Religion Midterm - Estrada TCU
Which of the following were some of the major reasons why Romans persecuted Christians? (multi-select possible)
Christians seen as a massive liability to the state (theistic worldview) Christians seen as treasonous Christians seen as counter-cultural
The name of the areas where Jews resided outside their homeland.
Diaspora
Where can one find this statement: "If any one sees his brother committing what is not a mortal sin, he will ask, and God will give him life for those whose sin is not mortal. There is sin which is mortal; I do not say that one is to pray for that. 17 All wrongdoing is sin, but there is sin which is not mortal."
1 John
Which biblical passage explicitly speaks of sins which were mortal and non-mortal?
1 John 5:16-17
In which early Christian documents do we clearly see a great amount of struggle in the transmission of authority from the apostles to the bishops? That is, we read statements which suggest that other Christians did not take them seriously; their youth was despised and other challenges of this sort.
1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus (three of these)
Fill in the blank. First-century Judaism was a monotheistic religion that claimed a connection to _______ and stretched across the Mediterranean world; it had numerous adherents from various kingdoms and cultures.
Abraham
Where can one find this statement: "19 Now the works of the flesh are plain: fornication, impurity, 20 idolatry, sorcery, enmity, strife, jealousy, anger, selfishness, dissension, part 21 envy, drunkenness, carousing, and the like. I warn you, as I warned you before, that those who do such things shall not inherit the kingdom of God."?
Galatians
2 John 1:7 For many deceivers have gone out into the world, men who will not acknowledge the coming of Jesus Christ in the flesh; such a one is the deceiver and the antichrist.
Gnosticism existed in the early Christian world Gnostic movements most likely rejected Jesus' corporeal nature
This apostle was always placed last on the list of apostles.
Judas
The name of the area where Jews resided inside their homeland.
Judea
From the early sources, we know that _____________ Jews and ______________ Jews openly disagreed about the location of the true temple.
Judean // Samaritan
From the following list, who mentions the existence of Merciful Catholic Christians who did not wish to do ecclesial penance? (Multi-select possible)
Justin Martyr Tertullian Cyprian
The following passage from Isaiah may have served which of the New Testament authors in their portrayal of Jesus as divine? "Isaiah 45:22-23; 22 "Turn to me and be saved, all the ends of the earth! For I am God, and there is no other. 23 By myself I have sworn, from my mouth has gone forth in righteousness a word that shall not return: `To me every knee shall bow, every tongue shall swear.'"
Matthew
In which text do we read about the theory of the apostles' possessing a collective power to make authoritative decisions?
Matthew 18
Which of the following was not a translation of the Old Testament circulating in Roman Palestine during the time of Jesus?
Old Latin Version
Which of the following Church authors could be said to have integrated Gnostic thinking and approaches to the way this author did theology?
Origen
Which of the following were Christian Platonists within the Greater Church? (Multi-select possible)
Origen
If you were to pick up one of Marcion's writings, which of the following statements would you most likely find?
Paul's letters have been significantly tampered with by his Jewish Christian opponents.
The book titled Shepherd of Hermas would be used by which of the following groups as a witness to the second-century origins of Penance?
Penance as Originating in Second Century
The book titled Shepherd of Hermas would not be used by which of the following groups as a witness to the second-century origins of Penance?
Penance as Originating with Jesus and Apostles
Which of the following three areas were a point of contention between Jews and Christians?
Person of Jesus The Mosaic Law Israel's Status as God's People (all of the above)
This particular apostle was told by Jesus that he would be given the keys to the kingdom of heaven and that the gates of hell would not prevail against the church.
Peter
In our lecture, we noted that John Chrysostom (d.401) was said to have identified the rock as which of the four possible interpretations?
Peter's faith
Which of the following Jewish figures only quoted from the first five books of the Bible (i.e., the Pentateuch)?
Philo
This student of Socrates retold one of the most famous allegories ever narrated by his teacher, which later established the point of departure for all Gnostic thinking about cosmology, religion and spirituality.
Plato
Gnosticism was most closely aligned with which of the following Greek philosophies?
Platonism
Of the following groups, which could be seen as precedents for Christian monastics?
Platonist philosophers Essenes Therepeutae (All the above)
The arguments between which two groups over the past 500 years have made it difficult to study the question of the canon of Scripture for an entire array of reasons?
Protestant and Catholic Christians
Which of the following groups had a 66-book canon of Scripture?
Protestants
During the time of Jesus (ca. 7 BC - 33 AD), Judean Jews lived largely under whose rule?
Roman
Peter was an early disciple of Jesus whose original name was Simon, which means reed; his name was later changed and meant stone, rock or Rocky. He was often seen by Christians from the second century onwards as the co-founder of the Church of _________.
Rome
Peter's martyrdom is said to have taken place in which city?
Rome
Where did Constantine win the Battle of the Milvian Bridge?
Rome
Which city was famous for its claim that both Peter and Paul were martyred within its walls?
Rome
Of the following, which was the favorite title for Jesus in Paul's writings?
Son of God
Which of the following is by far one of the most significant titles for Jesus in the Synoptic Gospels because it pertains to Jesus' constitution as either a human or a divine being?
Son of Man
Which of the following are examples of Greater Church leaders who created lists of scriptural books?
Valentinus
T/F: Gnostic Christian groups made no claims about the legitimacy of their communities over and against other Christian groups. To them, all forms of Christianity were equally viable paths to union with God.
false
T/F: Gnosticism spread into only a small handful of areas where the Greater Church had already established its roots.
false
T/F: Irenaeus of Lyons is a great example of a Gnostic Christian thinker.
false
T/F: Jesus supported the idea that idea of belonging to God's people was entirely a matter of ethnic identity.
false
T/F: Marcion of Pontus (fl. ca. 140s) accepted many books of the Jewish Old Testament.
false
T/F: Moss and others who reject early Christian claims about martyrdoms usually regard Tacitus' description of Nero's persecution of Christians as absolutely correct and reliable.
false
T/F: Orthodoxy refers to false belief / practice within Christianity.
false
T/F: Scholars have no problems in accepting at face value Eusebius' reports about early Christians such as Melito and Origen creating lists of scriptural books.
false
T/F: Christology is a teaching about Jesus Christ. It is made of two term (logos [teaching / doctrine] + Christos [Christ]).
true
T/F: For leaders like Ireneaus, history should matter to all Christians because the orthodox Churches, he claims, had maintained an institutional connection to the earliest leaders appointed by the apostles throughout the Mediterranean world.
true
T/F: Gnostic teachers tried to fortify the faith of Christians in the Greater Church, by encouraging them to look to their history, the unbroken lineage of bishops in their communities reaching back to the days of the Apostles as signs of the validity of their beliefs.
true
T/F: Heracleon is a great example of a Gnostic Christian thinker.
true
T/F: Some early Christians in the Catholic Church rejected the practice of penance on the basis of Paul's statements about salvation by faith alone.
true
T/F: Some later Christians later claimed that the Council of Nicea accepted the Book of Tobit and Judith on to its sacred list of canonical books.
true
T/F: Teachers of the Greater Church tried to fortify the faith of Christians in the Greater Church by encouraging them to question everything including their understanding of their history and the unbroken lineage of bishops in their communities reaching back to the days of the Apostles.
true
The Gnostics regarded themselves as the true Christians.
true
Which of the following authors frequently interpreted the rock of Matthew 16:18 as Peter?
Cyprian
The developments from henotheism to monotheism took place in which religion?
Judaism
T/F: Christians could have found precedents in the Jewish world for a monastic lifestyle.
true
Tertullian argued in defense of which of the following books as part of the inspired book of the Scriptures?
Book of Enoch
If one accepted the historical reliability of the Gospel of John, one would have to conclude that persecutions of the followers of Jesus began in what time frame?
30-40 AD
Jerome is mostly associated with which numbering of the Old Testament books?
39
The current shape of most of the NT canon emerged around ______AD.
400
Augustine is mostly associated with which numbering of the Old Testament books?
46
Judaism of the Second Temple Era runs roughly between which dates?
517 BC - 70 AD
In which text do we read about the apostles meeting to make a collective decision about the inclusion of the Gentiles into the Church?
Acts 15
Which of the following texts provided a precedent for all later church councils from the 100s onwards because the approval of the Holy Spirit was also mentioned in reasons for their decisions?
Acts 15
In this book, Peter and Paul occupy most of the narrative. Over 80% of the story is focused on their words, actions and travels.
Acts of the Apostles
Which document records the accomplishments of the apostles in the first century of the Church?
Acts of the Apostles
He bitterly opposed Arius and his supporters in the opening phases of the controversy, arguing that the Son of God must be eternal and God just as the Father is God.
Alexander of Alexandria
In which of the following parts of the world do we see authors in the fourth century producing lists of scriptural books? (multi-select possible)
Alexandria, Egypt Carthage, North Africa Caesarea (modern-day Northern Israel) Hippo, North Africa
The founder of this movement claimed that the Son of God was not eternal. The Council of Nicea met to discuss his propositions about the Son of God.
Arianism
He rejected the idea that the Son of God was of the same substance as the Father, a position later referred to as the homoousios or the consubstantiality of the Son with the Father.
Arius
Which of the following are examples of Greater Church leaders who created lists of scriptural books?
Athanasius Eusebius Augustine Gregory of Nazianzen (all of the above)
Which of the following authors interpreted the rock of Matthew 16:18 as Peter, Peter's faith, Christ and the papacy?
Augustine of Hippo
This book contains a record of the account of a certain Old Testament figure who was taken up into heaven and divinized.
Book of Enoch
Which of the following are examples of Catholic councils that created lists of scriptural books? (multi-select possible)
Council of Jamnia Council of Hippo Council of Jerusalem Council of Carthage (all of the above)
___________ and __________ are two Western, sixth-century monastic figures who are responsible for composing a monastic rule and a curriculum for reading sacred texts.
Benedict / Cassiodorus
Which ascetic figure established a monastic community at Monte Casino, Italy?
Benedict of Nursia
In which book is the "Son of Man" identified as the saints of God?
Book of Daniel
This book contains a depiction of what at first glance seems to be an older deity and a younger deity in the heavenly court. Certain scholars believe this book is the key to understanding the Christology of the Gospel of Mark and the overall trajectory of early Christian understandings of Christ's essence as a human-divine being.
Book of Daniel
Which of the following books mentions God conversing among human beings?
Book of Daniel
Please select the best term for the following definition: A list of authoritative books to be used in the liturgy and for the purpose of establishing the faith and moral practices of Christians.
Canon of Scripture
Which of the following contemporary groups has the most Old Testament books?
Catholics
Which of the following groups had a 73-book canon of Scripture?
Catholics
Which of the following events seems to been among the greatest factors in Jesus' execution?
Cleansing of temple
This person convoked the Council of Nicea which addressed the questions raised by a controversial priest in Alexandria.
Constantine
Which of the following Roman emperors built a basilica in Peter's honor?
Constantine
Which of the following emperors was the first to take positive action in promoting Christianity? This emperor, for example, convoked the famous Council of Nicea (325).
Constantine
Around 330 AD, the Emperor Constantine is said to have transferred the capital of the Roman Empire to which city?
Constantinople
During ancient Christianity, the process of penance included which of the following:
Contrition of Christian Confession to bishop Penance (e.g., refraining from consuming Eucharist) Absolution (all of the above)
This council affirmed the full equality between the Father, the Son and Holy Spirit.
Council of Constantinople (381)
During the time of Jesus, Jewish communities could be found in which parts of the Roman world?
Egypt Italy Spain Greece (all of the above)
Which of the following was a type of Christian monasticism?
Eremetic
Which of the following Jewish groups of the Second Temple Era lived in lodgings near the Dead Sea and have left us documents commonly referred to as the "Dead Sea Scrolls?"
Essenes
Which of the following groups left numerous religious texts in a bunch of caves near the Dead Sea?
Essenes
On which bases did the early Church leaders believe that they had the authority to forgive sins?
Example of Jesus Paul and the Corinthian Community (all the above)
Where can one find this statement: "If you forgive the sins of any, they are forgiven; if you retain the sins of any, they are retained.""?
Gospel of John
Which of the following documents mention the three entities (i.e., Father [or God], the Son and the Holy Spirit).
Gospel of Matthew Clement of Rome, Letter to the Corinthians Accounts of the Baptism of Jesus
Which of the following were examples of canonical Gospels? (muti-select possible)
Gospel of Matthew Gospel of Mark
Which of the following were examples of non-canonical Gospels? (muti-select possible)
Gospel of Thomas Gospel of Truth
Fill in the blank. Hellenistic: Heavily influenced by __________ ways of speaking, thinking and living
Greek
Which early Christian author spent much time trying to advocate for the three-fold office of bishop-priest-deacon (i.e., the model of Church governance which dominated in the greater Church of the earliest centuries)?
Ignatius of Antioch
Which of the following authors attests to Peter's connection to Rome and/or the monuments commemorating Peter and Paul?
Ignatius of Antioch Dionysius of Corinth (a&b)
The phenomenon of martyrdom brought about which of the following developments among early Christians? (multi-select possible)
Increased the Authority of Church's Leaders Gave Christians More Clarity on Salvation Prolonged the process of initiation into the Christian community Increased separation of Judaism from Christianity
Which of the following Church authors said that there were as many Gnosticisms as there were Gnostics?
Irenaeus
Which of the following authors is known to have interpreted the rock of Matthew 16:18 as the papacy?
Jerome
Josephus, the Jamnia Academy, the Essenes and the Epistle of Jude are all _________________ to competing understandings of what was regarded as scripture in first-century Judaism.
Jewish witnesses
This gospel was by far the favorite of the second-century Gnostics.
John
Which of the following authors spoke about the persecution of James the Brother of Jesus at the hands of Jewish religious authorities in Jerusalem?
Josephus
Which of the following non-Christian authors spoke about persecution of Christians? (multi-select possible)
Josephus Tacitus Epictetus
Which of the following historical figures was an opponent of monasticism?
Jovinian
The concept of apostolic succession implies which of the following ideas. N.b., Multi-select possible
Lines of authority guarantee transmission of right teaching and worship practices Current bishops trace lineage back to earliest apostles Other Christian communities outside these lines of succession not legitimate
This person eliminated the Old Testament and a significant portion of the New from his canon of Scriptures.
Marcion of Pontus
Which of the following statements about Marcella of Rome is not true?
Married a wealthy aristocrat
In the Gospel of ______, we find the story about Jesus giving the keys of the kingdom and promising to build the Church on the rock, despite the attempt to destroy the rock and the Church by the powers of death.
Matthew
This particular understanding of God regards the Son as subordinate to the Father.
Monarchianism
Among Old Testament scholars, the Book of Isaiah is generally seen as a witness to this particular understanding of God's nature.
Monotheism
Early Christians had to balance this belief against the claim that Jesus Christ was God. Multiple solutions had to be proposed to resolve it.
Monotheism
Paul's understanding of the law, at first sight, seems to suggest which of the following? (multi-select possible)
Mosaic law is not a source of salvation for Christians. Mosaic law is over for Christians
Which of the following Roman emperors was widely believed by Christians to have executed Peter and Paul around the same time?
Nero
Which of the following authors rejected the possibility of penance? (multi-select possible)
Novatian
Later opponents of the Council of Nicea argued that this council affirmed _____________ by using the phrase "homoousious" in reference to the connection of the Son of God to the Father.
Sabellianism
This doctrine of God maintains that there is one divine person manifested in three ways or modalities. Whenever one begins speaking of God as water, this theology has entered the conversation.
Sabellianism / Modalism
His theology is an attempt to defend monotheism and the divinity of Christ, but in the end, he acknowledges only one divine person and one divine nature.
Sabellius
Which of the following groups had a 5 book canon of Scripture?
Sadducees
Which of the following groups was in favor of Jewish collaboration with Roman rule in Judea?
Sadducees
Which of the following groups belonged to Judaism of the Second Temple Era?
Sadducees Zealots Essenes Pharisees Followers of Jesus (all of the above)
The name of the Jewish Bible which was translated into Greek during the centuries before Jesus' birth. It became one of the most popular versions of the Old Testament used in the Church.
Septuagint
What was Peter's original name before it was changed by Jesus? Hint: that old name meant "reed."
Simon
A growing number of scholars believe that the author of the Gospel of Mark was trying to connect Jesus to whom or what in the following statement: "Mark 14: 61 But he was silent and made no answer. Again the high priest asked him, "Are you the Christ, the Son of the Blessed?" 62 And Jesus said, "I am; and you will see the Son of man seated at the right hand of Power, and coming with the clouds of heaven"? (Multi-select Possible)
Son of Man in Book of Daniel
Gnosticism differed from most other Christian Churches in which of the following respects:
Sophia as the spark of every Gnostic material world regarded as inherently evil taught that the way of return to God provided via gnosis alone had a low regard for the leaders of the Church (all of the above)
In the history of Christian interpretation, how has the following statement been understood in reference to Jesus: "17 And as he was setting out on his journey, a man ran up and knelt before him, and asked him, "Good Teacher, what must I do to inherit eternal life?" 18 And Jesus said to him, "Why do you call me good? No one is good but God alone. 19 You know the commandments: `Do not kill, Do not commit adultery, Do not steal, Do not bear false witness, Do not defraud, Honor your father"....?
Statement Challenging the Divinity of Jesus
Who was the first recorded martyr in the history of Christianity (outside Jesus of course)? N.b., this person's story is mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles.
Stephen
Which of the following authors speaks about the persecution of numerous Christians in the city of Rome at the hands of the Emperor Nero in the year 64 AD?
Tacitus
He opposed Sabellius and other Modalists by arguing in the third century that God existed in one nature and three persons. He was the first to use the Latin term "trinitas"
Tertullian
Which of the following authors accepted the possibility of penance? (multi-select possible)
Tertullian Cyprian
Please identify the opponents of Marcion from the list below. (Multi-Select Possible)
Tertullian Justin Martyr
Scholars have expressed doubts about lists of scriptural books attributed to the following authors? (multi-select possible)
Tertullian Origen Eusebius of Caesarea Melito of Sardis (all of the above)
According to the text, the apostles claimed that their decision about the inclusion of the Gentiles into the Church had the backing not only of themselves but also __________________?
The Holy Spirit
Please read the following selection from Heracleon the Gnostic, one of our primary source texts, and answer the question after the end of the paragraph. John 1:3 Through the word everything came to be, and without the word nothing came to be. [Heracleon's comments]: Everything is the world and what is in the world, but the aeon and what is in the aeon was not born through the word. Nothing is what is in the world and the creation. Who provided the cause of the generation of the world to the demiurge was the word, who is not the one from or by whom but through whom the world was generated. The word did not create as if he were given energy by another, but while he was providing energy, another, the demiurge, created. In that sense the world was generated through the word." Which of the following provided the framework for Heracleon's explaination of the opening words of John's Gospel?
The allegory of the cave
The seeds for the parting of ways, we have argued, can be traced back to which of the following historical periods or events?
The ministry of Jesus and apostles
The understanding of God set forth here maintains that there is one God existing eternally in three persons.
Trinitarianism
Dr. Candida Moss would make which of the following statements? (multi-select possible)
Very few actual executions of Christians tool place in early Christianity The Roman government did not even know who the Christians were before the second century (i.e., 100-200 AD). The stories about Christian martyrs were largely made up by later church officials
The majority of scholars who study the Book of Acts (i.e., a New Testament Book which contains the earliest know history of Christianity) regard the book as which of the following? (multi-select possible)
containing reliable accounts of persecution and martyrdoms reliable
T/F: For leaders like Irenaeus, orthodoxy (i.e., right belief) did not matter because the truths about God, Christ and the Church are equally possessed by all groups claiming to represent Christian truth.
false
Catholic Christians established their position on the Old Testament canon using which of the following views about the number of Old Testament books?
a broader Jewish collection of OT books
The Council of Trent established its position on the Old Testament canon using which of the following views about the number of Old Testament books?
a broader Jewish collection of OT books
There were __________ doubts about the Catholic Epistles and Revelation between ca. 400-1500.
a few lingering
Those who accept the historical accuracy of the Gospel of John's report about the early beginning of the persecutions would be likely to regard the gospel as ______________________.
a reliable historical account of what took place
Martin Luther established his position on the Old Testament canon using which of the following views about the number of Old Testament books?
a restricted Jewish collection of OT books
Protestant Christians established their position on the Old Testament canon using which of the following views about the number of Old Testament books?
a restricted Jewish collection of OT books
Fill in the blank. Jews across the Mediterranean world mostly __________ about including the first five books of the Bible (i.e., Pentateuch) into their collection of sacred scriptures.
agreed
Which of the following are challenges for understanding how authority worked in early Christianity?
confessionalization of Christian scholarship since 16th century paucity of materialsmon earliest Christian debates over authority dating of the New Testament documents ranges (ca. 40-150 AD) (three of these)
The process of including or excluding books from the canon (i.e., list) of Scripture.
canonization
According to this belief, there is primarily one God for a given people, although this belief does not reject the notion that other gods exist.
henotheism
Which of the following were the charges brought against Socrates, which eventually brought about his execution? (Multi-Select Possible)
corrupting the youth failing to acknowledge the gods that the city acknowledges
First-century Jewish understandings of community included not only living Jews but also those _____________.
deceased
Beneath St. Peter's Basilica lies which of the following?
dirt ancient cemetery ancient race track (three of these)
The following quote from Marcion illustrates which of his beliefs? (Multi-select possible): "The Good is good toward all men; the Creator, however, promises salvation only to those who are obedient to him. The Good redeems those who believe in him, but he does not judge those who are disobedient to him; the Creator, however, redeems his faithful and judges and punishes the sinners. "
dithesim (two deities) dislike of God of Old Testament
Judaism of the Second Temple Era as a whole could best be described by which of the following terms?
divided
Today, a small but rising number of New Testament scholars have begun to see the title "Son of Man" as a reference to the _____________________________ of Jesus.
divinity
When did Israel begin to turn toward monotheism?
during / after the Babylonian Exile
T/F: For leaders like Irenaeus, history did not really matter because the truths about God, Christ and the Church are not connected to an institution, much less leaders claiming to be connected to the apostles through an unbroken succession.
false
The Hebrew Bible show that Jews had a ___________ conception of God's essence (formally referred to as "theology").
evolving
Based on existing beliefs about the Jewish scriptures at the time of Jesus, there were few options for the members of early Church in terms of what they could and could not do with regard to the Jewish scriptures.
false
T/F: All sins were regarded as being of the same gravity by the greater church in the early centuries of the Christian movement.
false
T/F: At first glance, Jesus and Paul's statements about the law and a person's attainment of eternal life are almost identical.
false
T/F: At first glance, Jesus in the Gospel of Matthew appears to be saying that Jewish law is over for the followers of Jesus.
false
T/F: At the time of Jesus, Jews inside and outside Judea were mostly in agreement about the books that should be regarded as the Scriptures of Israel.
false
T/F: By and large, Jews around the time of Jesus were largely in agreement about the precise number of books in the Bible.
false
T/F: Even before Marcion came on the scene (ca. 140), many Christian leaders had already created a list of authoritative scriptural books.
false
T/F: Even before Marcion's time, there is evidence that Christians of the Greater Church were creating lists of scriptural books.
false
Please select the following adjectives that do not describe the Jewish scriptures at the time of Jesus. (Multi-select possible)
few existing only in Hebrew agreed upon universally
How were the apostles portrayed by bishops in the second and third centuries?
first bishops prototypes of bishops (a&b)
Which of the following descriptions would match Tacitus' statements about the number of Christians in the city of Rome who were executed by the Emperor Nero? (multi-select possible)
great multitude a ton of them
According to the majority of Hebrew Bible scholars, the following statements from Exodus 18:11 illustrate which of the following theological developments in Israel: "2 "I am the LORD your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of bondage. 3 "You shall have no other gods before me... 22 And the LORD said to Moses, "Thus you shall say to the people of Israel: `You have seen for yourselves that I have talked with you from heaven. 23 You shall not make gods of silver to be with me, nor shall you make for yourselves gods of gold"? (Multi-Select Possible)
henotheism
According to most New Testament scholars, the following words from the Gospel of John would be an illustration of which of the following Christologies: John 1:1-5 "In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. 2 He was in the beginning with God; 3 all things were made through him, and without him was not anything made that was made. 4 In him was life, and the life was the light of men. 5 The light shines in the darkness, and the darkness has not overcome it."
high Christology
This particular understanding of Christology has been seen by many scholars as the logical culmination of the portrayal of Jesus set forth in the Gospel of John.
higher Christology
For some church leaders in the second century and even to this day for most scholars, the title "Son of Man" referred primarily to which aspect of Jesus's constitution?
humanity
Which of the following choices best describe the duration of time it took for all the New Testament books to be included in the final collection of what we today regard as the 27-book canon of the New Testament?
long time
According to most scholars, the following statements uttered by Jesus would be an illustration of what type of Christology?: Mark 10:17-23 17 And as he was setting out on his journey, a man ran up and knelt before him, and asked him, "Good Teacher, what must I do to inherit eternal life?" 18 And Jesus said to him, "Why do you call me good? No one is good but God alone. 19 You know the commandments: 'Do not kill, Do not commit adultery, Do not steal, Do not bear false witness, Do not defraud, Honor your father and mother."' 20 And he said to him, "Teacher, all these I have observed from my youth." 21 And Jesus looking upon him loved him, and said to him, "You lack one thing; go, sell what you have, and give to the poor, and you will have treasure in heaven; and come, follow me." 22 At that saying his countenance fell, and he went away sorrowful; for he had great possessions. 23 And Jesus looked around and said to his disciples, "How hard it will be for those who have riches to enter the kingdom of God!"
low Christology
This type of Christology regards Jesus as human and fundamentally outside the world of the divine. The Synoptic Gospels have been traditionally seen in this light.
lower Christology
In the first century AD, thinkers like Plato and Aristotle carried much weight in intellectual circles throughout the Mediterranean world.
true
What was the original and literal meaning of the term "canon" in the Greek language?
measuring stick
Please select the adjective(s) that best describe the author's attitude toward Marcion in the following quotation (multi-select possible): "For John too in the Apocalypse, though he writes to seven churches, yet speaks to all. Howbeit to Philemon one, to Titus one, and to Timothy two were put in writing from personal inclination and attachment, to be in honour however with the Catholic Church for the ordering of the ecclesiastical mode of life. There is current also one to the Laodicenes, another to the Alexandrians, [both] forged in Paul's name to suit the heresy of Marcion, and several others, which cannot be received into the Catholic Church; for it is not fitting that gall be mixed with honey."
mistrusting of Marcion hostile toward Marcion
An institution of ascetical practices lived in solitude, community or both and aimed at bringing one and the Church as a whole closer to God
monasticism
An institution of rigorous ascetic practices and lifestyles aimed at bringing one closer to God.
monasticism
In the following quotation, many Hebrew Bible scholars find which of the following theological belief systems: Isaiah 45:21 "Declare and present your case; let them take counsel together! Who told this long ago? Who declared it of old? Was it not I, the LORD? And there is no other god besides me, a righteous God and a Savior; there is none besides me"?
monotheism
For Jesus, according to the Gospel of Matthew, which of the following two options was more important for establishing one's belonging to God's people?
moral behavior
Please select the following adjectives that describe the Jewish scriptures at the time of Jesus. (Multi-select possible)
numerous existing in various translations
In the Greek language, bishop (episkopos) means which of the following?
overseer
This expression refers to the gradual separation between Christianity and Judaism over its first five centuries.
parting of ways
A long process of reconciliation with God and the Church.
penance
Which of the following adjectives best describes the various Judaisms of Jesus' time?
pluralistic
According to the majority of Hebrew Bible scholars, the following statements from Exodus 18:11 does not illustrate which of the following theological developments in Israel: "2 "I am the LORD your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of bondage. 3 "You shall have no other gods before me... 22 And the LORD said to Moses, "Thus you shall say to the people of Israel: `You have seen for yourselves that I have talked with you from heaven. 23 You shall not make gods of silver to be with me, nor shall you make for yourselves gods of gold"? (Multi-Select Possible)
polytheism monotheism atheism
The following is what type of use of the term "canon": "All the books of the OT and NT, contents included?"
popular
Monasticism has conferred which of the following benefits upon Christianity?
preserved Eastern and Western secular and religious literary culture created the intellectual framework for biblical and theological scholarship reinvigorated Christianity down through centuries (all the above)
Which of the following adjectives are accurate descriptions of undergoing penance in the early Church. (Multi-select possible)
procedural ecclesial (i.e., involving the church and its leaders) long hard
T/F: At first glance, Paul in the Letter to the Galatians appears to be saying that Jewish law is over for the followers of Jesus.
true
T/F: Christianity originated from within Judaism.
true
Please read this excerpt from Irenaeus (ca. 180), the Church Father. But, again, when we refer them to that tradition which originates from the apostles, [and] which is preserved by means of the successions of presbyters in the Churches, they object to tradition, saying that they themselves are wiser not merely than the presbyters, but even than the apostles, because they have discovered the unadulterated truth. For [they maintain] that the apostles intermingled the things of the law with the words of the Saviour ; and that not the apostles alone, but even the Lord Himself, spoke as at one time from the Demiurge, at another from the intermediate place, and yet again from the Pleroma, but that they themselves, indubitably, unsulliedly, and purely, have knowledge of the hidden mystery : this is, indeed, to blaspheme their Creator after a most impudent manner! It comes to this, therefore, that these men do now consent neither to Scripture nor to tradition. How would you categorize Irenaeus' above response to Gnosticism?
refutation
In response to Gnosticism's challenges, Christians of the greater church adopted which types of actions?
refutation integration acceptance (all of the above)
In early Christianity there were four interpretations concerning the _________________ mentioned by Jesus in the Gospel of Matthew (i.e., Jesus, Peter's person, Peter's faith, the papacy or Peter's confession of faith in Jesus' divinity)?
rock
Which of the following adjectives describe Judaism from the Second Temple era?
sacramental pluralistic international (all of the above)
In opposition to the view that the practice of penance began with Jesus and the apostles in the first century, another view holds that the practice of penance began in which century?
second
Which of the following monastic communities integrated both solitary and communal elements?
skete
Which famous event was said to have occurred near St. Peter's Basilica?
the martyrdom of Peter
Which of the four remains the most controversial interpretation of the rock in Matthew 16? Jesus, Peter's person, Peter's faith, the papacy or Peter's confession of faith in Jesus' divinity?
the papacy
For certain scholars such as Salvatore Lilla, Christianity is mostly Platonism with very slight modifications.
true
Gnosticism Compelled the Greater Church to More Clearly Articulate its Understanding of which of the following. (Multi-select possible)
theology authority cosmology salvation
As a whole, scholarship is undecided as to how exactly Christian Gnosticism emerged.
true
Please read the following snippet from the words attributed to Jesus by the author of the Gospel of Matthew and answer the question after this selection: Matthew 13:10-19: 10 Then the disciples came and said to him, "Why do you speak to them in parables?" 11 And he answered them, "To you it has been given to know the secrets of the kingdom of heaven, but to them it has not been given.12 For to him who has will more be given, and he will have abundance; but from him who has not, even what he has will be taken away. 13 This is why I speak to them in parables, because seeing they do not see, and hearing they do not hear, nor do they understand. To Gnostic Christians such as Valentinus, such words above might signify which of the following: (multi-select possible)
truth in the hands of the few all sensory data (i.e., info from sight, sound, touch etc.) is illusory at best
Within the history of Christianity from the early days to the present, which of the following have been the postures of people recognized as martyrs by various Christian communities? (multi-select possible)
undergoing persecution, torture etc. fighting back exchanging bullets with those about to persecute being tied to a stake
The minority of scholars who study the Book of Acts (i.e., a New Testament Book which contains the earliest know history of Christianity) regard the book as which of the following? (multi-select possible)
unreliable containing unreliable accounts of persecution and martyrdoms etc.
Ancient Christian communities divided sin into which two categories?
venial vs. mortal
Which of the following is true about the allegory of the cave? The allegory ______.
was characteristic of Socrates' life work (i.e., seek hidden essence of things)
Which of the following have been proposed as the origin of Gnosticism within Christianity?
within Christianity outside Christianity and Judaism Platonizing forms of Judaism (all of the above)