Reproductive USMLE
if progesterone is required to maintain stromal to decidual placental environment, what maintains its secretion after LH no longer stimulates release of progesterone from the corpus luteum?
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in androgen insensitivity syndrome, where in the defect? how does the patient present? what are the lab values?
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in female pseudohermaphrotidism, are the ovaries present? what is going on with the external genitalia?
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in fetal development, what causes the degeneration of the paramesonephric duct? what is the paramesonephric duct also known as?
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in fetal development, what turns the genital tubercle and the urogenital sinus into the male external genitalia and the prostate? where did this hormone come from?
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in fetal development, what turns the wolffian duct into male internal genitalia (except what?)? where did this hormone come from?
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in menopause what are the levels of LH? FSH? Estrogen? estrone? LH? GnRH?
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in what kind of patients is there an increased risk of preclampsia? (hint: hypertension...)
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in which pregnancy complication can the fetus occlude the internal os?
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in which pregnancy complication is there a lack of intervening decidual layer between the chorion and the myometriuM
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is there a uterus and uterine tubes in androgen insensitivity syndrome? why?
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name a few common causes of anovulation? what is the #1 ? 2nd?
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name some key features seen in a klinefelters patients (think girls)
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other than inducing and maintaining lactation, what else does prolactin do?
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other than lack of sexual secondary characteristics in Kallmans, what other symptom does it present with?
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pregnancy complication is associated with DIC, retroplacental clots, cocaine, hypertension?
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what accounts for cramps in between menstruation?
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what age is the peak occurence for endometrial carcinoma? what does it clinically present with?
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what are Call-Exner bodies? in what type of tumors can they be found?
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what are common causes of uncountered estrogen?
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what are proposed theories explaining endometriosis?
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what are schiller duval bodies and where can they be seen?
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what are some facial characteristics seen in preclampsia? extremities? CNS? vision?
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what are the components of a complete hydatidiform mole? how did it form?what is the karyotype?
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what are the components of a partial hydatidiform mole? how did it form? what is the karyotype?
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what are the four sources of progesterone hormone?
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what are the lab values in 5 alpha reductase deficiency syndrome?
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what are the lab values in PCOS- prog? estrogen? LH? FSH?
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what are the lab values seen in premature ovarian failure? before what age must it occur before its thought to be menopause?
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what are the most common cause of painful breast lumps from ages 25 to menopause
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what are three symptoms of preclampsia and say why they occur.
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what benign tumor is the mcc of blood discharge from the breast? where does this tumor grow?
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what can cause a development of both male and female internal genitalia (remember female is default)?
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what can cause female pseudohermaphrotidism? which congenital adrenal hyperplasia can cause this?
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what can cause postpartum hemorrhage other than Placenta accreta?
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what cardiac abnormalities are associated with turners
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what causes abortion due to no luteal cell stimulation?
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what causes fat necrosis and how does it present?
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what causes gynecomastia? what syndrome? what drugs?
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what causes ovulation to occur?
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what causes progesterone to be release from the corpus luteum?
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what causes secretory phase?
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what causes the LH surge? what causes ovulation? what causes progesterone to be released from corpus luteum? what causes menstruation?
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what causes the absence of spermatogenesis in klinefelters? what does this also lead to (loss of what kind of cells)?
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what causes the hyperandrogenism in PCOS? the anovulation?
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what causes the low levels of estrogen in Turners patients? what effect does this lack of estrogen have on other lab values?
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what causes the release of LH (and thus its surge)?
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what causes the rise in FSH in klinefelters?
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what causes the uniform enlargement of the uterus in adenomyosis?
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what cholesterol synthesis enzyme predominates in theca cells? what cholesterol synthesis enzyme predominates in granulosa cells?
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what color are leimyomas grossly? why?
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what determines malignancy of a teratoma in females?
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what do mammographies pick up?
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what do the testes look like in a klinefelters patient?
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what does "accreta" mean?
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what does HELLP syndrome stand for?
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what does PCOS and a granulosa cell tumor predispose one to
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what does a granulosa cell tumor secrete? what does it cause in children? in adults?
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what does a mature graafian follicle secrete? on what impetus?
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what does early menopause indicate?
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what does high hcG levels indicate? list three things.
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what does loss of sertoli cells do to levels of what hormone? what does this hormone then cause ?
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what does low hcG levels indicate?
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what does menopause cause? name five symptoms/
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what does nerve stimulation (sucking) stimulate?
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what does nulliparity and anovulatory cycles predispose one to?
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what does the LH surge cause?
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what effect does FSH have on aromatase in leydig cells?
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what effect does progesterone have on endometrium
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what gynecologic abnormality causes "chocolate cysts"? what is another key term for this? were does this appearance come from?
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what happens to endometrial cells with withdrawal of progesterone?
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what hormone is responsible for early external genitalia in males? what else is this hormone responsible for in early male genitalia?
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what hormone unopposed causes infertility?
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what increases GnRH receptors on the hypothalamus? what does this lead to?
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what increases the body temperature during ovulation?
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what increases the risk for breast cancer?
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what is "koilocytic" change? what kind of cells does it happen to ?
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what is E2? 17beta estradiol?
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what is Kallmann syndrome? what lab values does it result in?
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what is Mittelschmerz? when does it occur? what can it mimic?
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what is Pagets disease a signal of? where else can it be seen?
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what is a "dermoid cyst"? "struma ovarii"?
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what is a Paget cell? when is it seen?
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what is a brenner tumor? benign or malignant? what type of tissue does it resemble?
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what is a common cause of hypogonadism in an infertility workup?
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what is a common sequellae of leimyomas, why?
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what is a cystic hygroma? how does it form? what does this pathogenesis also lead to in Turners patients?
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what is a harbinger of menopause starting around 4-5 years before it happens?
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what is a honeycombed uterus and cluster of grapes uterus indicative of? what pathology causes this?
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what is a krukenberg tumor? what type of cells are they?
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what is a marker for hydatidiform mole? in which one is it higher?
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what is a sequellae of oligohydramnios? (hing: lung)- explain.
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what is abruptio placentae?
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what is acute mastitis? what increases the risk of it and why? what is the mc antigen?
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what is adenomyosis?
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what is an endogenous LH analogue?
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what is ashermans syndrome? what can it lead to?
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what is common about lab values in both klinefelters and Turners?
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what is common about the gonads in both klinefelters and turners?
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what is going on when there are high testosterone levels but low LH levels? what does this do to the sperm count, why?
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what is going on when there is low testosterone but high LH?
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what is going on when where is both low LH and low testosterone?
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what is initial testes development in the fetus dependent on?
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what is metrorrhagia? what is menometrorrhagia?
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what is oligomenorrhea? what is polymenorrhea?
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what is oxytocin involved in? what else?
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what is placenta previa?
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what is pregnancy induced hypertension? plus seizures?
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what is pseudhermaphroditism? what is true hermaphrotidism?
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what is testes determining factor? where can it be found?
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what is the "transformation zone" in the cervix? why does it occur?
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what is the Meigs syndrome triad? what tumor does it present with?
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what is the best indicator to confirm menopause? why does this occur?
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what is the clinical manifestation of bilateral cystic ovaries?
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what is the clinical presentation of endometriosis? adenomyosis?
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what is the difference between a complete and partial hydatidiform mole?
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what is the external genitalia of androgen insensitivity syndrome? do testes develop?
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what is the germ cell tumor that can be found along the sacrococcygeal area of young children (as well as in gonads)? what is a tumor marker?
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what is the highest peak in the hormone chart of the menstruation? what is the peak right before that? what event comes right after the highest peak?
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what is the histology of the cells in sarcoma botryoides? what cell surface marker is used for identifying?
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what is the main cause of endometrial hyperplasia? what does endometrial hyperplasia predispose one to?
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what is the main pathogenesis of menopause?
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what is the mcc of an ovarian mass?
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what is the mcc of dysmenorrhea? 2nd? 3rd?
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what is the mode of inheritance of 5 alpha reductase deficiency? how does the patient present why?
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what is the most common SARCOMA of the uterus?
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what is the most common benign breast tumor in those less than 25 years of age?
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what is the most common cause of death in invasive carcinoma? what is the histology most usually of invasive carcinoma (what kind of cells)?
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what is the most common cause of klinefelters and turners? what else can turners present with?
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what is the most common cause of recurren first trimester miscarriage?
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what is the most common cause of recurrent 2nd trimester miscarriage?
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what is the most common cause of recurrent first few weeks trimester miscarriage?
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what is the most common form of male pseudohermaphrotidism? what is the mode of inheritance of this disease?
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what is the most common gynecological malignancy?
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what is the most common precursor to choriocarcinoma?
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what is the most common tumor in all females? what race especially do these present in?
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what is the most important risk factor of ovarian cancer?
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what is the name of the egg when it is stalled before fertilization?
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what is the name of the egg when it is stalled before ovulation?
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what is the number one cause of primary amennorhea?
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what is the number one risk factor of cervical dysplasia?
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what is the pathogenesis of menstruation?
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what is the pathogenesis of most causes of anovulation?
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what is the pathology of the chorionic villi in hydatidiform mole? and the epithelium (trophoblast)?
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what is the peak occurence of leimyomas? how do they clinically present?
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what is the second most common vaginal cancer and what is it due to?
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what is the sex chromosome of a klinefelters male? turners female?
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what is the single most important prognostic factor in malignant breast cancer?
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what is the source of estrogen after menopause? what unwanted side effect does this cause?
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what is the treatment for hydatidiform moles? (name two things)
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what is the treatment for preclampsia? how do you prevent and treat the seizures
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what is the typical histology of a leimyosarcoma?
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what is the worst and most invasive breast cancer? how does it present?
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what is used to detect pregnancy? at what point in the blood? at what point in the urine?
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what ln do upper quadrant breast tumors metastasize to? lower quadrant?
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what maintains luteal cell stimulation in the 2nd and third trimester?
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what malignant breast tumor fills ductal lumen d/t ductal hyperplasia?
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what markers are increased in a dysgerminoma? what is the histology?
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what other than progesterone does the placenta secrete?
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what ovarian non germ cell tumor is malignant, frequently bilateral and comprises 50% of ovarian tumors? what do these cells resemble?
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what pregnancy complication is often confused with appendicitis?
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what should one suspect with postmenopausal vaginal bleeding?
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what should one think about if painless bleeding occurs in any of the trimesters?
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what should you be thinking about with a palpable mass in a post menopausal woman?
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what should you think when you hear "whorled pattern of smooth muscle bundles" ?
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what starts the follicular or proliferative phase?
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what structures can invasive cervical carcinoma invade?
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what thyroid and kidney abnormalities are associated with turners?
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what type of cells are proliferant in choriocarcinoma? what is different about them? what is a tumor marker?
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what type of cysts are associated with hyperestrinism and endometrial hyperplasia?
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what type of disorder results in increased testosterone and LH levels?
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what type of hydramnios would bilateral renal agenesis five? how about posterior urethral valves in males?
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what type of hydramnios would esophageal or duodenal atresia cause? TE fistula? anencephaly?
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what type of hydramnios would placental insufficiency cause? anencephaly?
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what type of hyperplasia is associated with endometrial hyperplasia ? (what do you see, what kind of cell proliferation? )
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what type of ovarian cyst forms due to unruptured graafian follicles?
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what type of sarcoma is common in vaginal cancer of girls <4 yrs of age? what is the gross presentation?
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what type of tumors do 50% of post renal transplant patients on cyclosporine get?
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when can preclampsia occur? when does it most usually occur?
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when does oogenesis begin?
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when does the luteal phase start? and what stimulates it?
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when is follicular growth in the menstrual cycle the fastest?
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when is hcG detectable in the blood?
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when is hcG detectable in the urine?
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when is the most common presentation for malignant breast cancers?
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where are common locations of endometriosis?
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where can testes be found in androgen insensitivity syndrome?
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where can you find barr bodies in a human?
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where does an ectopic pregnancy most usually occur?
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where does cervical dysplasia occur? what differentiates between CIN I,2,3?
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where does fertilization most likely occur? how long after ovulation?
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which benign breast tumor increases in size and tenderness to estrogen but is normally small,, mobile, well demarcated and firm?
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which benign breast tumor is stromal cell derived and common in the sixth decade? what type of projections does this tumor have?
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which cell is the equivalent of leydig cells in females?
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which cysts have clinical findings similar to PCOS d/t excess androgen synthesis?
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which early malignant breast cancer doesn't penetrate the basement membrane ? what subtype of this tumor has comedone calcifications with caseous necrosis?
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which fibrocystic change type is associated with increase risk of carcinoma? where does the hyperplasia take place? what results in increased risk?
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which hormone (s) cause inhibition on LH and FSH? which on GnRH?
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which hormone decreases myometrial excitability? increases it? which hormone prevents smooth muscle uterine contractions?
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which hormone has a stimulating effect on theca cells? granulosa cells?
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which hormone increases estrogen AND progesterone receptor activity? which decreases estrogen receptor activity?
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which hormone increases female body temperature?
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which hormone maintains endometrium to support implantation?
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which hormone stimulates endometrial proliferation?
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which inherited mutations increase risk factors for ovarian cancer?
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which is more common- dysgerminomas in females or seminomas in males?
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which is the hormone of maintaining pregnancy?
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which malignant breast cancer has a generally good prognosis and has lymphocytic infiltrate?
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which malignant breast cancer invades the dermis and causes a superficial reaction? what does the breast skin look like?
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which malignant breast cancer presents as "peau d orange" on the skin?
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which ovarian cyst is associated with pregnancy?
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which ovarian cyst is yellow/orange in color?
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which ovarian cysts are brown/powder burn in color?
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which ovarian cysts are often bilateral and multiple and associated with a neoplasia? what neoplasia is that? what else are they asociated with?
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which ovarian cysts are often due to gonadotropin stimulation?
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which ovarian cysts often hemorrhage but regress spontaneously?
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which ovarian cysts vary with the menstrual cycle?
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which ovarian germ cell tumor can be found in both the baby and the mother? what is it associated with?
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which ovarian germ cell tumor has an equivalent in the male germ cells? what is the name of each?
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which ovarian germ cell tumor is associated with yellow friable solid masses?
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which ovarian germ cell tumor is highly invasive and associated with hemorrhagic and necrotic lesions?
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which ovarian masses are blue/black in color?
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which ovarian non germ cell tumor causes pseudomyxoma pertonei? what is it? what other tumor can cause pseudomyxoma pertonei? how do you differentiate?
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which ovarian non germ cell tumor is benign, has multilocular cysts lining mucus secreting epithelium? what type of cells do they resemble?
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which ovarian non germ cell tumor presents with a "pulling sensation" in the groin? what else does this tumor present with?
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which ovarian tumors are most likely to be hormone producing?
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which pregnancy complication is associated with massive bleeding after delivery?
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which sarcoma of the uterus is highly aggressive and has a tendency to recur?
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which sex cord ovarian stromal cell tumor is non hormone producing? what do the cells look like?
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which syndrome is not only associated with increased Colon cancer but also endometrial?
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which tumors comprise more than 90% of ovarian germ cell tumors ?
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which two breast pathologies are most picked up by mammographies?
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which type of fibrocystic disease presents with a blue dome? hyperplasia of breast stroma? has increased acini and intralobular fibrosis? associated with calcifications?
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which type of mole has higher hcG levels? more likely to convert to choriocarcinoma? abnormally large uterine size? fetal parts? bigger risk for malignant trophoblastic disease?
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which type of ovarian cancer is the most common? which is the most likely to do peritoneal seeding?
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why are leimyomas also called fibroid tumors?
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why does a penis grow at 12 in 5 alpha reductase deficiency?
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why does placental ishchemia occur in preclampsia? what does this due to vascular tone?
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why is there decreased production in menopause? specifically what type of estrogen levels are low?
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why is there increased LH levels in a klinefelters patient?
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with painful bleeding in the third trimester what should one suspect?
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with what syndrome is preclampsia associated with?
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would maternal diabetes result in polyhydramnios or oligohydramnios?
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what form of estrogen is released from ovaries?
17beta estradiol (E2)
if a patient comes in with unilateral abdominal pain and lab values reveal increased hCG levels (less so than a uncomplicated pregnancy) what should be on the differential?
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if a patients testosterone doesnt work, are they still able to degenerate the mullerian duct? why?
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what are the three sources of estrogen? and what are they called?
17beta estradiol (theca cells); estriol (placenta); estrone (peripheral tissue- aromatization)
how many fold does estradiol increase in pregnancy? estrone? estriol?
20x; 1000x
what converts testosterone to DHT?
5 alpha reductase
up to how long can you give mifepristone? what is its toxicity?
8-10 weeks; heavy bleeding GI effects (nausea, vomiting, anorexis); abdominal pain
what is mortality is preclampsia due to ? what causes this
; widespread maternal endothelial dysfunction
what hormone causes male pattern balding?
DHT
what hormone is responsible for prostate growth?
DHT
what hormone is responsible for differentiating early male external genitalia? other than male external genitalia what else does it control growth of early on?
DHT; prostate
what hormone causes acne in men? through activation of what?
DHT; sebaceous gland activity
which hormone is responsible for early penile growth? late penile growth?
DHT; testosterone
order the androgens in decreasing potency.
DHT>testosterone> androstenedione
what is menorrhagia? dysmenorrhea?
abnormally long and prolonged menstruation at regular intervals; pain during menstruation
what two disease are increased in offspring of older men?
achondroplasia and Marfans
what two cells convert testosterone and androstenedione to estrogen? via what enzyme?
adipose tissue and sertoli cells; aromatase
what does 2N vs 4N refer to?
after mitosis- duplicates of each chromosome exist
which hormones are responsible for development of female secondary sex characteristics?
all form of estrogen
from which artery does the ovarian artery come off of? how about uterine?
aortic; illiac
what is anastrazole and what is it used for? whats another of its type?
aromatase inhibitor used in postmenopausal women with breast cancer; exemestane
what do progestins do and what are they used for?
bind progesterone receptors to reduce growth and increase vascularization of endometrium; used in OCPs and in treatment of endometrial cancer and abnormal uterine bleeding
what sphincter is closed during emission? ejaculation?
bladder; sphincter
what makes up the tail in a sperm?
centriole
what is one single strand of DNA called?
chromatid
what is a single chromatid pair called?
chromosome
what does a male's fertility depend on?
count and motility (of sperm)
what effect does estrogen have on HDL and LDL? what other effects does estrogen have on liver proteins?
decreases LDL and increases HDL
what effect does exogenous testosterone have on intratesticular testosterone? what effect does this have on spermatogenesis? what is a visible manifestation of this?
decreases production (from FSH, GnRH decrease); decreases d/t lack of paracrine effects of testosterone in testes; gonadal atrophy and azoospermia
what is the early role of DHT?
differentiation of penis, scrotum, prostate
what is a PGE2 analog that can cause cervical dilation and uterine contraction to induce labor?
dinoprostone
what is it called with the rhythmic contractions in the penis that secrete semen out? what nervous system control this? through what nerve?
ejaculation; somatic and visceral; pudendal
what is it called when semen is moved towards the ejaculatory ducts? what autonomic nervous system regulates this? through what nerve?
emission; sympathetic; hypogastric
where does spermiogenesis occur?
epidydimis
what is the potency in decreasing order of estrogens?
estradiol >estrone > estriol
which estrogen form is used during pregnancy as a form of fetal well being?
estriol
what form of estrogen is released from the placenta?
estriol (E3)
Which hormone is responsible for increasing myometrial excitability?
estrogen
which hormone causes prolactin stimulation?
estrogen
which hormone causes the LH surge?
estrogen
what form of estrogen is released from the blood?
estrone
what are the estrogens and what are they used for?
ethinyl estradiol, DES, mestranol; by binding estrogen receptors they use to treat hypogonadism, ovarian failure, menstrual abnormalities, HRT in post menopausal women and use in men with androgen dependent prostate cancer
what does the process of spermiogenesis entail ?
extrusion of cytoplasm and gaining of acrosome and flagellum
T/F at high levels of estrogen, prolactin has a high binding concentration to its receptor at the breast
false
T/F estrogen downregulates its SHBG
false
T/F estrogen is an androgen
false
T/F progesterone increases endometrial proliferation and the growth of the follicle
false
T/F spermatogenesis begins at birth
false
T/F spermatozoa are immature sperm
false
T/F the round ligament of the uterus contains the uterine vessels
false
T/F Testosterone inhibits only LH production
false- GnRH
T/F testosterone has an effect only on early growth of seminal vesicles
false- also growth spurt at puberty
T/F estrogen receptors are located in the nucleus
false- cytoplasm
T/F OCPs increase the risk of EP
false- decrease
T/F testosterone only has an effect on internal male genitalia
false- later on in life increases and diff external genitalia
T/F inhibin inhibits FSH and GnRH production
false- only FSH
T/F leydig cells have mostly an endocrine effect
false- paracrine
T/F testosterone feedback decreases sperm production
false- paracrine effects increase gametogenesis
T/F spermiogenesis is the last phase of spermatogenesis and is the process of converting a spermatozoa to a spermatid
false- spermatid to spermatozoa
T/F spermatogenesis makes sperm
false- spermatids
where does the right ovarian vein drain into? how about the left ovarian vein?
IVC; left renal vein
T/F estrogen does feedback inhibition of estrogen, LH and progesterone receptors by downregulating them
false- upregulates LH, estrogen and progesterone receptors
T/F the gonadal vessels cross under the ureter
false; ureters cross under gonadal
what drug blocks 5 alpha reductase?
finasteride
what source of energy does the sperm use?
fructose
what is the role of testosterone in the seminiferous tubules?
gametogenesis
other than penile and muscle mass growth, what else does testosterone activate in the growth spurt? (hint think sperm and blood)
gametogenesis; RBCs
from what is the acrosome in a sperm derived?
golgi apparatus
which cells are the equivalent of sertoli cells in males?
granulosa cells
from what two sources can estradiol be produced? what does estradiol =?
granulosa cells ; estrogen
what are prolactin levels during pregnancy? why? are they active? why?
high; no; estrogen blocks its action at the breast
which autonomic nervous system causes an erection? through what molecule and what is its second messenger? what does this do to the vasocirculation?
parasympathetic; NO and cGMP; vasodilation
how is the blood-testis barrier formed? what does it protect the gametes from?
tight junctions between sertoli cells; autoimmune attack
what is the 2mcc of hair loss? how do you treat it?
tinea capitus; terbinafine
what is the cardinal ligament also known as? what does it connect the cervix to?
transcervical ligament; side wall of pelvis
what is increased in OCP use?
triglycerides and hypercoaguable state
T/F OCPs decrease risk of endometrial and ovarian cnacer
true
T/F males fertility depends on number of sperm
true
T/F two sister chromatids are either replicated copies or homogenous (depending of if haploid or diploid) joined together at centromere to make a chromosome
true
T/F estrogen is responsible for closing of epiphyseal plates in males
true (converted from testosterone)
what structures does the cardinal ligament contain?
uterine vessels
what does the ligament of the ovary connect the ovaries to? what structures are contained in it?
uterine wall; nothing
between what two structures in the pouch of douglas?
uterus and rectum
because of the left gonadal vein draining into the renal vein first, what is seen more commonly in the left testicle than the right?
variocele
what are some side effects of OCP use?
weight gain, break through menstrual bleeding, breast tenderness, nausea, depression, hypertension
T/F hydatidiform mole is a proliferation of chorionic tissue
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T/F hydatidiform moles can lead to uterine rupture
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T/F inability to excrete urine causes polyhydramnios
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T/F invasive lobular breast cancer often presents with a mass of dysplastic disorderly cells
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T/F leimyomas are nonresponsive to estrogen(its the smooth muscle!)
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T/F leimyomas progress to leimyosarcomas like CIN and endometerial hyperplasias
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T/F leimyosarcomas present like leimyomas with multiple foci
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T/F malignant breast tumors present as painful masses with skin/nipple retraction
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T/F menopause is necrosis of follicles and oocytes
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T/F most breast cancer patients have a genetic or hereditary factor
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T/F most common vaginal cancer is primary SCC
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T/F most leimyosarcomas are derivatives from leimyomas and are found most in blacks and middle aged woman
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T/F mucinous non germ cell tumors are more likely to bilateral while serous are more likely to be unilateral?
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T/F mucinous ovarian non germ cell tumors are ciliated
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T/F oligohydramnios is excess amniotic fluid?
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T/F ovarian cancers more common than cervical cancers worldwide
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T/F pap smears decrease cervical dysplasia numbers
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T/F partial hydatidiform moles have fetal parts and appear as a snowstorm appearance on the first sonogram
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T/F progesterone inhibits pregnancy from occurring
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T/F progesterone stimulate endometrial proliferation
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T/F the worst and most invasive breast cancer is also the most common and is nonpalpable
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T/F theca cells produce estrogen
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T/F theca cells produce testosterone
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T/F there are learning disabilities in klinefelters but not in turners
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T/F there is a barr body in turners but not klinefelters
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T/F there is hyperuricemia in preclampsia
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T/F there is thrombocytosis in preclampsia
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T/F to treat preclampsia hypertension you should give antihypertensives and salt restriction
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T/F turners patient are fertile
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T/F turners patient have low GH and IGF that cause short stature
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T/F uniform enlargement in adenomyosis is due to hyperplasia
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after labor, what induces lactation? what is required to maintain milk production after that? what normally blocks lactation (ie during pregnancy) ?
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after ovulation, oogenesis resumes, and it pauses again at what point? until when?
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at what point do hcG levels drop? what then secretes progesterone?
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at what stage is oogenesis stalled in after it begins? until when?
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can CIN progress to invasive carcinoma? (CIN= carcinoma in situ)
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during what phase of menstruation is the body temperature elevated?
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elevation of which hormone is indicative of ovulation?
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for how long does hcG maintain the corpus luteum?
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from what tissue in the breast do most malignant breast tumors arise?
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how do expression markers affect therapy and prognosis of malignant breast tumors?
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how do stromal cells of the endometrium differentiate into the decidual cells of the placenta?
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how do you confirm a diagnosis of an EP?
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how do you differentiate androgen insensitivity syndrome from klinefelters (based on lab values)?
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how do you monitor hydatidiform mole transformation to choriocarcinoma?
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how do you treat hyperandrogenism in PCOS? infertility?
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how does estrogen decrease LDL levels?
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how does inflammatory malignant breast cancer cause pitting edema?
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how does progesterone keep you from getting pregnant again? how does estrogen do the opposite?
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how long after fertilization does implantation take place? where does it implant? what is required for implantation to occur?
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how long is the follicular phase? the luteal phase? how can you calculate when menstruation will occur?
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how many liters of amniotic fluid is considered polyhydramnios? oligo?
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if a female has had a previously ruptured appendix, what are they at risk for?
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what hormone regulate sertoli cell activity?
FSH
what are synthetic progestins and estrogens used for? how do they prevent ovulation?
OCPS; prevent estrogen surge so that no LH surge occurs
what is clomiphene used for and what are its SE?
PCOS and inferteility; hot flashes, ovarian enlargement, multiple simultaneous pregnancies, and visual disturbances
what is misoprostol? Dinoprostone?
PGE 1 ; PGE2 analog
T/F acute mastitis presents with dystrophic calcification?
no; fat necrosis does
what is unique about the squamous epithelia in the vagina?
nonkeratinized
when is OCP contraindicated ?
smokers >35 y/o; patients with history of thromboembolism, stroke or history of estrogen dependent tumor, decompensated or active liver disease
why must synthetic progestins be added in OCPs and HRT? what actually does the prevention of the estrogen surge?
so that estrogen is not unopposed (increases risk for endometrial cancer) and so that decrease mucus permeability so sperm cant swim through; synthetic estrogen
what is spermiogenesis? what occurs during this phase?
spermatid to spermatozoa; extrustion of cytoplasm and gaining of acrosome and flagellum
after meiosis II , what do the secondary spermatocyte become ? what "N"?
spermatid; N
what are the germ cells in the seminiferous tubules called?
spermatogonia
what is the phase called that converts a spermatid to a spermatozoa?
spermiogenesis
what is the histology of the cells in the vagina?
stratified squamous
what is the role of the sertoli cells in spermatogenesis?
support and regulate
which autonomic nervous system is antierectile? through what molecule and what is its second messenger? what does it do to the circulation?
sympathetic; NE and cAMP; vasoconstrict
what hormone is responsible for differentiating male internal genitalia? what is the exception?
testoserone; prostate
what hormone is responsible for libido in men?
testosterone
name the androgens and where they are produced.
testosterone (leydig cells); Dihydrotestosterone (testis); androstenedione (adrenal)
T/F Ovarian non germ cell tumors are most common in adolescents
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T/F PCOS is a risk factor for DM II
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T/F PCOS is a risk factor for cervical cancer
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T/F XYY patients are infertile, aggressive, tall and lots of acne
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T/F a vaccine is available for invasive carcinoma
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T/F abruptio placentae uniformly results in fetal dealth
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T/F all ovarian germ cell tumors are malignant except for teratomas
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T/F an inability to swallow would cause oligohydramnios
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T/F cervical cancers have a worst prognosis than ovarian
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T/F chorionic villi are present in the choriocarcinoma
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T/F early sexual intercourse is a risk factor for cervical dysplasia
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T/F endometrial cancers are the most common but with the best prognosis
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T/F endometriosis is neoplastic and a risk fact for infertility and EP's
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T/F granulosa cells produce estrogen
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T/F 50% of ovarian tumors are serous cystadenocarcinomas
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T/F Endometriosis is ectopic myometrial tissue that is hormone responsive
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T/F Fibroadenoma is a precursor for malignant breast cancert
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T/F Fibrocystic disease can become malignant and is hormone responsive
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T/F HIV and alcohol consumption is a risk factor for cervical dysplasia.
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what hormone is responsible for activating leydig cells?
LH
what is testosterone used to treat (methyltestosterone)?
hypogonadism, promote development of secondary sex characteristics, stimulation of anabolism to promote recovery after burn or injury; treat ER positive breast cancer (exemestane)
what is the toxicity of estrogens? when are they contraindicated
increased risk endometrial cancer, bleeding in postmenopausal women, clear cell adenocarcinoma of vagina in females exposed to DES in utero, increased risk of thrombi; ER positive breast cancer; DVTs
what effect does LH have on leydig cells? what effect does FSH have on leydig cells
increased testosterone relsase; none
what do sertoli cells secrete? what do these three molecules do?
inhibin (inhibits FSH), MIH (breaks down female internal genitalia precursor), Androgen binding protein- maintains plasma levels of testosterone
what does the does the round ligament of the uterus connect the fundus of the uterus to?
labia major
which is closest to the lumen of the seminiferous tubule- later or earlier in spermatogenesis?
later
what does the suspensory ligament of the ovaries connect the ovaries to? what structures are contained in it?
lateral pelvic wall; ovarian vessels
which cells are found in the interstitium of the seminiferous tubules? which are found lining the tubules?
leydig; sertoli
what is the toxicity of using testosterone as a treatment?
masculinization in females; inhibits release of LH--> reduces intratesticular testosterone--> gonadal atrophy; premature closure of epiphyseal plates; increased LDL and decreased HDL
what portion of the sperm contains mitochondria?
middle piece
what is used to terminate pregnancy? how does it work? what does is it administered with? and what does that do?
mifeppristone (RU 486); competitive inhibitor of progestins at progesterone receptors; misoprostol; PGE1
what is clomiphene and how does it work?
partial agonist at estrogen receptors in hypothalamus and prevents normal feedback inhibition and increases release of LH and FSH from pituitary which stimulates ovulation
what do the spermatogonia provide in the seminiferous tubules?
primary spermatocytes
after mitosis what does a spermatogonium become? what "N"?
primary spertmatocyte; 4N
what is estrone? what is 17 beta estradiol?
produced by fat cells from androgens produced in adrenal glands; E2 (actually estrogen produced in theca cells)
what is the late role of DHT?
prostate growth, balding, sebaceous gland activity
when does the voice deepen? and what hormone causes the activation?
puberty; testosterone
what is HRT used for?
releief or prevention of menopausal symptoms and osteoporosis
what are beta 2 agonists that relax the uterus and reduce prematures uterine contractions?
ritodrine/ terbutaline
which reproductive ligament is a derivative of the gubernaculum? through which canal does this ligament travel?
round ligament of the uterus; round inguinal canal
after meiosis I what does the primary spermatocyte become? what "N"
secondary spermatocyte; 2N
what do the leydig cells do? where are they found?
secrete testosterone; in intersitium of seminneferous tubules
what is the pathway of sperm during ejaculation?
semineferous tubules, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, nothing, urethra, penis
where does spermatogenesis take place? how long does it take? when does it begin?
semineferous tubules; 2 months; puberty
which are the non germ cells in the semineferous tubules? which are the endocrine cells?
sertoli cells; leydig cells
what does -ploidy refer to?
sets of chromosomes
name two drugs that are proerectile. how do they work?
sildenafil and vardenafil; increase cGMP by inhibiting its breakdown
what drugs block cGMP breakdown in the male vasculature?
sildenafil, vardenafil
what is the histology of the cells in the uterus?
simple columnar and pseudostratified tubular
what is the histology of the cells in the fallopian tube?
simple columnar epithelium, ciliated
what is the histology of the cells in the endocervix? ectocervix?
simple columnar; stratified squamous
what is the histology of the cells in the ovary?
simple cuboidal epithelium
