Renal System MCQ

If the glomerular fi ltration rate is too high, the macula densa sends a message to the afferent arteriole. What is the effect of this message? A. granular cells of arteriole walls release renin B. afferent arteriole dilates C. it inhibits the action of ATP and adenosine on the afferent arteriole D. afferent arteriole constricts

D

In the glomerulus, what is the method by which solutes are transferred from the blood to the Bowman's capsule? A. diffusion B. active transport C. secretion D. fi ltration

D

In the nephron, if the afferent arteriole dilates and the efferent arteriole constricts, which of the following would be true? A. The glomerular fi ltration rate would decrease. B. The pressure in the glomerulus will decrease. C. The absorption of sodium and chloride ions form the fi ltrate would increase. D. Before these events, the granular cells would have released renin.

D

In what part (or parts) of the renal tubule reabsorb the least material from the fi ltrate? A. the distal convoluted tubule B. the loop of Henle C. the proximal convoluted tubule D. the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct together

D

In which part of the nephron does most of the reabsorption of water and solutes occur? A. the collecting duct B. the nephron loop (loop of Henle) C. the vasa recta D. the proximal convoluted tubule

D

In which section of the renal tubule is most water reabsorbed? A. descending limb of the loop of Henle. B. ascending limb of the loop of Henle. C. collecting duct. D. proximal convoluted tubule.

D

Solutes move from the blood in the glomerular capillaries into the Bowman's capsule due to which of the following infl uences? A. osmotic pressure difference B. diffusion down the concentration gradient C. by active transport D. hydrostatic pressure difference

D

The functional unit of the kidney that fi lters blood and produces urine is called the: A. medulla B. glomerulus C. neurone D. nephron

D

The nephrons of the kidney consist of A. Bowman's capsule, a loop of Henle, a collecting duct and a renal tubule B. a juxtaglomerular apparatus and collecting duct C. a glomerulus and a juxtaglomerular apparatus D. a glomerulus, a proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, and a distal convoluted tubule

D

The renal tubule reabsorbs all of the following ions except one. Which one? A. Na + B. HCO 3− C. Cl − D. NH 4+

D

To what does the "juxtaglomerular apparatus" refer? A. to those nephrons whose loop of Henle penetrate deep into the medulla B. to the lamina densa and podocytes that form fi ltration slits around the capillaries of the glomerulus C. to the capillaries that surround the loop of Henle of juxtamedullary nephrons D. to certain cells of the distal convoluted tubule where it touches the afferent arteriole.

D

What is the place where the arteries, veins, lymphatics and nerves enter or leave the kidney called? A. The carina B. The reno-atrio notch C. The renal pelvis D. The hilus

D

What is the term used to describe the production of an insuffi cient volume of urine? A. polyuria B. uremia C. anuria D. oliguria

D

Where are all of the glomeruli of the kidney located? A. in the medulla B. in the columns C. in the pyramids D. in the cortex

D

Which hormone causes increased sodium reabsorption in the kidney? A. angiotensin I B. antidiuretic hormone C. vasopressin D. aldosterone

D

Which one of the following is part of the renal tubule? A. glomerulus B. vasa recta C. collecting duct D. macula densa

D

Which section of the renal tubule is permeable to urea? A. descending limb of the loop of Henle. B. ascending limb of the loop of Henle. C. collecting duct in the presence of aldosterone. D. proximal convoluted tubule.

D

Which type of anti-hypertensive drug aims to prevent vasoconstriction? A. beta blockers B. diuretics C. ACE inhibitors D. calcium channel blockers

D

If a urine specifi c gravity was measured to be 1.003, an interpretation would be that: A. the person was dehydrated B. the person was well hydrated C. the urine sample had a density less than water D. the urine was concentrated

B

In which structure does blood fi ltration in the kidney occur? The: A. macula densa B. renal corpuscle C. major calyx D. vasa recta

B

The density of water is 1.00 g/ml and it has a specifi c gravity of 1.000. Which of the following is most likely to be the specifi c gravity of a urine sample? A. 1.000 B. 1.015 C. 0.980 D. 1.020 g/ml

B

The infl uence (or infl uences) that drives blood fi ltration in the kidney is A. difference in osmolarity between blood in the glomerulus and fi ltrate in the Bowman's capsule B. fluid pressure difference between blood in the glomerulus and filtrate in the Bowman's capsule C. the osmotic pressure difference between blood in the glomerulus and fi ltrate in the Bowman's capsule D. diffusion along the concentration gradient between blood and fi ltrate, and active transport

B

The kidneys produce all of the following EXCEPT one. Which one? A. erythropoietin B. aldosterone C. renin D. active vitamin D

B

What could be concluded of a person who (during the previous three hours) has produced a total of 100 ml of urine that is bright yellow and has a strong (but not unpleasant) odour? A. They are well hydrated. B. Their urine will have a high specifi c gravity. C. They are an uncontrolled diabetic. D. They have more than the usual concentration of bilirubin in their urine

B

What does the term "oliguria" refer to? A. a daily urine production of much more than 2 litres B. a daily urine production of less than 500 ml C. production of less than 50 ml of urine in a day D. the condition of excessive concentration of urea in the blood

B

What infl uences and structures facilitate blood fi ltration in the renal corpuscle? A. high osmotic pressure in the capillaries and sinusoidal capillaries B. high hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries and fenestrated capillaries C. high osmotic pressure in the capillaries and fenestrated capillaries D. high hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries and sinusoidal capillaries

B

What is the collective term applied to the proximal and distal convoluted tubules, the loop of Henle (i.e. the nephron loop) and the glomerular capsule? A. The renal corpuscle B. The renal tubule C. The nephron D. The renal capsule

B

What is the entry point to the kidney for the renal artery, renal vein, lymphatics and nerves called? A. renal pyramid B. renal hilus C. renal capsule D. renal column

B

What is the name for the entry point to the kidney for nerves, blood vessels, ureters and lymphatics? A. calyx B. hilus C. pelvis D. pyramid

B

What is the name of the tube that connects the bladder to the kidney? A. renal tubule B. ureter C. urethra D. collecting duct

B

What is the term meaning the production of urine? A. oliguria B. diuresis C. hypouria D. anuria

B

Which ion does aldosterone stimulate the kidneys to reabsorb? A. calcium B. sodium C. potassium D. bicarbonate

B

Which material is secreted into the filtrate in the kidney tubule? A. H 2 O B. urea C. Na + D. albumin

B

Which of the following chemicals is produced by the kidney? A. angiotensinogen B. bicarbonate ions C. sodium ions D. vitamin C

B

Which of the following happens as we descend deeper into the kidney medulla? A. the concentration of the interstitial fl uid doesn't change B. the concentration of the interstitial fl uid increases C. the concentration of the fi ltrate within the tubule increases D. the concentration of the interstitial fluid decreases

B

Which of the following statements about the structures in the loop of Henle is correct? A. its ascending limb is permeable to water B. its descending limb is impermeable to urea C. its descending limb is impermeable to water D. its ascending limb is impermeable to solutes

B

Which of the following statements about urine specifi c gravity is WRONG? A. if urine specifi c gravity is 1.003, the urine is dilute. B. a urine specifi c gravity value of 1.015 = 1015 mmol/L. C. if urine specifi c gravity is 1.030, the person is dehydrated. D. a specific gravity value of 1.010 is equal to a urine density of 1.010 g/ml.

B

Which one of the following is a function of the renal system? A. produce bile B. produce the enzyme renin C. produce the hormone aldosterone D. produce vitamin K

B

Which one of the statements about the collecting ducts is true? The collecting duct absorbs: A. calcium if parathyroid hormone is present. B. water if antidiuretic hormone is present. C. sodium if atrial natriuretic hormone is NOT present. D. urea.

B

By what process(es) do water and solutes move from blood in the glomerulus into the Bowman's capsule? A. diffusion B. osmosis and diffusion C. fi ltration D. dialysis

C

Complete the following sentence correctly. Angiotensin II A. stimulates the adrenal glands to release aldosterone B. causes the wall of the collecting duct of the nephron to increase in permeability to water C. increases sodium (Na + ) excretion at the kidneys. D. reduces our thirst

A

Filtrate passes through each of the structures of the renal tubule listed below. Which list has the structures in the correct order? A. proximal convoluted tubule, descending limb, ascending limb, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct. B. Bowman's capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, ascending limb, distal convoluted tubule, descending limb. C. collecting duct, proximal convoluted tubule, descending limb, ascending limb, distal convoluted tubule. D. proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule, descending limb, ascending limb, collecting duct.

A

From which part of the nephron is the greatest proportion of Na + absorbed from the fi ltrate? A. the proximal convoluted tubule B. the ascending limb of the loop of Henle C. the distal convoluted tubule D. the collecting duct in the presence of aldosterone

A

Glomerular fi ltration rate can be altered by all of the following EXCEPT one. Which one? A. constriction of renal tubule by macula densa B. vasoconstriction of afferent arteriole C. decrease in concentration of plasma proteins D. vasoconstriction of efferent arteriole

A

How are cortical nephrons different from juxtamedullary nephrons? A. cortical nephrons lie almost entirely outside the renal medulla. B. cortical nephrons have an associated vasa recta. C. cortical nephrons have a longer tubule. D. there are fewer cortical nephrons.

A

If a urine specifi c gravity was measured to be 1.03, an interpretation would be that: A. the person was dehydrated B. the person was well hydrated C. the urine sample had a density less than water D. the urine was dilute

A

If aldosterone is present in the blood, what happens in the distal convoluted tubule? A. sodium ions are reabsorbed from the fi ltrate. B. calcium ions are reabsorbed from the fi ltrate. C. sodium ions are secreted into the fi ltrate. D. bicarbonate ions are reabsorbed from the filtrate.

A

The descending limb of the Loop of Henle is permeable to water so water diffuses out of the descending limb into the interstitial fl uid. What happens to this water? A. it fl ows through the renal papillae into the minor calyces to become urine. B. it diffuses into the ascending limb of the Loop of Henle. C. it diffuses into the peritubular capillaries and ascending vasa recta for return to the blood. D. it diffuses into the filtrate for elimination from the body.

C

The fi ltrate that is formed in the kidney contains all of the following except one. Which one? A. metabolic wastes B. electrolytes C. plasma proteins D. nutrients

C

The majority of material reabsorbed from the fi ltrate is reabsorbed from the renal tubule: A. after the Loop of Henle B. in the descending limb of the Loop of Henle C. before the Loop of Henle D. in the ascending limb of the Loop of Henle

C

The nephron of the kidney consists of which of the following structures? A. glomerulus, renal tubule and collecting duct. B. bowman's capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, and distal convoluted tubule. C. glomerulus and renal tubule D. renal tubule and collecting duct.

C

Through which structure must the fi ltrate move to enter the Bowman's capsule from the glomerulus? A. The capillary endothelial cell walls B. The capillary endothelial wall and basement membrane C. The capillary endothelial wall, basement membrane and podocytes D. The capillary endothelial wall, basement membrane, podocytes and the vasa recta

C

What is the kidney tubule's response to a rise in blood pH? A. Bicarbonate ions are created from carbonic acid and absorbed into the blood. B. Hydronium ions are secreted into the fi ltrate, where they are buffered by bicarbonate ions in the fi ltrate. C. Bicarbonate ions are secreted into the fi ltrate, while hydronium ions are absorbed from the fi ltrate into the blood. D. Hydronium ions are secreted into the fi ltrate, while bicarbonate ions are absorbed from the filtrate into the blood.

C

What name is given to the blood vessel that connects the capillaries of the glomerulus to the vasa recta? A. macula densa B. afferent arteriole C. efferent arteriole D. afferent vein

C

What name is given to the blood vessel that drains blood from the glomerulus after fi ltration? A. vasa recta B. afferent arteriole C. efferent arteriole D. efferent vein

C

What part of the renal tubule does NOT reabsorb water? A. the juxtaglomerular apparatus B. the ureter C. the ascending limb of the loop of Henle D. the collecting duct

C

Which list of structures is presented in the correct order in which urine passes through them on the way to the bladder? A. Ureter, minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, papilla B. Renal pelvis, major calyx, minor calyx, papilla, ureter C. Papilla, minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter D. Minor calyx, major calyx, papilla, renal pelvis, ureter

C

Which part of the nephron is impermeable to water? A. Proximal convoluted tubule B. Distal convoluted tubule in the presence of ADH C. Ascending limb of the loop of Henle D. Descending limb of the loop of Henle

C

In what part of the kidney are the glomeruli located? A. In the cortex B. In the medulla C. In the hilus D. In the minor calyces

A

One way to increase the glomerular fi ltration rate is to dilate: A. the afferent arteriole and to constrict the efferent arteriole. B. the efferent arteriole and to constrict the afferent arteriole. C. both the afferent arteriole and the efferent arteriole. D. the efferent arteriole and to increase the permeability of the capillary endothelium.

A

The concentration of blood is 280 to 300 mosmol/L, but may rise to 1200 mosmol/L in which situation? A. In the vasa recta of the kidney B. In severe dehydration C. In the peritubular capillaries of the kidney D. In severe over-hydration

A

What effect does aldosterone have? A. increases the absorption of Na + from the kidney tubules. B. makes the kidney tubules more permeable to water. C. catalyses the formation of angiotensin I. D. blocks the release of ADH

A

What is renin? A. an enzyme released by the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney when arterial pressure falls. B. it catalyses the formation of angiotensin II in the lungs. C. it is a rapid acting, intense vasoconstrictor of arterioles. D. a protein that stimulates the adrenal glands to release aldosterone.

A

What is the function of angiotensin II? A. causes constriction of systemic arteries. B. causes the collecting ducts to become permeable to water. C. causes the formation of atrial natriuretic hormone. D. causes constriction of the efferent arterioles.

A

What is the resulting effect of renin being released by the kidney? A. Angiotensin II is formed B. aldosterone is released C. macula densa sends paracrine message to afferent arterioles. D. efferent arterioles are constricted

A

What is the term applied to the fi rst process in urine formation, where some components of blood pass into the Bowman's capsule? A. fi ltration B. active transport C. dialysis D. osmosis

A

Which hormone causes an increase in permeability to water in the collecting ducts of the kidney? A. antidiuretic hormone B. aldosterone C. angiotensin II D. atrial natriuretic hormone

A

Which list has the blood vessels of the nephron in the correct order of blood fl ow? A. afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries, vasa recta B. efferent arteriole, glomerulus, afferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries, vasa recta C. afferent arteriole, vasa recta, efferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries, glomerulus D. afferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries, efferent arteriole, glomerulus, vasa recta

A

Which material is actively reabsorbed from the filtrate in the kidney tubule? A. Na + B. HCO 3 − C. Cl − D. H 2 O

A

Which of the following are organic wastes produced by the body? A. Uric acid and ammonium ions B. Amino acids and potassium ions C. Albumin and globulin D. Urea and sodium ions

A

Which one of the following is NOT produced by the kidneys? A. Aldosterone B. Renin C. Erythropoietin D. Calcitriol

A

Which part of the renal tubule is impermeable to water? A. the ascending limb of the loop of Henle B. the collecting duct C. the proximal convoluted tubule D. the thin portion of the loop of Henle

A

Which statement about kidney anatomy is correct? Renal pyramids are in the: A. medulla and end in a papilla that empties into a minor calyx B. medulla and end in a column that empties into a major calyx C. cortex and end in a papilla that empties into a minor calyx D. cortex and end in a column that empties into a minor calyx

A

Which statement about the descending limb of the Loop of Henle is true? A. it is freely permeable to water B. it is impermeable to water C. it is impermeable to water when ANP is present D. it is permeable to water when ADH is present

A

By what name is the condition where nitrogenous wastes accumulate in the blood known? A. anuria B. uremia C. polyuria D. oliguriacv

B

Complete the following sentence correctly. Antidiuretic hormone A. stimulates our thirst B. causes the wall of the collecting duct of the nephron to increase in permeability to water. C. increases sodium (Na + ) excretion at the kidneys. D. stimulates the adrenal glands to release aldosterone

B

Complete the following sentence correctly. Atrial natriuretic peptide A. causes the wall of the collecting duct of the nephron to increase in permeability to water B. increases sodium (Na + ) excretion at the kidneys. C. causes peripheral vasoconstriction D. stimulates the adrenal glands to release aldosterone

B

Four sections of the vasculature of the kidney tubule are listed below. Which one lists them in correct order of blood fl ow from left to right? A. efferent arteriole, glomerulus, afferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries. B. afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries. C. peritubular capillaries, afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole. D. glomerulus, afferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries, efferent venule.

B

From which arteriole does blood enter the peritubular capillaries of the nephron? A. arcuate B. efferent C. afferent D. renal

B

From which part of the nephron is the greatest proportion of Na + absorbed from the fi ltrate? A. the Bowman's capsule (i.e. renal capsule) B. the proximal convoluted tubule C. the ascending limb of the loop of Henle D. the distal convoluted tubule

B

Complete the following sentence correctly. Angiotensin II A. stimulates the adrenal glands to release aldosterone B. increases potassium reabsorption from the fi ltrate C. increases sodium (Na + ) excretion at the kidneys. D. reduces our thirst

A

What is the effect on the kidney caused by increasing the release of ADH? A. the collecting duct becomes more permeable to water B. the ascending limb of the loop of Henle becomes impermeable to water C. the descending limb of the loop of Henle becomes permeable to water D. the collecting duct becomes impermeable to water.

A

Which statement about kidney anatomy is correct? A. The cortex is superfi cial to the medulla and contains all of the glomeruli. B. The cortex is deep to the medulla and contains the collecting tubules. C. The pyramids are in the cortex and contain the collecting tubules. D. The pyramids are in the medulla and contain all of the glomeruli.

A

What part of the renal tubule is NOT able to reabsorb water? A. the descending limb of the loop of Henle B. the proximal convoluted tubule C. the ascending limb of the loop of Henle D. the distal convoluted tubule

C

How does the composition of the fi ltrate change as it travels through the loop of Henle? A. In the ascending limb, the volume decreases and in the descending limb, the concentration increases. B. In the descending limb, the volume decreases and in the ascending limb, the concentration decreases. C. In the descending limb, the volume decreases and in the ascending limb, the concentration increases. D. In the ascending limb, the volume decreases and in the descending limb, the concentration decreases.

B

The gradient in osmotic concentration of the interstitial fl uid in the medulla of the kidney is caused by: A. blood fl owing through the vasa recta. B. Na + and Cl − pumped out of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle and urea. C. Na + and Cl − pumped out of the descending limb of the loop of Henle and urea. D. water diffusing out of the descending limb of the loop of Henle and aldosterone.

B

The infl uence(s) that drives blood fi ltration in the kidney is A. dialysis through a semi-permeable membrane due to the different osmolarity of blood and fi ltrate B. fl uid pressure difference between blood and fi ltrate C. osmotic pressure difference between blood and fi ltrate D. diffusion along a concentration gradient between blood and fi ltrate, and active transport

B

The kidney produces all but one of the following. Which one? A. calcitriol B. atrial natriuretic peptide C. renin D. bicarbonate ions

B

The kidneys produce all of the following EXCEPT one. Which one? A. erythropoietin B. angiotensinogen C. hydronium ions D. bicarbonate ions

B

The renal tubule of the nephron includes which of the following structures? A. Proximal convoluted tubule, vasa recta, Bowman's capsule, collecting duct. B. Distal convoluted tubule, ascending limb of Loop of Henle, Bowman's capsule, proximal convoluted tubule. C. Descending limb of Loop of Henle, collecting duct, distal convoluted tubule, ascending limb of Loop of Henle. D. Glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule, Bowman's capsule.

B

What effect is achieved by having an arteriole that supplies blood and another that drains blood from the glomerulus? A. oxygen rich blood can be supplied to the nephron after blood leaves the glomerulus B. the blood pressure within the glomerulus can be manipulated. C. reabsorption of water and nutrients from the fi ltrate is facilitated. D. the concentration gradient within the kidney's medulla can be maintained.

B

What is indicated if the specifi c gravity of a patient's urine is high? A. the patient has kidney disease B. the urine's concentration is high C. the patient is well hydrated D. the urine density is low

B

What is the body's response to a rise in blood plasma osmotic pressure? A. The anterior pituitary releases ADH which makes the renal tubule permeable to water. B. The posterior pituitary releases ADH which makes the renal tubule permeable to water. C. The juxtaglomerular apparatus releases renin which promotes diuresis D. The glomerular filtration rate increases so more urine is produced.

B

How does the descending limb of the loop of Henle differ from the ascending limb? A. the descending limb is impermeable to water but permeable to sodium chloride. B. the ascending limb is permeable to water but impermeable to sodium chloride. C. the descending limb is permeable to water but impermeable to sodium chloride. D. the ascending limb is permeable to both water and to sodium chloride.

C

How does the juxtaglomerular apparatus respond when systemic blood pressure is too high? A. the juxtaglomerular cells send a message to the afferent arteriole to dilate. B. The macula densa sends a message to the efferent arteriole to constrict. C. The macula densa sends a message to the afferent arteriole to constrict. D. The granular cells release renin which causes systemic arterioles to constrict.

C

In the kidney, the fi ltrate passes through several structures on its way to becoming urine. Which of the following lists presents these structures in the correct order? A. collecting duct, glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle. B. proximal convoluted tubule, collecting duct, glomerulus, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule. C. glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct. D. glomerulus, collecting duct, proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle.

C

The kidneys produce all of the following except one. Which one? A. the enzyme renin B. the hormone erythropoietin C. antidiuretic hormone D. the vitamin calcitriol

C

What is the purpose of ANP in urine production? A. stimulate the reabsorption of Na + B. stimulate the reabsorption of Ca ++ C. inhibit the reabsorption of Na + D. stimulate the reabsorption of water

C

What is the role of aldosterone? A. to convert angiotensinogen into angiotensin I. B. to inhibit the absorption of Na + . C. to promote the absorption of Na + . D. to promote the absorption of Ca ++ .

C

What may correctly be said of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (or complex)? A. The juxtaglomerular cells are chemoreceptors B. The granular cells are chemoreceptors C. The macula densa cells are chemoreceptors D. The macula densa cells are mechanoreceptors

C

What method does the glomerulus of the kidney nephron use to remove the dissolved substances from the blood to the fi ltrate? A. active transport B. diffusion along the concentration gradient C. high hydrostatic pressure D. osmosis

C

What structure does the blood from the afferent arteriole enter? A. the peritubular capillaries B. the vasa recta C. the glomerulus D. Bowman's capsule

C

Given that the specifi c gravity of a urine sample is 1.009, which of the following statements is correct? A. the patient is dehydrated B. the sample contains 1.009 mmol/L of dissolved particles C. the sample contains 1.009 millimole of dissolved solutes D. the urine has a density of 1.009 g/ml

D

Under what conditions will the kidney produce concentrated urine? If: A. glomerular fi ltration rate is low. B. glomerular filtration rate is high. C. atrial natriuretic peptide and aldosterone are present in blood. D. antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone are present in the blood.

D

What does the presence of aldosterone in the blood cause? A. calcium to be absorbed from the DCT B. the collecting duct to become permeable to water C. more bicarbonate to be formed in the tubule cells D. more sodium to be reabsorbed from the DCT

D

What does the renal system consists of? A. 2 kidneys, 2 urethra, bladder, 1 ureter. B. 2 adrenal glands, 2 kidneys, 1 ureter, 2 urethra, bladder. C. 2 adrenal glands, 2 kidneys, 2 ureters, 2 urethra, bladder. D. 2 kidneys, 1 urethra, bladder, 2 ureters.

D

What is the effect of antidiuretic hormone on the kidney tubules? A. It causes Na + to be absorbed from the fi ltrate into the tubular cells. B. It causes the concentration of urine to decrease. C. It causes the fi ltrate volume to increase. D. It causes the walls of the collecting duct to become permeable to water.

D

What molecule catalyses the formation of angiotensin I? A. carbonic anhydrase B. calcitriol C. erythropoietin D. renin

D

What part of the nephron performs the majority of the reabsorption of materials from the fi ltrate? A. The Bowman's capsule and glomerulus B. The loop of Henle (the nephron loop) C. The distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct D. The proximal convoluted tubule

D

When systemic blood pressure increases, how does the kidney respond to maintain glomerular fi ltration rate? A. The afferent arteriole dilates B. The efferent arteriole constricts C. The efferent arteriole dilates D. The afferent arteriole constricts

D

Which of the following may be said of the renal medulla? A. it is the more superfi cial part of the kidney. B. it contains all of the glomeruli. C. it produces adrenaline and noradrenaline. D. it contains the pyramids and columns.

D

Which of the statements about the capillaries of the glomerulus is NOT true? A. glomerular capillaries are fenestrated (i.e. porous). B. blood enters and leaves the glomerulus via arterioles. C. the blood pressure in glomerular capillaries is higher (55 mmHg) than in the capillaries in the rest of the body. D. glomerular capillaries have smooth muscle in their walls.

D