Relationships Among Organisms

Introducing Foreign Species

- Carried in cargo crates - Transported in or on ships (ballest) water - Hidden inside produce or meat - Carried on clothing or in luggage - Intentionally introduced by humans

Commonsalism and Interdependence

- Cattle egrets depend on cattle to stir up insects for food - Cattle are not affected

Impact of Invasive Species

- Cause environmental harm - threaten biodiversity and disrupt food chains - Cause economic harm - cost farmers, homeowners, and communities - Harmful to human health - attack humans and cause health issues (mussels and leafy spurge)

Mutualism and Interdependence

- Clownfish depend on anemones for shelter - Anemones depend on clownfish for scraps of food

Introduced Species Become Established

- Introduced into a habitat similar to their own - Outcompete native species (nesting sites) - Generally have no native predator - Often have very high reproductive rates - Can tolerate a range of conditions (many different birds/creatures)

Brown Tree Snake

- Originated in Australia - Invaded Island of Guam - invaded by being carried in WWII military plane - Decimated populations of birds, small mammals, and amphibians (wiped out)

Gypsy Moth

- Originated in Europe - Originated in Massachusetts, now the entire Eastern U.S. (twice) - Monk brought moths to U.S. for experiments - Moths eat trees ; devastated local forest environments, tree farms

Coevolution

- Results in a close match between the characteristics of two species (humming birds and flowers) (snake and poisonous salamander)

Competition and Interdependence

- Species can evolve to use the environment in slightly different ways - One species can cause another species to go extinct

Parasitism and Interdependence

- Tapeworms depend on their host species for food - The host is harmed by the tapeworm

Predation and Interdependence

- The lynx population depends on the hare for food - The hare depends on the lynx population to keep it from overpopulating

Relationships and Interdependence

All five types of interactions result in interdependence : - Mutualism - Commensalism - Parasitism - Predation - Competition

Recalling Key Terms

Biodiversity - The total variety or organisms that live in the biosphere Species - A group of organisms that breed and produce offspring that can breed Ecosystem - All of the biotic and abiotic factors in an area

E. coli and You

Can you survive without the bacteria? - You can't Can the bacteria survive without you? - Not unless it can find another host

Commensalism

Commensalism - A symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits from the interaction and the other species is neither harmed or helped

Competition

Competition - An interaction in which two species require the same limited resource, such as food, water, shelter, or sunlight

Theodor Escherich

In 1885, Theodor Escherich discovered the bacteria known as Escherichia coli (E. coli) while examining infant feces. - He discovered that E. coli is found in the intestine of healthy children, but it can also make people sick

Relationships

Interactions between organisms lead to interdependence - the relationship that results when organisms in an environment rely on each other for resources - Population size - Coevolution - A change in one species that results from a change in another species with which it interacts

Foreign Species

Introduced Species - An organism that is brought into a new ecosystem in which it is not native Invasive Species - A species that is introduced to a new ecosystem, becomes established in that ecosystem, and threatens local biodiversity

Mutualism

Mutualism - A symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit from the interaction

Parasitism

Parasitism - A symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits from the relationship and the other species is harmed

Predation

Predation - An interaction in which one species kills and consumes another species

Symbiotic Interactions

Symbiosis - Is a long-term relationship between two different species - Mutualism :) :) - Commensalism :) :/ - Parasitism :) :(

E. coli Bacteria

You have a symbiotic relationship with the E. coli bacteria that live in your intestines. - The bacteria gain nutrition and a place to live - You gain essential nutrients (vitamin k) What type of symbiotic relationship does this describe? - Mutualism

How do organisms interact with each other and the environment?

A species is a group of organisms that breed and produce offspring that can breed. Interactions among organisms : - Predation (short) - Competition (short) - Mutualism (long) - Commensalism (long) - Parasitism (long)