Religion and Human Experiece
What was the name of the angel that gave Muhammad the recitations?
Gabriel
An appearance of God or of a god to a human; a divine manisfestation."
Theophany
In ancient Egypt, the god associated with the process of embalimg the dead is ____________.
Anubis
man as supreme in the universe...Man, in the last analysis, is his own savior. ...They see nothing beyond death except total extinction."
Atheist
Allah's Apostle said: Islam is based on (the following) five (principles): 1. To testify that none has the right to be worshipped but Allah and Muhammad is Allah's Apostle. 2. To offer the (compulsory congregational) prayers dutifully and perfectly. 3. To pay Zakat (i.e., obligatory charity). 4. To perform Hajj (i.e., Pilgrimage to Mecca). 5. To observe fast during the month of Ramadan. Collectively, these are known as the "Five Stones of Islam."
False
Henotheism may be the most important term that nobody has ever heard of in religious studies. Basically, it is the belief that although there may be many other gods and goddesses, but a henotheist only worships and follows only one god or goddess. It may actually be the most common religious belief system...although rarely do people notice or acknowledge this system. It is certainly clear in the Hebrew Scriptures. Throughout the story of the Jews, we keep bumping into the lines "The people offended the Lord," usually by building an altar or worshipping other Gods. Even the Ten Commandments begin with "You shall not have other gods besides me," (Exodus 20:3) leaves open the argument that there may be other gods, just not besides the LORD. Joshua's famous "either-or" seems shaded with a form of henotheism: "If it does not please you to serve the LORD, decide today whom you will serve, the gods your fathers served beyond the River or the gods of the Amorites in whose country you are dwelling." (Joshua 24:15) In popular fiction and movies, Conan the Barbarian worships "Crom," whom he learned the basics of "Crom worship from his father. Both Catoir and Smith spend several chapters on the discussion of "Henotheism."
False
In ancient Egypt, cremation was utilized as often as mummification when preparing the dead for burial.
False
It is appropriate, in an on-line course, to attack another person's faith or religion, since you are not face to face.
False
Muslims believe that God sent his messengers and prophets to all people beginning with Adam (Adam) and including Noah (Nuh), Abraham (Ibrahim), Lot (Lut), Ishmael (Isma'il), Isaac (Ishaq), Jacob (Ya'qub), Joseph (Yusuf), Job (Ayb), Moses (Musa), Aaron (Harun), David (Dawud), Solomon (Sulayman), Elias (Ilyas), Jonah (Yunus), John the Baptist (Yahya), and Jesus ('Isa); peace be upon them all. " Muslims believe that Jesus is the Son of God and the Messiah.
False
Muslims believe that Mohammed is the Son of God.
False
Perhaps no concept in Islam is more famous—and more misunderstood—than the notion of jihad, or what people commonly, albeit erroneously, call "holy war." Jihad means struggle, and in Islam it refers primarily to the inner struggle of being a person of virtue and submission to Allah in all aspects of life. This struggle is the "jihad of the heart." Secondarily, jihad refers to struggle against injustice and oppression—the "jihad of the sword." Islam, like many other religions, allows for armed self-defense, or retribution against tyranny, exploitation, and oppression. Specifically, Islamic teaching divides the world into two "houses"—the house of Islam and the house of war. Included in the house of Islam are those committed to justice, peace, and consent to worship God and God alone. The house of Islam can include people of the Book—Jews, Christians, and other monotheists—as long as they do not oppress anyone or forbid Muslims from worship. The house of war includes all those engaged in oppression, tyranny, or lawlessness, especially religious persecution against Muslims and other people of the Book. Jihad of the sword is allowed in defense of the house of Islam against the house of war. According to this reading, Jihad is only about "Holy War."
False
Sherlock Holmes was a master problem solver. Problems can be solved, given enough time, enough energy, and enough resources. Losing one's keys in the kitchen garbage can is a problem. Even if the keys end up at the City Dump, given enough resources, the keys can be found. It might not be worth finding the keys, but they could still be found with enough time, energy and money. Mysteries may never be solved. "God so loved the world that He gave His Only Son (John 3:16)." Why? Well, we can believe this, chat about this, study this, agree to this, worship this, but will we ever fully understand the Christian concept of love? The lifelong internal struggle with trying to understand the mysteries of faith is the engine, the driving force that keeps people returning to religious education. Why even ask the great theological questions? Instead, ask about those more common mysteries, why do I love this person or that person and, perhaps more interesting, why do they love me? Sure, we can make lists but these lists seen woefully inadequate. Would someone want to show their spouse the list? Mystery is core to a believer, but a difficulty for those of us in Religious Studies. Nonetheless, we must recognize the importance of mystery...appreciate our inability to come to grips with the experience of another's experience of mystery...and hope to understand the systemic and systematic implications of mystery in a religious tradition. According to this reading, problems and mysteries are the same thing.
False
TRAJAN'S EPISTLE TO PLINY My Pliny, You have taken the method which you ought in examining the causes of those that had been accused as Christians, for indeed no certain and general form of judging can be ordained in this case. These people are not to be sought for; but if they be accused and convicted, they are to be punished; but with this caution, that he who denies himself to be a Christian, and makes it plain that he is not so by supplicating to our gods, although he had been so formerly, may be allowed pardon, upon his repentance. As for libels sent without an author, they ought to have no place in any accusation whatsoever, for that would be a thing of very ill example, and not agreeable to my reign. From The Works of Josephus, translated by William Whiston Hendrickson Publishers, 1987 True or False: Both Trajan and Pliny were early Christian authors.
False
TRAJAN'S EPISTLE TO PLINY My Pliny, You have taken the method which you ought in examining the causes of those that had been accused as Christians, for indeed no certain and general form of judging can be ordained in this case. These people are not to be sought for; but if they be accused and convicted, they are to be punished; but with this caution, that he who denies himself to be a Christian, and makes it plain that he is not so by supplicating to our gods, although he had been so formerly, may be allowed pardon, upon his repentance. As for libels sent without an author, they ought to have no place in any accusation whatsoever, for that would be a thing of very ill example, and not agreeable to my reign. From The Works of Josephus, translated by William Whiston Hendrickson Publishers, 1987 True or False: The Romans decided that any and all methods of finding Christians was warranted and it was okay to use anonymous resources.
False
The Qur'an is the primary sacred text of Islam and consists of the prophetic speeches of Muhammad recorded and collected by close associates; Muhammad himself was not able to read or write. The term Qur'an means recitation, which is exactly what the text is—recitations from Muhammad of what he said the angel Gabriel told him during meditations in the cave near Mecca. Islamic tradition holds that the angel would speak to Muhammad, then seize him and command him to recite back what the angel had just said. Through this process of memorizing and reciting, Muhammad would recite again these speeches to associates who then would write them down. This oral nature of the Qur'an explains its short verses and seemingly discordant sections. The verses are often freestanding units or sayings that may or may not be thematically connected to those around them. On the other hand, their origin in speech customizes them for use in reciting prayers, chanting, and reading aloud. According to this reading, the Holy Bible is as important as the Qur'an to Muslims.
False
Trajan's Epistle to Pliny My Pliny, You have taken the method which you ought in examining the causes of those that had been accused as Christians, for indeed no certain and general form of judging can be ordained in this case. These people are not to be sought for; but if they be accused and convicted, they are to be punished; but with this caution, that he who denies himself to be a Christian, and makes it plain that he is not so by supplicating to our gods, although he had been so formerly, may be allowed pardon, upon his repentance. As for libels sent without an author, they ought to have no place in any accusation whatsoever, for that would be a thing of very ill example, and not agreeable to my reign. True or False: This letter from the Emperor Trajan started the Roman army searching for every Christian in the Empire.
False
Trajan's Epistle to Pliny My Pliny, You have taken the method which you ought in examining the causes of those that had been accused as Christians, for indeed no certain and general form of judging can be ordained in this case. These people are not to be sought for; but if they be accused and convicted, they are to be punished; but with this caution, that he who denies himself to be a Christian, and makes it plain that he is not so by supplicating to our gods, although he had been so formerly, may be allowed pardon, upon his repentance. As for libels sent without an author, they ought to have no place in any accusation whatsoever, for that would be a thing of very ill example, and not agreeable to my reign. True or False: As expected, Trajan utilized anonymous letters and accusations to kill Christians. Question options:
False
"...the belief that man and nature were created by one supreme God...God is personal, but totally apart from his creation."
Monotheists
For the ancient Egyptian, what god served as the ruler of the netherworld?
Osiris
generally pay no heed to any sense of solidarity in creation. (They) see man and nature as distict, while attributing god-like qualities to natural objects."
Polytheist
What impressive tombs were built for the Pharoahs of the Old Kingdom?
Pyramids
What was the name of the first God worshipped by the Egyptians?
Re
The word "Islam" simply means:
Surrender or Obedience
During the New Kingdom, what text was written on papyrus and placed in the tomb or coffin of common people?
The Book of the Dead
"The study of the nature of God and religious truth; rational inquiry into religious questions."
Theology
"The depiction or conception of man as having the form of a god."
Theomorphism
"A man gives a diram to each of four persons. The Persian said he spend his on an angur, while the Arab said he would spend his on an inab. A Turk said he would spend his on an uzum, and a Greek said he spend his diram on an istabil. These people began to fight with one another. The angur, the inab, the uzum, and the istabil are all grapes." This story is often used in Religious Studies to help understand the problems of language and faith.
True
"Muslims believe that God sent his messengers and prophets to all people beginning with Adam (Adam) and including Noah (Nuh), Abraham (Ibrahim), Lot (Lut), Ishmael (Isma'il), Isaac (Ishaq), Jacob (Ya'qub), Joseph (Yusuf), Job (Ayb), Moses (Musa), Aaron (Harun), David (Dawud), Solomon (Sulayman), Elias (Ilyas), Jonah (Yunus), John the Baptist (Yahya), and Jesus ('Isa); peace be upon them all." Muslims believe that Jesus was a prophet.
True
"That they were wont, on a stated day, to meet together before it was light, and to sing a hymn to Christ, as to a god, alternately; and to oblige themselves by a sacrament [or oath], not to do anything that was ill: but that they would commit no theft, or pilfering, or adultery; that they would not break their promises, or deny what was deposited with them, when it was required back again; after which it was their custom to depart, and to meet again at a common but innocent meal," True or False: This description of early Christians comes from a Roman source, not Christian Scripture.
True
"The Ka'bah is a simple stone construction erected as a sanctuary for the worship of the One God. The Qur'an states that God commanded Abraham to summon all humankind to visit this place, and when pilgrims go there today they say "At your service, O Lord," in response to Abraham's call. The Ka'bah is the central place of worship toward which all Muslims face in prayer to God, Almighty." Abraham is the father of Islam.
True
Did many Christians recant during the persecutions? After the two major persecutions of the third century and the early fourth century -- these are the persecutions under the Emperor Decius that occurred around 250 and then the persecution under Diocletian in the opening years of the fourth century -- there was a grave problem for the church because many Christians were not made of the kind of moral fiber of the people who went to their death as martyrs. They had been willing to recant the faith, to offer a pinch of incense to the emperor.... [or] to bribe the officials at the pagan temples to give them a certificate saying they had offered the sacrifice when in fact they had not. All this made a grave problem for the church when the persecutions were over because many of these people then wanted to come back into the church. It was also a problem because there were some bishops who had defected, you might say, during the persecutions, and they had baptized people. The question then was were you really baptized if you had been baptized by a bishop who fell away from the faith during the persecutions? There were many controversies about this. Some churchmen took a very lax line on this, "Well, people are repentant. We've all committed sins. They should just be forgiven and brought back in." Others took a kind of moderate line: after a period of penance and public recantation and repentance for what they had done, then they would be allowed back into the church. There were some hard-liners who thought once you handed over scripture, recanted the faith, done these various acts, there was no way you could ever be a Christian again. [There was] a great deal of controversy among church people in this era, some of which went on for a long, long time. In North Africa, for example, the group of Christians called the Donatists held out all through the fourth century into the fifth century on some of these issues about not allowing such people back into the church. True or False: Although martyrdom was an important part of the early Christian church as Christianity grew many converts did not have the "enthusiasm" to choose martyrdom
True
Did many Christians recant during the persecutions? After the two major persecutions of the third century and the early fourth century -- these are the persecutions under the Emperor Decius that occurred around 250 and then the persecution under Diocletian in the opening years of the fourth century -- there was a grave problem for the church because many Christians were not made of the kind of moral fiber of the people who went to their death as martyrs. They had been willing to recant the faith, to offer a pinch of incense to the emperor.... [or] to bribe the officials at the pagan temples to give them a certificate saying they had offered the sacrifice when in fact they had not. All this made a grave problem for the church when the persecutions were over because many of these people then wanted to come back into the church. It was also a problem because there were some bishops who had defected, you might say, during the persecutions, and they had baptized people. The question then was were you really baptized if you had been baptized by a bishop who fell away from the faith during the persecutions? There were many controversies about this. Some churchmen took a very lax line on this, "Well, people are repentant. We've all committed sins. They should just be forgiven and brought back in." Others took a kind of moderate line: after a period of penance and public recantation and repentance for what they had done, then they would be allowed back into the church. There were some hard-liners who thought once you handed over scripture, recanted the faith, done these various acts, there was no way you could ever be a Christian again. [There was] a great deal of controversy among church people in this era, some of which went on for a long, long time. In North Africa, for example, the group of Christians called the Donatists held out all through the fourth century into the fifth century on some of these issues about not allowing such people back into the church. True or False: The Donatists felt that once you recanted the Gospel, you could never be a Christian again.
True
For the average ancient Egyptian, a spirit was seen as the cause of every natural event.
True
From the Qur'an: 270. And whatever ye spend in charity or devotion, be sure Allah knows it all. But the wrongdoers have no helpers. 271. If ye disclose (acts of) charity, even so it is well, but if ye conceal them, and make them reach those (really) in need, that is best for you: it will remove from you some of your (stains of) evil. And Allah is well acquainted with what ye do. After reading this, answer the following True/False question: The Qur'an and other religious traditions often note that it is better to give to charity without fanfare or recognition.
True
In Egypt the Pharaoh was not just god, but the incarnate son of the Supreme Sun God, RE.
True
Irenaeus (pronounced ear-a-NAY-us) was probably born around 125. As a young man in Smyrna (near Ephesus, in what is now western Turkey) he heard the preaching of Polycarp, who as a young man had heard the preaching of the Apostle John. Afterward, probably while still a young man, Polycarp moved west to Lyons in southern France. In 177, Pothinus, the bishop of Lyons, sent him on a mission to Rome. During his absence a severe persecution broke out in Lyons, claiming the lives of the bishop and others. When Irenaeus returned to Lyons, he was made bishop. He died around 202. He is thus an important link between the apostolic church and later times, and also an important link between Eastern and Western Christianity. One of the earliest heresies to arise in the Christian church was Gnosticism, and Irenaeus was one of its chief early opponents. Not all Gnostics believed exactly the same thing, but the general outlines of the belief are fairly clear. Gnostics were dualists, teaching that there are two great opposing forces: good versus evil, light versus darkness, knowledge versus ignorance, spirit versus matter. Since the world is material, and leaves much room for improvement, they denied that God had made it. "How can the perfect produce the imperfect, the infinite produce the finite, the spiritual produce the material?" they asked. One solution was to say that there were thirty beings called AEons, and that God had made the first AEon, which made the second AEon, which made the third, and so on to the thirtieth AEon, which made the world. (This, Gnostics pointed out to the initiate, was the true inward spiritual meaning of the statement that Jesus was thirty years old when he began to preach.) As Irenaeus pointed out, this did not help at all. Assuming the Gnostic view of the matter, each of the thirty must be either finite or infinite, material or non-material, and somewhere along the line you would have an infinite being producing a finite one, a spiritual being producing a material one. According to this reading, Irenaeus seems to be an important link between the early "Apostolic" church and the church of Constantine and the Roman Empire.
True
One of Huston Smith's insights about Spiritual Personalities is that none of these personality types is without a great challenge.
True
Perhaps no concept in Islam is more famous—and more misunderstood—than the notion of jihad, or what people commonly, albeit erroneously, call "holy war." Jihad means struggle, and in Islam it refers primarily to the inner struggle of being a person of virtue and submission to Allah in all aspects of life. This struggle is the "jihad of the heart." Secondarily, jihad refers to struggle against injustice and oppression—the "jihad of the sword." Islam, like many other religions, allows for armed self-defense, or retribution against tyranny, exploitation, and oppression. Specifically, Islamic teaching divides the world into two "houses"—the house of Islam and the house of war. Included in the house of Islam are those committed to justice, peace, and consent to worship God and God alone. The house of Islam can include people of the Book—Jews, Christians, and other monotheists—as long as they do not oppress anyone or forbid Muslims from worship. The house of war includes all those engaged in oppression, tyranny, or lawlessness, especially religious persecution against Muslims and other people of the Book. Jihad of the sword is allowed in defense of the house of Islam against the house of war. According to this reading, Jihad is often a much more personal thing concerning virtue and life rather than warfare.
True
Perhaps no concept in Islam is more famous—and more misunderstood—than the notion of jihad, or what people commonly, albeit erroneously, call "holy war." Jihad means struggle, and in Islam it refers primarily to the inner struggle of being a person of virtue and submission to Allah in all aspects of life. This struggle is the "jihad of the heart." Secondarily, jihad refers to struggle against injustice and oppression—the "jihad of the sword." Islam, like many other religions, allows for armed self-defense, or retribution against tyranny, exploitation, and oppression. Specifically, Islamic teaching divides the world into two "houses"—the house of Islam and the house of war. Included in the house of Islam are those committed to justice, peace, and consent to worship God and God alone. The house of Islam can include people of the Book—Jews, Christians, and other monotheists—as long as they do not oppress anyone or forbid Muslims from worship. The house of war includes all those engaged in oppression, tyranny, or lawlessness, especially religious persecution against Muslims and other people of the Book. Jihad of the sword is allowed in defense of the house of Islam against the house of war. According to this reading, the House of Peace (Islam) may include other religions in addition to Islam.
True
Religion literally means: "to link back." The word is related to ligaments, the connective tissue of the body. So, by definition, religions need to "link" to something...a founder, usually, or a form of religious writing but something that links them "back" to something else. By definition, it would be literally impossible for someone to "have their own religion," but one needs only hang around skiers or surfers for a while to find out that many people believe that they do indeed have their own religion. According to the above reading, a religion needs something to "link back" to.
True
Religion was so important to Egyptians they thought human survival depended on it.
True
The Ka'bah is a simple stone construction erected as a sanctuary for the worship of the One God. The Qur'an states that God commanded Abraham to summon all humankind to visit this place, and when pilgrims go there today they say "At your service, O Lord," in response to Abraham's call. The Ka'bah is the central place of worship toward which all Muslims face in prayer to God, Almighty. " The Ka'bah is in Mecca (or Mekka).
True
The Mithras cult is known for its dining practices but one of the most popular form of cultic dining that we hear about is found in the Egyptian cults. The cult of Serapis, the god from Egypt, the consort of Isis. We have papyrus invitations from the Roman world which say the god Serapis invites you to dinner at his couch. Meaning his dinner table, his dinner party at eight o'clock on Tuesday evening ... So it's interesting that the Christians do something that looks very much like these religious practices, and at times they actually have to work very hard to distinguish themselves from what the pagans do. The Christian writer Tertullian from North Africa around the year 197 really goes way out on a limb to try to make some distinctions. He says, "We Christians hold meals, sure, but we really don't do anything all that extraordinary. In fact, they're very tame. It's not at all like those people who follow the god Serapis. Why when they throw a dinner party you have to call out the fire brigades. We're nothing like that." But indeed the very point that he has to make suggests that in the eyes of a lot of people that's exactly how they looked. True or False: Other religions during the rise of early Christianity shared the same "dinner" concept of gathering as did the Christians.
True
Theodicy" is an issue for monotheists, but not for polytheists.
True
True or False: By definition, a monotheist can NOT believe in theomachy.
True
Understanding the spread of religion is much like the movie success and the empty stadium...most of us look almost immediately for a simple answer. This simple answer may stand up to the basic questions of "how did this become a blockbuster" or "why did everyone leave so fast" but these simple responses won't stand up to any rigorous questioning. "How did they leave so fast?" "Why this film and not that film...they had the same actors?" The expansion of a particular religion is complex. There are certainly geographic factors, for example, an island religion would be more difficult to disperse the message than a religion that begins on a well traveled river. Historical factors also abound...during periods of expansion, both military and economic, ideas move very fast. We must also look at expansion away from the "heroes," the martyrs, leaders and missionaries. I often argue that Christianity survived and thrived because the population that first became Christian was rather "hidden" from the Roman Empire...women, slaves, Jews, and the dispossessed (not meant to be a pun, but it works). According to this reading, understanding the growth of a particular religion may be extremely complex.
True
n short, the five pillars are (1) confess the faith in God and Muhammad as his prophet, (2) perform ritual prayers, (3) perform the fast at Ramadan, (4) give alms, and (5) make a pilgrimage to Mecca. The first—the profession of faith—is the bedrock of Islamic belief and gains one entrance into the community. The others, in their respective ways, are designed to properly orient individuals and the community toward God, to help them maintain daily—even hourly—submission to Allah in ritualistic and public ways, and to solidify the Islamic community both locally and globally into a civilization of submission to God and his commandments. According to this reading, the "first pillar," the profession of faith, is the most important pillar.
True
According to Catoir, the earliest Egyptians came to the Nile Valley from _?_
We don't know where they came from.
In the early Middle Ages the authority of the Bishop of Rome increased in relation to the other bishops in the Western church. He became known as "pope"or "Papa" in Latin, an early informal title for any priest. Strong popes insisted that kings and emperors in the West were members of the church and therefore, like anyone else, subject to church authority and discipline. In the East, however, the Emperor understood himself as divinely appointed, and outside the authority of the church. Rome also still had vestiges and associations of its imperial glory, and after the barbarian invasions, its church remained the most stable institution in Western Europe. As tribes converted to Christianity, they accepted the ecclesiastical authority of Rome as a given, increasing its power base. Strong popes influenced the development of Christianity by direct involvement in church and theological controversies. Leo the Great, pope from 440 until 461, is credited with stopping Attila the Hun at the gates of Rome, as well as mediating Christological debates within the church. The Fourth Ecumenical Council met at Chalcedon during his reign. Gregory the Great, pope from 590 until 604, was an able administrator. (He also wrote hymns, one of which can be found at #680, The United Methodist Hymnal.) He assisted in the conversion of Spain to Christianity, and also sent missionaries to England. Gregory appointed the first Archbishop of Canterbury, Augustine, in 597, linking the Christians already there to the Roman hierarchy. The introduction of Roman church authority into Britain created some tension with the older Celtic church structure already in place, centered in Ireland. By and large the Celtic churches were subjugated or absorbed into the Roman church, especially as invasions from Angles, Saxons, Jutes, and later Norsemen, destroyed many of the Celtic church centers and monasteries. Pockets of non-Roman Christianity remained that kept older worship forms, and sometimes used vernacular languages. These non-Roman traditions were recognized many years later, as reform-minded Christians looked for alternatives to Roman dominance. The Eastern church flourished in the context of the Byzantine Empire, as the Eastern Roman Empire was now called. Church authority was closely linked with imperial authority, to the point that the Emperor was almost considered holy, and the bishops of the great metropolitan centers, especially the Patriarch of Constantinople, were almost as powerful as the Emperor. As the empire became increasingly autocratic, the church functioned more and more as an arm of the state. The Emperor's power grew absolute, and the Patriarch either pleased him, or was deposed and replaced by someone more loyal. Beginning in 622, the followers of Muhammed rapidly conquered vast regions of the Byzantine Empire. Within a generation, all the great Eastern Christian centers of the ancient world--Jerusalem, Antioch, and Alexandria--had fallen to the Muslims, whose persuasive policy of conversion left Christians as small minorities in Egypt, Palestine, North Africa, Arabia, and Persia. Only Constantinople remained as the bastion of Christianity in the East. The remnant of the Byzantine Empire lived under relentless pressure from its Islamic neighbors, shrinking to the regions around the capital. Constantinople itself finally fell in 1453. The West also lost large provinces to Islam, especially North Africa and Spain, and it lost any ease of communication with Constantinople. The pope's unifying authority was enhanced as the rest of the Mediterranean world was lost. At the same time, Roman missionaries successfully converted the peoples to the north, who naturally looked to Rome as the seat of authority. When Charlemagne was crowned Emperor of the Franks in 800, it was the pope who set the crown on his head. The Eastern church sent missionaries to convert the Slavs of Central Europe in the ninth century. The brothers Cyril and Methodius translated the Bible into Slavonic, leading to the establishment of new, growing Orthodox churches in the distant, inland Eastern provinces. Farther east, Grand Duke Vladimir of Kiev adopted Christianity in 988, beginning the conversion of Russia. After the fall of Constantinople, which had called itself the Second Rome since Constantine, the Grand Duchy of Moscow identified itself as the Third Rome, the heart of the Orthodox church in the East. Constantinople still had a Patriarch, as did the other ancient patriarchal sees, but they had tiny domains within the Muslim world.
__1__ Bishop of Rome becomes known as Pope __3__ Gregory the Great sends missionaries to England __2__ Leo the Great stops Attila the Hun __4__ Older Celtic Christianity rubs with Roman authority in British Isles
In the early Middle Ages the authority of the Bishop of Rome increased in relation to the other bishops in the Western church. He became known as "pope"or "Papa" in Latin, an early informal title for any priest. Strong popes insisted that kings and emperors in the West were members of the church and therefore, like anyone else, subject to church authority and discipline. In the East, however, the Emperor understood himself as divinely appointed, and outside the authority of the church. Rome also still had vestiges and associations of its imperial glory, and after the barbarian invasions, its church remained the most stable institution in Western Europe. As tribes converted to Christianity, they accepted the ecclesiastical authority of Rome as a given, increasing its power base. Strong popes influenced the development of Christianity by direct involvement in church and theological controversies. Leo the Great, pope from 440 until 461, is credited with stopping Attila the Hun at the gates of Rome, as well as mediating Christological debates within the church. The Fourth Ecumenical Council met at Chalcedon during his reign. Gregory the Great, pope from 590 until 604, was an able administrator. (He also wrote hymns, one of which can be found at #680, The United Methodist Hymnal.) He assisted in the conversion of Spain to Christianity, and also sent missionaries to England. Gregory appointed the first Archbishop of Canterbury, Augustine, in 597, linking the Christians already there to the Roman hierarchy. The introduction of Roman church authority into Britain created some tension with the older Celtic church structure already in place, centered in Ireland. By and large the Celtic churches were subjugated or absorbed into the Roman church, especially as invasions from Angles, Saxons, Jutes, and later Norsemen, destroyed many of the Celtic church centers and monasteries. Pockets of non-Roman Christianity remained that kept older worship forms, and sometimes used vernacular languages. These non-Roman traditions were recognized many years later, as reform-minded Christians looked for alternatives to Roman dominance. The Eastern church flourished in the context of the Byzantine Empire, as the Eastern Roman Empire was now called. Church authority was closely linked with imperial authority, to the point that the Emperor was almost considered holy, and the bishops of the great metropolitan centers, especially the Patriarch of Constantinople, were almost as powerful as the Emperor. As the empire became increasingly autocratic, the church functioned more and more as an arm of the state. The Emperor's power grew absolute, and the Patriarch either pleased him, or was deposed and replaced by someone more loyal. Beginning in 622, the followers of Muhammed rapidly conquered vast regions of the Byzantine Empire. Within a generation, all the great Eastern Christian centers of the ancient world--Jerusalem, Antioch, and Alexandria--had fallen to the Muslims, whose persuasive policy of conversion left Christians as small minorities in Egypt, Palestine, North Africa, Arabia, and Persia. Only Constantinople remained as the bastion of Christianity in the East. The remnant of the Byzantine Empire lived under relentless pressure from its Islamic neighbors, shrinking to the regions around the capital. Constantinople itself finally fell in 1453. The West also lost large provinces to Islam, especially North Africa and Spain, and it lost any ease of communication with Constantinople. The pope's unifying authority was enhanced as the rest of the Mediterranean world was lost. At the same time, Roman missionaries successfully converted the peoples to the north, who naturally looked to Rome as the seat of authority. When Charlemagne was crowned Emperor of the Franks in 800, it was the pope who set the crown on his head. The Eastern church sent missionaries to convert the Slavs of Central Europe in the ninth century. The brothers Cyril and Methodius translated the Bible into Slavonic, leading to the establishment of new, growing Orthodox churches in the distant, inland Eastern provinces. Farther east, Grand Duke Vladimir of Kiev adopted Christianity in 988, beginning the conversion of Russia. After the fall of Constantinople, which had called itself the Second Rome since Constantine, the Grand Duchy of Moscow identified itself as the Third Rome, the heart of the Orthodox church in the East. Constantinople still had a Patriarch, as did the other ancient patriarchal sees, but they had tiny domains within the Muslim world.
__1__ Gregory the Great writes hymns. __2__ Muhammed's followers conquer Byzantine Empire. __3__ Charlemagne crowned Holy Roman Emperor. __4__ Kiev adopts Christianity
In the early Middle Ages the authority of the Bishop of Rome increased in relation to the other bishops in the Western church. He became known as "pope"or "Papa" in Latin, an early informal title for any priest. Strong popes insisted that kings and emperors in the West were members of the church and therefore, like anyone else, subject to church authority and discipline. In the East, however, the Emperor understood himself as divinely appointed, and outside the authority of the church. Rome also still had vestiges and associations of its imperial glory, and after the barbarian invasions, its church remained the most stable institution in Western Europe. As tribes converted to Christianity, they accepted the ecclesiastical authority of Rome as a given, increasing its power base. Strong popes influenced the development of Christianity by direct involvement in church and theological controversies. Leo the Great, pope from 440 until 461, is credited with stopping Attila the Hun at the gates of Rome, as well as mediating Christological debates within the church. The Fourth Ecumenical Council met at Chalcedon during his reign. Gregory the Great, pope from 590 until 604, was an able administrator. (He also wrote hymns, one of which can be found at #680, The United Methodist Hymnal.) He assisted in the conversion of Spain to Christianity, and also sent missionaries to England. Gregory appointed the first Archbishop of Canterbury, Augustine, in 597, linking the Christians already there to the Roman hierarchy. The introduction of Roman church authority into Britain created some tension with the older Celtic church structure already in place, centered in Ireland. By and large the Celtic churches were subjugated or absorbed into the Roman church, especially as invasions from Angles, Saxons, Jutes, and later Norsemen, destroyed many of the Celtic church centers and monasteries. Pockets of non-Roman Christianity remained that kept older worship forms, and sometimes used vernacular languages. These non-Roman traditions were recognized many years later, as reform-minded Christians looked for alternatives to Roman dominance. The Eastern church flourished in the context of the Byzantine Empire, as the Eastern Roman Empire was now called. Church authority was closely linked with imperial authority, to the point that the Emperor was almost considered holy, and the bishops of the great metropolitan centers, especially the Patriarch of Constantinople, were almost as powerful as the Emperor. As the empire became increasingly autocratic, the church functioned more and more as an arm of the state. The Emperor's power grew absolute, and the Patriarch either pleased him, or was deposed and replaced by someone more loyal. Beginning in 622, the followers of Muhammed rapidly conquered vast regions of the Byzantine Empire. Within a generation, all the great Eastern Christian centers of the ancient world--Jerusalem, Antioch, and Alexandria--had fallen to the Muslims, whose persuasive policy of conversion left Christians as small minorities in Egypt, Palestine, North Africa, Arabia, and Persia. Only Constantinople remained as the bastion of Christianity in the East. The remnant of the Byzantine Empire lived under relentless pressure from its Islamic neighbors, shrinking to the regions around the capital. Constantinople itself finally fell in 1453. The West also lost large provinces to Islam, especially North Africa and Spain, and it lost any ease of communication with Constantinople. The pope's unifying authority was enhanced as the rest of the Mediterranean world was lost. At the same time, Roman missionaries successfully converted the peoples to the north, who naturally looked to Rome as the seat of authority. When Charlemagne was crowned Emperor of the Franks in 800, it was the pope who set the crown on his head. The Eastern church sent missionaries to convert the Slavs of Central Europe in the ninth century. The brothers Cyril and Methodius translated the Bible into Slavonic, leading to the establishment of new, growing Orthodox churches in the distant, inland Eastern provinces. Farther east, Grand Duke Vladimir of Kiev adopted Christianity in 988, beginning the conversion of Russia. After the fall of Constantinople, which had called itself the Second Rome since Constantine, the Grand Duchy of Moscow identified itself as the Third Rome, the heart of the Orthodox church in the East. Constantinople still had a Patriarch, as did the other ancient patriarchal sees, but they had tiny domains within the Muslim world.
__1__ Muhammad's followers conquer vast regions of Byzantine Empire. __3_ Cyril and Methodius translated Bible into Slavonic. __4__ Kiev adopts Christianity. __2__ Eastern Church sends missionaries to Central Europe.
In the early Middle Ages the authority of the Bishop of Rome increased in relation to the other bishops in the Western church. He became known as "pope"or "Papa" in Latin, an early informal title for any priest. Strong popes insisted that kings and emperors in the West were members of the church and therefore, like anyone else, subject to church authority and discipline. In the East, however, the Emperor understood himself as divinely appointed, and outside the authority of the church. Rome also still had vestiges and associations of its imperial glory, and after the barbarian invasions, its church remained the most stable institution in Western Europe. As tribes converted to Christianity, they accepted the ecclesiastical authority of Rome as a given, increasing its power base. Strong popes influenced the development of Christianity by direct involvement in church and theological controversies. Leo the Great, pope from 440 until 461, is credited with stopping Attila the Hun at the gates of Rome, as well as mediating Christological debates within the church. The Fourth Ecumenical Council met at Chalcedon during his reign. Gregory the Great, pope from 590 until 604, was an able administrator. (He also wrote hymns, one of which can be found at #680, The United Methodist Hymnal.) He assisted in the conversion of Spain to Christianity, and also sent missionaries to England. Gregory appointed the first Archbishop of Canterbury, Augustine, in 597, linking the Christians already there to the Roman hierarchy. The introduction of Roman church authority into Britain created some tension with the older Celtic church structure already in place, centered in Ireland. By and large the Celtic churches were subjugated or absorbed into the Roman church, especially as invasions from Angles, Saxons, Jutes, and later Norsemen, destroyed many of the Celtic church centers and monasteries. Pockets of non-Roman Christianity remained that kept older worship forms, and sometimes used vernacular languages. These non-Roman traditions were recognized many years later, as reform-minded Christians looked for alternatives to Roman dominance. The Eastern church flourished in the context of the Byzantine Empire, as the Eastern Roman Empire was now called. Church authority was closely linked with imperial authority, to the point that the Emperor was almost considered holy, and the bishops of the great metropolitan centers, especially the Patriarch of Constantinople, were almost as powerful as the Emperor. As the empire became increasingly autocratic, the church functioned more and more as an arm of the state. The Emperor's power grew absolute, and the Patriarch either pleased him, or was deposed and replaced by someone more loyal. Beginning in 622, the followers of Muhammed rapidly conquered vast regions of the Byzantine Empire. Within a generation, all the great Eastern Christian centers of the ancient world--Jerusalem, Antioch, and Alexandria--had fallen to the Muslims, whose persuasive policy of conversion left Christians as small minorities in Egypt, Palestine, North Africa, Arabia, and Persia. Only Constantinople remained as the bastion of Christianity in the East. The remnant of the Byzantine Empire lived under relentless pressure from its Islamic neighbors, shrinking to the regions around the capital. Constantinople itself finally fell in 1453. The West also lost large provinces to Islam, especially North Africa and Spain, and it lost any ease of communication with Constantinople. The pope's unifying authority was enhanced as the rest of the Mediterranean world was lost. At the same time, Roman missionaries successfully converted the peoples to the north, who naturally looked to Rome as the seat of authority. When Charlemagne was crowned Emperor of the Franks in 800, it was the pope who set the crown on his head. The Eastern church sent missionaries to convert the Slavs of Central Europe in the ninth century. The brothers Cyril and Methodius translated the Bible into Slavonic, leading to the establishment of new, growing Orthodox churches in the distant, inland Eastern provinces. Farther east, Grand Duke Vladimir of Kiev adopted Christianity in 988, beginning the conversion of Russia. After the fall of Constantinople, which had called itself the Second Rome since Constantine, the Grand Duchy of Moscow identified itself as the Third Rome, the heart of the Orthodox church in the East. Constantinople still had a Patriarch, as did the other ancient patriarchal sees, but they had tiny domains within the Muslim world.
__2__ The Eastern Church flourishes in the Byzantine Empire __3_ The followers of Muhammed rapidly conquer regions of Byzantine Empire __4__ Charlemagne crowned Emperor __1__ The Fourth Ecumencial Council
In the early Middle Ages the authority of the Bishop of Rome increased in relation to the other bishops in the Western church. He became known as "pope"or "Papa" in Latin, an early informal title for any priest. Strong popes insisted that kings and emperors in the West were members of the church and therefore, like anyone else, subject to church authority and discipline. In the East, however, the Emperor understood himself as divinely appointed, and outside the authority of the church. Rome also still had vestiges and associations of its imperial glory, and after the barbarian invasions, its church remained the most stable institution in Western Europe. As tribes converted to Christianity, they accepted the ecclesiastical authority of Rome as a given, increasing its power base. Strong popes influenced the development of Christianity by direct involvement in church and theological controversies. Leo the Great, pope from 440 until 461, is credited with stopping Attila the Hun at the gates of Rome, as well as mediating Christological debates within the church. The Fourth Ecumenical Council met at Chalcedon during his reign. Gregory the Great, pope from 590 until 604, was an able administrator. (He also wrote hymns, one of which can be found at #680, The United Methodist Hymnal.) He assisted in the conversion of Spain to Christianity, and also sent missionaries to England. Gregory appointed the first Archbishop of Canterbury, Augustine, in 597, linking the Christians already there to the Roman hierarchy. The introduction of Roman church authority into Britain created some tension with the older Celtic church structure already in place, centered in Ireland. By and large the Celtic churches were subjugated or absorbed into the Roman church, especially as invasions from Angles, Saxons, Jutes, and later Norsemen, destroyed many of the Celtic church centers and monasteries. Pockets of non-Roman Christianity remained that kept older worship forms, and sometimes used vernacular languages. These non-Roman traditions were recognized many years later, as reform-minded Christians looked for alternatives to Roman dominance. The Eastern church flourished in the context of the Byzantine Empire, as the Eastern Roman Empire was now called. Church authority was closely linked with imperial authority, to the point that the Emperor was almost considered holy, and the bishops of the great metropolitan centers, especially the Patriarch of Constantinople, were almost as powerful as the Emperor. As the empire became increasingly autocratic, the church functioned more and more as an arm of the state. The Emperor's power grew absolute, and the Patriarch either pleased him, or was deposed and replaced by someone more loyal. Beginning in 622, the followers of Muhammed rapidly conquered vast regions of the Byzantine Empire. Within a generation, all the great Eastern Christian centers of the ancient world--Jerusalem, Antioch, and Alexandria--had fallen to the Muslims, whose persuasive policy of conversion left Christians as small minorities in Egypt, Palestine, North Africa, Arabia, and Persia. Only Constantinople remained as the bastion of Christianity in the East. The remnant of the Byzantine Empire lived under relentless pressure from its Islamic neighbors, shrinking to the regions around the capital. Constantinople itself finally fell in 1453. The West also lost large provinces to Islam, especially North Africa and Spain, and it lost any ease of communication with Constantinople. The pope's unifying authority was enhanced as the rest of the Mediterranean world was lost. At the same time, Roman missionaries successfully converted the peoples to the north, who naturally looked to Rome as the seat of authority. When Charlemagne was crowned Emperor of the Franks in 800, it was the pope who set the crown on his head. The Eastern church sent missionaries to convert the Slavs of Central Europe in the ninth century. The brothers Cyril and Methodius translated the Bible into Slavonic, leading to the establishment of new, growing Orthodox churches in the distant, inland Eastern provinces. Farther east, Grand Duke Vladimir of Kiev adopted Christianity in 988, beginning the conversion of Russia. After the fall of Constantinople, which had called itself the Second Rome since Constantine, the Grand Duchy of Moscow identified itself as the Third Rome, the heart of the Orthodox church in the East. Constantinople still had a Patriarch, as did the other ancient patriarchal sees, but they had tiny domains within the Muslim world.
__4__ Grand Duchy of Moscow identifies itself as the Third Rome. __3__ Muhammad's forces move throughout the region. __2__ Pope Gregory the Great. __1__ Pope Leo the Great.
According to Catoir, ancient Egyptians believed that the afterlife involved
a full human existence.
The ancient Egyptian belief that everyone could enter and prosper in the netherword was influenced by their
belief that the pharaoh was a god
renaeus (pronounced ear-a-NAY-us) was probably born around 125. As a young man in Smyrna (near Ephesus, in what is now western Turkey) he heard the preaching of Polycarp, who as a young man had heard the preaching of the Apostle John. Afterward, probably while still a young man, Polycarp moved west to Lyons in southern France. In 177, Pothinus, the bishop of Lyons, sent him on a mission to Rome. During his absence a severe persecution broke out in Lyons, claiming the lives of the bishop and others. When Irenaeus returned to Lyons, he was made bishop. He died around 202. He is thus an important link between the apostolic church and later times, and also an important link between Eastern and Western Christianity. One of the earliest heresies to arise in the Christian church was Gnosticism, and Irenaeus was one of its chief early opponents. Not all Gnostics believed exactly the same thing, but the general outlines of the belief are fairly clear. Gnostics were dualists, teaching that there are two great opposing forces: good versus evil, light versus darkness, knowledge versus ignorance, spirit versus matter. Since the world is material, and leaves much room for improvement, they denied that God had made it. "How can the perfect produce the imperfect, the infinite produce the finite, the spiritual produce the material?" they asked. One solution was to say that there were thirty beings called AEons, and that God had made the first AEon, which made the second AEon, which made the third, and so on to the thirtieth AEon, which made the world. (This, Gnostics pointed out to the initiate, was the true inward spiritual meaning of the statement that Jesus was thirty years old when he began to preach.) As Irenaeus pointed out, this did not help at all. Assuming the Gnostic view of the matter, each of the thirty must be either finite or infinite, material or non-material, and somewhere along the line you would have an infinite being producing a finite one, a spiritual being producing a material one. According to this reading, Irenaeus was a solid supporter of the Gnostics. Question options:
false
During the funerary process, an important ceremony involved opening the _________.
mouth
The Qur'an means:
recitation
During the mummification process, ____________ were mixed in a concoction and applied to the dead body in order to preserve it.
salts, spices, and resin
Question 1 Research on ancient Egypt suggests that _________ was the guiding moral principle for all people.
the concept of Maat