all monks and nuns are abstinent, monks and nuns cannot own anything--ceremony where they give all possessions away
In Jainism what does Ahimsa call for? What does sexual purity call for? What does non-possession call for?
political, religious, and military leader
In Medina, Muhammad was a ___, ___, and ____ leader
purity not sin, Acts
In Shinto emphasis on___. ___ not thoughts are important. Focus on family, ancestors, community; common to participate in a number of religions
human, natural
In Taoism it is believed that all _____ activities and achievements will decline, if we want to avoid this failure we must stop living in our constructs and instead live in a ____ way
Ashe
In Yoruba there is an all pervasive power that makes things happen, it animates the world. We all share in this power so we can give and get. What is this?
Jesus
In christianity the importance is placed on who?
babalawo
In ifa divination the ____ allows for communication (highly trained priest)
Show devotion to Amidabha's merits and him, if we are accepted into the land its bc he decided it
In order to be born in this pure land, what must we do?
Zoro-both parents, Jew-mother
In order to be zoro what parent must be zoro? How about Judaism?
1. Kippah 2. Tallit 3. Tallit katan 4. Tefillin
In orthodox Judaism ___--> yarmulke ___--> prayer shawl, big one is used only in ritual prayer ___-->small shawl worn under clothes at all times ___--> used in ritual prayer, women can't use it, leather; use during morning prayer; boxes containing scrolls of scripture.
Alexander the Accursed
In the 4th century ______ killed zoro priests and burned their palaces. He was trying to wipe out the religion
John
In the beginning was the Word, the Word was God, the Word was made flesh and dwelt among us
Kamidana
Name of a god shelf
Teacher as Guru
Nanak embodied the divine teacher, 10 embodied teachers
Tian
Natural way to exist in world, this included hierarchy
Yin
Negative force
The Analects of Confucius, Book of Mencius, The Great Learnings (talks about who makes a good ruler), Doctrine of Mean(how we should cultivate spiritual lives to improve today's world)
Neo's follow the Four Books, what are they?
Sikhism, Punjab
Newer traditions; around 500 years old, originated in the ____ region of NW India; influenced by Islam and Hinduism; Monotheistic; Samsara, rejected rituals of both religions
Do Baha'i believe in having a clergy?
No, there is no need for clergy in today's modern world
Sect Shinto
Often have little in common with mainstream Shinto; mountain worship (asceticism), faith healing (Tenrikyo), purification rituals; few shrines, often meet as a congregation
Shrine Shinto
Oldest and most popular form of Shinto; heavy on ritual; no conflict known with Buddhism; Devotion:purification, offering, prayer, and "feast" (not literal), you go to actual shrine to do this
Confucianism
One of the "3 Philosophies" in China; Lao-Tzu wanted to do away with government; Confucius said they needed social order; wanted feudal system, just a better one
Guru Nanak, Mul Mantra
Part of the Hindu Sant tradition; At 30 had mystical experience; drank the "nectar of immortality;" recited the _____ (primary mantra like Apostle's Creed)
Damascus
Paul converted to christianity on the way to ___, he tried converting jews at first, but then accepted gentiles
Judaism
Paul said that followers of Christianity could be gentiles meaning they did not have to convert to ____ before christianity thus christianity became universal
length of Surahs (chapters)
The Qur'an is organized by __ of ___
-human like
The orisha are very ____. They are moody and sometimes like you and sometimes hate you. They are like us
Abraham
The second covenant was with ____, all Jews descend from him
Dharma
The teachings of eternal truth; there is nothing unchanging about us (Buddhism)
Taiping Jing
The ultimatate hope of Toaism is thet there is this "Classic of the Great Peace" and this will usher in virtuous rule
Focus on this life; figuring out how people should live in the best sort of way to live peaceful lives
The ultimate goal of early Taoism is to what?
To survive in body and spirit; emphasis on alchemy to attain immortality
The ultimate goal of late Taoism is to what?
___ is the spiritual self, true identity, immortal, limitless in scientology
Thetan
The first person who tried to write about scientology, what happened to them?
They got blackmailed and backlash from the Scientology community
Arhat
This is when we stop producing karma, are enlightened, and when you die you get to Nirvana
Constantine
This persecution continued until ___ who had a vision in 312 CE of a cross in the sky. He painted this cross on his shield and won a battle and he ended persecution and allowed christians to practice
Buddhism
This religion rejects the Vedas and caste system (Brahmin Authority) and thinks of itself as continuing pre-Hindu traditions
Zoroastrianism
This religion was a bridge between the east and the west and was most likely the Aryan culture that influenced Hinduism
In what religion was Maitreya prophesied?
Tibetan Buddhism
evil over good
To zoros death is seen as a temporary triumph of __ over ___
Cyrus
a follower of Zoroastrianism; leader of the Persian Empire in 559 BCE; his people were also Zoroastrian and whatever land he conquered turned to Zoroastrianism
universal religion
a religion that anyone can follow; Gentiles can convert to it
messengers, prophets
all ___ are prophets, but not all ____ are messengers
Zakaht
almsgiving- connects devotion to service; purification from greed spiritually.
Mind: the computer processor
analytical
Mishnah
ancient oral tradition, Topical commentary on Hebrew Bible; perfectly preserved oral tradition from the time of Moses; not a narrative more like commentary
Most new religious movements claim to ______. They are resurrecting what was lost
ancient traditions
How charismatic was L. Ron Hubbard?
apparently really freaking charismatic bc people can't even explain how charismatic he was
animism
belief that natural world is animated by invisible forces
animism
belief that the natural world is inhabited by spirits
magic
belief/ritual by which people control and manipulate the natural world
Scientologists believe or reject reincarnation?
believe
The biography of Hubbard is highly controversial, some believe it's a ___ while others believe its a _____
biography vs hagiography, some believe it literally, some believe it symbolically
sacrifice
blood, non-blood, or person to be offered up to the gods
Scientologists believe we remove the illusions by becoming ___, we can accomplish this through ___
clear, auditing
Talmud
commentaries on the Mishnah; can get far removed from original meaning of the text because of the number of interpretations; one interprets law for people living in Israel and for those living outside of Israel.
ethnic religion
connection made between ethnicity and religion; born into religious tradition; both parents have to be of that religion.
orthopraxy
correct action
orthodoxy
correct belief
Zealots
describes a number of groups, most extreme in rejection of Roman authority and revolted; contributed to the fall of the temple.
Jina
enlightened teacher
Ramadan (Sawm)
fasting- honors the holy month (when Prophet Muhammad began receiving the Qur'an); no food or drink from sunrise to sunset; rotates through the Gregorian calendar; lasts a month; used to fast during Jewish holiday, but now its a whole month; ends with a 3-day festival
