Reproductive

Axoneme is present in all areas of sperm except

Head

Parts of Sperm

Head, neck, tail (middle piece, principal piece, end piece- no outer dense in end piece, only axoneme)

Epididymus structure/function

Highly coiled tube and associated CT, smooth muscle and fibrous CT capsule Function: secrete glycerophosphocholine, sialic acid and glycoproteins (for nutrition) - add thick glycocalyx to sperm membrane (surface associated decapacitation factor) = decapacitze fertilizing ability - resorb remaining fluid - phagocytose remaining residual bodies and degernate sperm(macrophages can get in to help clean now too)

Primary oocytes are arrested.....

In prophase of meiosis 1 Meiosis 1 is completed after a surge in LH to form secondary oocyte (with antrum/fluid)

Peg Cells

In uterine/Fallopian tube, stimulated by progesterone in 2nd half of menstrual cycle Secretory function: - facilitate sperm capacitation (breakdown of glycocalyx) - provide nutrients for ovum and early embryo - inhibit movement of microorganisms to oviduct/peritoneal cavity

Photo/structure of vas deferens

Inner longitudinal, middle circular, outer longitudinal - folded appeared in middle from contraction - muscle coat thins out in ampulla - vas deferens continues through prostate gland as "ejactulatory duct"

Ducts - after moving through seminifourous tubules from myoid cells

Intratesticular - tubuli recti (straight tubule - seminifourous tubule without Spermatagonia cells, only sertoli), rete testis (in mediastinum - passageways) Excurrent - efferent ductules, epididymis, ductus/vas deferens, ejaculatory ducts, urethra

Leydig photo around arteriole

Leydig have lipid droplets, smooth Er, mitochondria Around arteriole because make hormone and want to send to bloodstream

Leydig Cells contain

Lipid droplets, smooth ER and mitochondria with tubulovesicular cristae

Albuginea/CT septa divide testis into...

Lobules Each lobule contains 1-4 seminiferous tubule and tunica propria

Corpus Albicans

Luteum degenerates and becomes this if pregnancy doesn't occur, cells replaced with fribroblasts to make collagen cell

Serotoli Cells

Maintain blood-testes barrier (tight junctions) and make basal and lumenal compartment and provide nutrients to developing sperm cells within testes

Testis function

Make sperm and testosterone (secrete androgens)

Atretic Follicle

May occur at any stage oof follicular maturation, mediated by apoptosis of granulosa cells - non- dominate follicles degenerate, no oocyte inside, going to be degenerated during maturation

Tripartite Nucleolar Complex

Means we are looking at Sertoli cells!!!

Secondary oocyte is arrested in....

Metaphase of second meiotic division Meiosis 2 completed at fertilization

Mammary Glands

Modified apocrine sweat glands Develop under influence of sex hormones Lobes - each lobe is drained by one lactiferous duct (interlobar CT = dense irregular) Lobules - secretory acini and associated ducts (interlobular CT = loose - breast cancer here)

Inactive Mammary Gland

Mostly ducts, few acini Fat infilatrates interlobular CT Estrogen stimulates increase in height of secretory cells and fluid accumulation in CT Most breast cancers come from intralobular CT

Endometrium

Mucosa undergoes changes during mensutral cycle to prepare for implantation 2 layers: - stratum functionalis - thick layer, sloughed off during mesturation - stratum basalis - regenerative source - epithelium = simple columnar with secretory and ciliated cells - lamina propria = simple branches tubular glands, abundant ground substance

Primordial Follicle

Near edge, by tunica albuginea Surrounded by follicular/simple squamous FSH stimulates it to grow into secondary Contains Balbiani body organelles go to one side = balbiani body

Inactive Mammary gland

Only ducts, few acini Fat in interlobular CT Estrogen stimulates increase in height of secretory cells and fluid accumulation in CT - most breast cancers are in intralobular CT

Testis temperature - pampinoform plexus

Outside body to be 3-4lower than temps - has special venous system to cool arterial blood - "Pampiniform plexus"

Milk ejection is caused by

Oxytocin (Prolactin = production)

Folliculogensis - development of follicle, not meg (oogenesis)

Primordial - near edge/cortex of ovary, simple squamous "follicular cells" Primary Multilaminar primary Secondary Graafian follicle

Prostate Gland...

Produces fibrinolysin Secretes acid phopshatase Contains concretions Contains smooth muscle Decreases viscosity of sperm Does not store sperm (Epidydymus does this)

Corpora Amylacea

Prostatic alveoli contain concencretions made of calcified/condensed glycoproteins secretions - precipitatants - can be secreted in ejaculation Increase with age -breasts and prostate look alike - this differentiates them

Efferent Ductules

Psuedostratified cells with sawtooth appearance - tall columnar ciliated cells = transport/movement of sperm - short columnar microvilli cells = fluid absorption - basal cells - can repair or differentiate into other types First appearance of layer of smooth muscle (for peristalsis) - has dispersed elastic fibers

Tube that connects testis to epididymis

Rete testis (in mediastinum)

Prostate Gland

Secondary reproductive gland - seminal vesicles and vas deferens meet to combine fluids/contents - paired ductus deferens (from each testis) come here and are now called "ejaculatory duct" - urethra is visible inside here - smooth muscle in stroma (to contract) - lots of glandular tissue - 30% semen volume, release .5 mL a day with urine - secrete milky fluid with protein enzymes (acid phosphatase, PSA and fibrinolysin, citric acid and cholesterol and electrolytes) to break down viscosity of fluid

Responsible for blood-testis barrier

Serotoli Cells

Sertoli Junctions

Sertoli-spermatogenic = desmosome like Sertoli-sertoli = tight (zonula adherens) junctions between membranes, prevents immune system from getting in and concentrates testosterone here Others: macula adherens and gap junctions bw Sertoli cells and hemidesmosomes at sertoli/basal lamina

Transitional Zone in Cervix

Simple columnar to stratified sqamous (Cervical cancer involves stratified further up into cervix)

Mucosal Epithelium In Uterine Tube

Simple columnar with 2 cell types: - peg cells - non-ciliated, allow sperm to function, secrete things for survival and sperm recapaciation from thick glycocalyx (nuclei bulge into lumen) - ciliated cells - propel ovum to uterus

Rete Testis

Simple cuboidal/columnar (from stratified in seminifourous tubules to simple cuboidal here) - interconnecting passageway - connects to 20 efferent ductules (connect epididymis to testis)

Spermatogenic cells

Spermatogonia - rest on basal lamina Spermatocyte - 1 layer up, going through meiosis Spermatid (early/late) - dark staining heads with light lumen Sertoli = elongated, pale staining with prominent nucleolus and side processes

Types of cells in spermatogenesis

Spermatogonia = basal position Spermatocytes = large nuclei with coarse chromatin, large cytoplasm Spermatids = early = round nuclei but late = elongated nuclei

Theca Interna Cells

Steroid secreting - have sER, lipid droplets, mitochondria with tubular cristae, LH receptors Secrete androgens that gets converted to estrogen by Granulosa cells

Leydig Cells are...

Steroid synthesizing Located in tunica propria Inactive between ages 2-5

Leydig Cells

Structure: acidophiic, contain crystals of reinke (precipitant from steroid hormone production), steroid secreting = smooth Er, mitochondria and lipid droplets Secrete testosterone (steroid hormone), respond to LH (increases production of testosterone), do not replicate = reason you may be sterile after chemotherapy

Sertoli cells structure/function

Structure: basal lamina to lumen, long cytoplasmic processes Function: blood testis barrier (tight junctions with each other) - secrete proteins inhibin (FSH inhibitor), Ram's Ferris, plasminogen activator and androgen binding protein (allows concentration of testosterone in testis for developing sperm) - phagocytic for residual bodies (cytoplasm from maturing sperm) * do not replicate after puberty

Where is sperm stored until emission and ejaculation

Tail of epididymis (Head = efferent ductles - no smooth muscle - don't store here) (Body = attatched to testis)

Where does sperm live for 3-4 days?

Tail of epididymus

Male reproductive pathway

Testis (seminiferous tubules - straight tubules - rete testes - efferent ductules) - epididymis - vas/ductus deferens - ampulla - ejaculatory duct - urethra Accessory glands: Seminal vesicle - prostate - bulbourethral gland - glands of littre - penis

Lydieg cells make

Testosterone

Corpus Luteum Cells - Theca/Granulosa remain behind and get new names

Theca Luteum cells (former theca Interna) = surround follicle, smaller, stain darker and make estrogen Granulosa lutein cells (former Granulosa) = larger, major secretor of progesterone

Muscularis of uterine Tube

Thick inner layer, decreases in thickness towards isthmus Beneath mucosa of infundibulum and ampulla - large blood vessels - at ovulation = engorgement Peristalsis - propels ovum/embryo to uterus

Tunica Propria

Thin layer of loose CT around seminiferous tubules - myoid cells (specialized fibroblasts with contractile ability) and leydig cells (steroid producing)

Mediastinum

Thinking of tunica albuginea Contains rete testis - interconnecting tubes lined with simple cuboidal/columnar cells - single cilia and few microvilli Rete testis = Communicate with each other

External Os of Cervix

Transitions from glandular columnar to stratified sqamous Transitional zone is hormone sensitive

T/F: Cumulus oophorus is well developed in secondary follicle

True

Parts of testis

Tunica vaginalis = extension of peritoneum, covers anterolateral surface - has visceral and parietal layer Tunica Albuginea - tough outer CT capsule Tunica Mediastinum - posterior portion of testis - thickening of albuginea, site where maturing spork leaves testis through rete testis

Multilaminar Primary Follicule = Granulosa cells

Zone pellucida = separates oocyte from granulosa, has receptors for sperm Granulosa = avascular layer separated by basal lamina Granulosa cells have FSH receptors - convert androgens to estrogen (for maturation) Theca Interna = highly vascular layer of cuboidal secretory cells - responsd to LH and make androgens - steroid producing (blood vessels) Theca Externa = outer CT layer - smooth muscle and collagen bundles - important in ovulation

Ovaries structure and function

paired organs on either side of the uterus responsible for producing the ova and female sex hormones ovaries are covered by tunica albuguneia contains oocytes Function-Maturation (oogenesis) and steriodogensis (estrogen/progesterone)

Epididymus epithelium

pseudostratified columnar with stereocilia (microvilli) - principle cells (tails and stereocilia) and basal cells (can replicate) - first appearance of lymphocytes/halo cells in epithelium Now = smooth muscle - tail has tons of smooth muscle to ejaculate and propel sperm

Epithelial lining of cervix

Cervical glands, mucus secreting simple columnar (except after transitional zone)

Junction of columnar epithelium to stratified squamous is found between...

Cervix and vagina And opposite between seminous and rete testis (squamous to columnar)

Ciliated Cells in Fallopian tubes

Cilia beat ovum/early embryo towards uterus Stimulated by estrogen

Vas/Ductus Deferens

Continuation of epididymis (no longer coiled, now straight) - looks like tail of epididymus (psuedostrsatified ciliated columnar with sterocilia, 3 smooth muscle layers) Functions = transport (some secretory) enters abdominal cavity as component of spermatic cord, after leaving, the distal end enlarges to form ampulla - smooth muscle goes away, more elastic tissue, shock absorber to slow down sperm and mix with fluids from seminal vesicles

Ovary photo

Cortex = oocyte development - contains ovarian follicles Medulla = oocyte nourishment - central portion, loose CT, blood vessels Germinal epithelium = simple cuboidal epithelium covering surface Tunica albuginea - dense CT under GE

Graafian Follicle cells

Cumulus oophorus = keep it anchored to follicle Corona radiata = around oocyte

Proliferation Phase

Day 4 through 14 of cycle - re-epithelialzation of functionalis from basalis layer -straight tubular glands in endometrium -arteries coiled - accumulation of glycogen in epithelial basal cells - Lamina propria highly cellular with reticular fibers Major hormone: estrogen

Corpus albicans

Derived from corpus luteum (Degenerated corpus luteum)

Mature Graafian follicle has:

Diameter greater than 10 Cumulus oophorus Estrogen production (no progesterone production until corpus luteum) Contains large amount of granulosum cells

Graafian/Mature Follicle

Dominate follicle, Surge of LH and FSH causes granulosa to fill with fluid - separates it from all walls except one Thinner Granulosa and more prominent thecal layers - secondary oocyte that is arrested in meiosis 2 until fertilization

efferent ductules empty into....

Ductus epididymis - smooth lumen Epididymis divided into head (efferent ductules go in), body (connected by CT to testis) and tail - coil away and has free end (1 tube but highly convoluted = looks like many tubes)

Uterine wall layers

Endometrium = mucosa - stratum functionalis and basalis Myometrium = 3 indistinguishable layers - (inner long, middle circular with stratum vasculare, outer long) Perimetrium = mesothelioma + CT, covers posterior surface and part of anterior surface

Proliferating Mammary Gland

Estrogen stimulates growth of ducts Progesterone stimulates alveoli growth Decrease in CT Increase in plasma cells, lymphocytes and eosinophils - pass immunity onto baby

Myoid Cell

3-5 layers around seminiferous tubules - contain actin/contractile filaments, contraction moves sperm throughout tubules - are form of fibroblasts = synthesize collagen

Primary Follicle

After FSH comes, follicular cells become cuboidal follicular cells Unilaminar = single layer of follicular cells Multilaminar = now called granulosua cells Still has primary oocyte

Corpus Luteum

After oocyte releases - leftover follicle; Function: produce and release hormones that prepare uterus for implantation In pregnancy - maintained by ovarian luetrotropins (estrogen IGF) and placental luteotropins (prolactin, insulin, hCG, LH) In menstruation - active for 14 days then degenerates into corpus albicans

After Vas Deferens leaves the spermatic cord in the abdominal cavity, it enlarges to form the

Ampulla (smooth muscle thins out and elastic thickens - this is a shock absorber to slow sperm down before prostate)

Mammary Gland

Apocrine sweat gland, develop from sec hormones Lobes - each lobe drained by lactiferous duct - interlobar CT is dense irregular Lobules - secretory acini and associated ducts - intralobular CT is loose (where breast cancer develops)

Secondary/Antral Follcle

Appearance of fluid filled antral cavities in granulosa layer Still has primary oocyte, inside 2ndary follicle Dependent of FSH and other factors for growth Secreted OMI - oocyte maturation inhibitor - so only dominant follicle continues to develop Theca Interna cells are now cuboidal

Sertoli junctions form what compartments?

Basal compartment - has blood Luminal compartment - no blood "immunoprotected" Blood-testis barrier is important for accumulation of androgen-binding protein/testosterone in lumen and for immune protection

Photo Question

Becomes secondary locate following LH surge

4 phases of spermiogenesis

- Golgi phase - Cap phase - Acrosome phase - Maturation phase

Secretory Phase

15/16 through 28 -enlarged, corkscrew glands - secretory products in lumen of glands, rich in glycogen - few mitotic figures Hypertrophy of epithelial cells - lengthening and coiling of arteries - edema of endometrium - fluid accumulation * Hormones: progesterone (and estrogen) from corpus luteum

seminiferous epithelium cell types

- Spermatogenic (spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids (early/late) - sertoli cells

Fluid filled antrum

2ndary and graffian follicles

Seminiferous Tubule

-Each covered by tunica/lamina propria (loose ct) - each has basal lamina with 3-5 layers of myosin cells (contractile) - lumen lined with stratified - "seminiferous epithelium"

3 phases of spermatogenesis

1. Spermatogonial/mitosis - in spermatogonia (divide and replace themselves or go through maturation) 2. Spermatocyte/meiosis - longest part - 28 days 3. Spermiogenesis - lose cytoplasm, grow tail, elongate nucleus (Golgi, Cap, Acrosome, Maturation) Takes 74 days to develop spermatozoa

Follicle Developing Stages

1. primordial follicles - waiting and resting 2. primary follicles - follicles starts to develop 3. secondary follicles - fluid-filed spaces (Antrim's) begin to develop 4. vesicular (graafian) follicle - whole follicle has filled with fluid - after ovulation (release of mature oocyte surrounded by corona radiata) follicle is still active for 14 days as corpus luteum

Uterine tube structure

10-12 cm long 4 regions: - infundibulum with fimbrae - ampulla - isthmus - intramural/uterine segment 4 regions differ in size and appearance in 3 layers - mucosa, muscularis and serosa (single layer of fluid producing cell)

Prostate Capsule and layers

Fibrocollagenous capsule - separating into lobes - mucosal layer - empties into urethra - submucosal - main prostatic glands (Last 2 empty into urethral sinus)

Mucosal Layer of uterine tube

Folds in ampulla Lined by simple columnar epithelial - diminish in height and in estrogen sensitivity towards isthmus Lamina propria of loose CT with fibroblast-like cells that differentiate into deciding cells in tubal pregnancies - room for blood vessels

Uterus

Function- environment for fetal development 3 regions: body, fungus, cervix (closest to vagina)

Fallopian Tubes/uterine tube

Function: transmit ovum from ovaries to uterus, provide suitable environment for fertilization and initial development Infundibulum = fingers/fimbrae over ovaries, scoop up oocyte and direct it into Fallopian tubes Ampulla = bulk of tubes Isthmus = narrow Intramural = runs through wall of uterus