Reproductive System (part 2)
How many autosomal chromosomes are present in human cells? A) 22 pair B) 2 pair C) 23 pair D) 46
A) 22 pair
How many chromosomes are found in a normal human cell? A) Both 23 pair and 46 are correct. B) 46 C) 23 pair D) 23
A) Both 23 pair and 46 are correct.
Sertoli cells are stimulated by ________, while Leydig cells are stimulated by ________. A) FSH, LH B) testosterone, LH C) FSH, testosterone D) LH, FSH
A) FSH, LH
One division consisting of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. A) Mitosis B) Meiosis
A) Mitosis
Produces cells for growth and tissue repair. A) Mitosis B) Meiosis
A) Mitosis
Tight junctions between ________ are responsible for the formation of the blood-testis barrier. A) Sertoli cells B) Leydig cells C) spermatogonial cells D) trophoblast cells
A) Sertoli cells
Which of the following is a correct statement about uterine tubes? A) The infundibulum is the funnel-shaped region near the ovary. B) The mesometrium supports the uterine tubes along their entire length. C) The isthmus is the normal site of fertilization. D) The ampulla is the narrow constricted region.
A) The infundibulum is the funnel-shaped region near the ovary.
Sperm: A) are stored in the vas deferens and the last part of the epididymis. B) are no longer produced in individuals who have undergone a vasectomy. C) travel from the seminiferous tubules to the epididymis by the beating action of their flagellae. D) travel through the vas deferens, then the ejaculatory duct, then the ureter during ejaculation. E) are expelled from the penis through the ureter.
A) are stored in the vas deferens and the last part of the epididymis.
A lack of testosterone in males will cause the genital tubercle to form a(n) A) clitoris. B) ovary. C) penis. D) testis.
A) clitoris.
What is formed following ovulation from the empty follicle due to LH influence? A) corpus luteum B) Graafian follicle C) macula lutea D) fibroids
A) corpus luteum
Spermiogenesis involves the ________. A) formation of a functional sperm by the stripping away of superfluous cytoplasm B) formation of four haploid cells from a spermatogonium C) movement of sperm in the female genital tract D) sequence of events in the rete testis
A) formation of a functional sperm by the stripping away of superfluous cytoplasm
Males lacking testosterone receptors would A) have testes and female external genitalia. B) lack gonads. C) develop as genotypic females. D) have male internal genitalia.
A) have testes and female external genitalia.
Where in a woman's reproductive tract does fertilization most often take place? A) in the upper part of the oviduct B) in the ovary C) in the lower part of the oviduct D) in the uterus
A) in the upper part of the oviduct
Spermatogenesis ________. A) involves a kind of cell division limited to the gametes B) results in the formation of diploid cells C) uses mitosis to produce gamete cells D) is the process of releasing mature sperm cells into the lumen of the seminiferous tubule
A) involves a kind of cell division limited to the gametes
In males androgens are required for A) maintenance of accessory sex organs. B) development of the Müllerian ducts. C) initiation of spermatogenesis at puberty. D) regression of the wolffian ducts during embryonic development.
A) maintenance of accessory sex organs
Which of the following is the essential organ of the female reproductive system? A) ovaries B) vagina C) uterus D) uterine tubes
A) ovaries
What is it called when a mature follicle ruptures and ejects the oocyte into the uterine tube? A) ovulation B) gestation C) menstruation D) fertilization
A) ovulation
The majority of the testis is comprised of A) seminiferous tubules. B) Sertoli cells. C) Leydig cells. D) interstitial cells.
A) seminiferous tubules
Which is NOT characteristic of a graafian follicle? A) the oocyte has completed meiosis II B) granulosa cells secrete estradiol C) has a fluid-filled antrum D) contains a secondary oocyte
A) the oocyte has completed meiosis II
Sexual differentiation of the embryo is normally determined by A) the presence of the Y chromosome, which directs the undifferentiated gonads to develop into testes (when there is one X chromosome present as well). B) the presence of two X chromosomes, which causes the primordial testes to degrade. C) the presence of one Y chromosome, which causes the primordial ovaries to degrade. D) the number of chromosomes, with males having 22 pairs and females having an extra pair of XX chromosomes. E) hormones produced by the placenta.
A) the presence of the Y chromosome, which directs the undifferentiated gonads to develop into testes (when there is one X chromosome present as well).
Which of the following glands are responsible for 70% of the synthesis of semen? A) the seminal vesicles B) the prostate C) the bulbourethral glands D) the pituitary
A) the seminal vesicles
If gametes were diploid like somatic cells, how many chromosomes would the zygote contain? A) twice the diploid number, and with every succeeding generation, the chromosome number would continue to double and normal development could not occur B) triple the diploid number, and with every succeeding generation, the chromosome number would continue to triple and normal development would not occur C) There is no relationship between gametes and somatic cells. D) half the diploid number with no change in development
A) twice the diploid number, and with every succeeding generation, the chromosome number would continue to double and normal development could not occur
A follicle that does not complete development as a graafian follicle will A) undergo follicle atresia. B) rest until the next month. C) continue meiosis. D) become a primordial follicle.
A) undergo follicle atresia
Forms tetrads. A) Mitosis B) Meiosis
B) Meiosis
Occurs in two stages. A) Mitosis B) Meiosis
B) Meiosis
Produces four daughter cells. A) Mitosis B) Meiosis
B) Meiosis
Produces haploid cells. A) Mitosis B) Meiosis
B) Meiosis
Which of the following occurs at ovulation? A) The second meiotic division of the oocyte occurs and the dominant follicle ruptures. B) The first meiotic division of the oocyte completes and the dominant follicle ruptures. C) The corpus luteum is expelled from the ovary and enters the fallopian tube. D) The second meiotic division of the oocyte occurs. E) The oocyte, along with its surrounding thecal layer, is expelled onto the ovarian surface.
B) The first meiotic division of the oocyte completes and the dominant follicle ruptures.
Occasionally three polar bodies are found clinging to the mature ovum. One came from an unequal division of the ovum, but from where did the other two arise? A) There were originally four polar bodies and one disappeared. B) The first polar body has also divided to produce two polar bodies. C) What you really see are two polar bodies and the sperm that will fertilize the egg. D) One is an undeveloped primary oocyte that failed to mature.
B) The first polar body has also divided to produce two polar bodies.
The duct system of the male reproductive system includes all but which of the following? A) ductus deferens B) corpus spongiosum C) urethra D) epididymis
B) corpus spongiosum
Ova are fertilized in the A) uterus. B) fallopian tubes. C) vagina. D) cervix.
B) fallopian tubes
The embryonic urethral fold becomes the female A) All of these choices are correct. B) labia minora. C) glans clitoris. D) labia majora.
B) labia minora.
A ball of about eight cells formed about 50 to 60 hours after fertilization is called a A) zygote. B) morula. C) embryo. D) blastocyst.
B) morula
What are the small cells produced by the uneven cytoplasmic divisions or oogenesis? A) antrum B) polar bodies C) thecal cells D) follicles
B) polar bodies
Which of the following male accessory reproductive organs secretes prostaglandins? A) bulbourethral glands B) seminal vesicles C) vas deferens D) epididymis E) prostate gland
B) seminal vesicles
Which of the choices below is not a function of the vagina? A) serves as the birth canal B) serves as a passageway for the primary oocyte C) receives semen from the penis during sexual intercourse D) serves as a passageway for menstrual flow
B) serves as a passageway for the primary oocyte
The testicular cells that construct the blood-testis barrier are the ________. A) interstitial cells B) sustentocytes C) spermatocytes D) spermatogonia
B) sustentocytes
Human egg and sperm are similar in that ________. A) they are about the same size B) they have the same number of chromosomes C) they have the same degree of motility D) about the same number of each is produced per month
B) they have the same number of chromosomes
A fertilized egg is called a/an A) Barr body. B) zygote. C) ovum. D) autosome.
B) zygote
Which of the following statements about spermatogenesis is not true? A) The spermatogonium forms the primary spermatocyte. B) The secondary spermatocytes each form two spermatids. C) Each spermatid forms two sperm. D) The primary spermatocyte forms two secondary spermatocytes.
C) Each spermatid forms two sperm.
Which one of the following statements is true? A) Oogenesis begins during puberty. B) Spermatogenesis begins before birth. C) Oogenesis in humans is completed after stimulation by sperm. D) Meiosis in oogenesis produces four mature eggs from one primary oocyte.
C) Oogenesis in humans is completed after stimulation by sperm.
Which of the following statements about the female reproductive process is not true? A) The monthly discharge of the uterus (menses) is initiated by the decrease in secretion of female hormones. B) Fertilization usually occurs in the fallopian tube. C) Rebuilding the endometrium is under the control of prolactin. D) Ovulation usually occurs 14 days after the beginning of menses.
C) Rebuilding the endometrium is under the control of prolactin.
Why doesn't semen enter the urinary bladder during ejaculation? A) There is no urge to urinate during sexual intercourse because of the suppression of LH by testosterone buildup in the blood. B) There is no common duct between the reproductive system and the urinary system. C) The smooth muscle sphincter at the base of the urinary bladder closes. D) Ejaculation is a parasympathetic reflex resulting in no response by urinary contraction muscles.
C) The smooth muscle sphincter at the base of the urinary bladder closes.
Which of the following statements about sperm is not true? A) They are sluggish in an alkaline environment. B) They contain very little cytoplasm or stored nutrients. C) The sperm midpiece consists of mitochondria spiraled tightly around the contractile filaments of the tail. D) The acrosome is produced by the Golgi apparatus and contains hydrolytic enzymes.
C) The sperm midpiece consists of mitochondria spiraled tightly around the contractile filaments of the tail.
The ________ provides enzymes that allows the sperm to digest a pathway through the zona pellucida to the oocyte. A) blastocyst B) zygote C) acrosome D) chorion
C) acrosome
Why is the blood-testis barrier important? A) because immature sperm cells lose their motility when they encounter any blood component B) because some blood contents are toxic to the spermatozoa C) because spermatozoa and developing cells produce surface antigens that are recognized as foreign by the immune system D) because the barrier traps sex hormones, keeping them at a higher level than the blood
C) because spermatozoa and developing cells produce surface antigens that are recognized as foreign by the immune system
A sperm cell's acrosome ______. A) contains the sperm's mitochondria B) fuses with the plasma membrane of the egg cell C) contains enzymes that are released when the sperm encounters an egg and dissolves a hole in the jellylike matrix that surrounds the egg D) contains the sperm's nucleus and is the part of the sperm that enters the egg during fertilization
C) contains enzymes that are released when the sperm encounters an egg and dissolves a hole in the jellylike matrix that surrounds the egg
The first event to occur during development of the reproductive system would be the A) onset of testosterone production. B) formation of the vagina. C) development of the Müllerian ducts. D) descent of the testes into the scrotum
C) development of the Müllerian ducts.
Which of the following is NOT a part of the female reproductive system? A) labia majora B) uterine tube C) ductus deferens D) uterus
C) ductus deferens
Sperm are stored and matured in the A) prostate gland B) vas deferens C) epididymis D) seminal vesicles.
C) epididymis
Fertilization generally occurs in the ________. A) ovary B) uterus C) fallopian tubes D) vagina
C) fallopian tubes
How many sperm are produced from one spermatogonium? A) one B) eight C) four D) two
C) four
In humans, separation of the cells at the two-cell state following fertilization may lead to the production of twins, which in this case would be ________. A) fraternal B) dizygotic C) identical D) of different sexes
C) identical
The basic difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis is that ________. A) during spermatogenesis two more polar bodies are produced B) spermatogenesis involves mitosis and meiosis, but oogenesis involves meiosis only C) in oogenesis, one mature ovum is produced, and in spermatogenesis four mature sperm are produced from the parent cell D) the mature ovum is n, while the sperm is 2n
C) in oogenesis, one mature ovum is produced, and in spermatogenesis four mature sperm are produced from the parent cell
The constancy of the chromosome number from one cell generation to the next is maintained through ________. A) cytokinesis B) mitosis C) meiosis D) DNA synthesis
C) meiosis
Those with testicular feminization syndrome have A) a missing X chromosome. B) an extra chromosome 23. C) no chromosomal number abnormalities. D) an extra X chromosome.
C) no chromosomal number abnormalities
Which of the following is NOT a function of Sertoli cells? A) production of androgen-binding protein B) FSH stimulation of spermiogenesis C) production of testosterone D) protection of developing sperm from the male's immune system
C) production of testosterone
The process of spermatogenesis from primary spermatocyte to sperm: A) occurs when a male is an embryo, ceasing at birth. B) occurs as the cells gradually travel between two closely attached Leydig cells. C) requires participation of Sertoli cells. D) takes about three weeks in the human. E) occurs in the epididymis.
C) requires participation of Sertoli cells
After meiosis I in males, ________ are formed. A) spermatids B) primary spermatocytes C) secondary spermatocytes D) spermatozoa
C) secondary spermatocytes
Removal of the ________ would result in a lack of energy in the semen to support the sperm cells. A) prostate B) epididymis C) seminal vesicles D) testis
C) seminal vesicles
Ovarian granulosa cells synthesize estradiol which is produced by the theca interna cells from A) LH. B) progesterone. C) testosterone. D) FSH.
C) testosterone
Spermatogenesis is regulated by A) growth hormone. B) FSH. C) testosterone and its derivatives. D) progesterone.
C) testosterone and its derivatives
The figure shows male reproductive anatomy. In a human male reproductive system ______. A) sperm mature in the prostate gland B) the vas deferens conducts sperm between the testis and epididymis C) the sperm travel through the urethra during ejaculation D) sperm mature in the urethra
C) the sperm travel through the urethra during ejaculation
What occurs during spermiogenesis? A) cytoplasm removed by Sertoli cells B) flagellum and acrosome form C) chromosomes are compacted by protamines D) All of the choices are correct.
D) All of the choices are correct
Male androgens A) stimulate erythropoiesis. B) stimulate bone growth. C) stimulate protein synthesis and muscle growth. D) All of the choices are correct.
D) All of the choices are correct.
Following crossing-over in meiosis I, which of the following is NOT true? A) Random orientation of maternal and parental chromatids to either pole of the cell allows mixing of these in resultant gametes. B) It is extremely unlikely that all 23 maternal and paternal chromosomes will end up in the same gamete. C) Chromatid pairs lined up in the cell are separated so that half end up in each daughter cell when division occurs. D) Maternal and paternal chromatids will always orient to opposite poles of the cell, remaining segregated from one another. E) A resulting gamete may have millions of possible different combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes.
D) Maternal and paternal chromatids will always orient to opposite poles of the cell, remaining segregated from one another.
How do the testes respond to exposure to excessive body warmth? A) They move close to the pelvic cavity. B) Excessive warmth is actually beneficial in that it speeds up the maturation of sperm. C) Excessive warmth has no effect on the testicles because of their location in the scrotum. D) They move away from the pelvic cavity.
D) They move away from the pelvic cavity.
What enzyme is needed for the conversion of testosterone into estradiol in the male brain? A) ATPase B) cGMP phosphodiesterase C) 5-alpha reductase D) aromatase
D) aromatase
The process of sperm gaining the ability to fertilize an ovum as they pass through the female reproductive tract is called A) receptiveness. B) spermatogenesis. C) spermiogenesis. D) capacitation.
D) capacitation
The fallopian tubes: A) carry sperm from the testes to the epididymis. B) degenerate in females, due to the presence of Müllerian-inhibiting substance (MIS). C) connect the uterus to the vagina. D) carry ova from the ovaries to the uterus. E) develop from the embryonic Wolffian duct system.
D) carry ova from the ovaries to the uterus
The structures that receive the ovulated oocyte, providing a site for fertilization, are called the ________. A) fimbriae B) Graafian follicles C) infundibula D) fallopian tubes
D) fallopian tubes
Secretion of LH is inhibited by A) decreasing concentrations of progesterone. B) rapidly rising concentrations of estradiol. C) high concentrations of inhibin. D) high concentrations of testosterone.
D) high concentrations of testosterone
Which male hormone inhibits the secretion of FSH? A) GnRH B) ICSH C) ACTH D) inhibin
D) inhibin
The cells that produce testosterone in the testis are called ________. A) spermatocytes B) sustentacular cells C) spermatogonia D) interstitial endocrine cells
D) interstitial endocrine cells
How many ova are produced by oogenesis of one oogonia? A) eight B) four C) two D) one
D) one
About 60% of the volume of semen is produced by the A) bulbourethral glands. B) prostate gland. C) testes. D) seminal vesicles.
D) seminal vesicles
What is the principle sex steroid in males? A) aldosterone B) estrogen C) progesterone D) testosterone
D) testosterone
The figure shows oogenesis. What is the function of the polar bodies that are produced during oogenesis? They are a mechanism that allows for ______. A) the shedding of excess mitochondria during the production of a haploid ovum B) streamlining of the ovum so as to facilitate the penetration of an ovum by a sperm C) the shedding of excess cytoplasm during the production of a haploid ovum D) the shedding of excess genetic material during the production of a haploid ovum
D) the shedding of excess genetic material during the production of a haploid ovum
Which of these results from the second meiotic division? A) two diploid daughter cells with 46 chromosomes each B) two diploid daughter cells with 23 chromosomes each C) a single daughter cell with 46 chromosomes, and a polar body with no genetic material D) two haploid daughter cells with 23 chromosomes each E) two haploid daughter cells with 46 haploid chromosomes
D) two haploid daughter cells with 23 chromosomes each
What structure of a mature follicle is a barrier to sperm and fertilization? A) corona radiata B) antrum C) cumulus oophorus D) zona pellucida
D) zona pellucida
A fertilized egg is called a(n) A) blastocyst. B) morula. C) embryo. D) zygote.
D) zygote
With regard to reproduction, which is correct about SRY? A) It is a gene found in both males and females. B) It is a gene that codes for testosterone. C) It is a protein that causes the degeneration of the Wolffian ducts. D) It is a protein normally coded for by a gene that is present on the X chromosome. E) It is a protein that is normally coded for by a gene that is present on the Y chromosome.
E) It is a protein that is normally coded for by a gene that is present on the Y chromosome.
Which is NOT a function of Sertoli cells? A) forming a barrier between the blood and developing germ cells B) nourishing developing sperm C) secreting inhibin D) phagocytizing defective sperm E) converting estrogens into testosterone
E) converting estrogens into testosterone
In general, the onset of puberty occurs sooner in boys compared to girls. (True/False)
false
Inhibin prevents release of LH from the anterior pituitary. (True/False)
false
Testosterone levels in the male embryo and fetus are very high throughout the prenatal period. (True/False)
false
The Leydig cells of the testes constitute a blood-testis barrier that prevents autoimmune destruction of the sperm. (True/False)
false
The myometrium is the inner most layer of the uterus. (True/False)
false
An oocyte is contained in a membrane sac called a follicle. (True/False)
true
Meiosis II is not completed in the secondary oocyte until after fertilization. (True/False)
true
Secretions of the Sertoli cells and cells of Leydig influence the functions of each other. (True/False)
true
The corpus luteum secretes both estradiol and progesterone. (True/False)
true
The secretion of GnRH, FSH, and LH are pulsatile instead of continuous. (True/False)
true