Research Exam 2

Which situation will involve the use of inferential statistics? -A comparison of independent variables in a quasi-experimental study -A discussion about demographic data -An analysis of demographic variables of the target population -An examination of the differences between control and experimental group scores

-An examination of the differences between control and experimental group scores

What is the researcher-participant relationship in qualitative research? -Controlling subjects' responses by stating the aims of the study. -Keeping a distance to avoid skewing research findings. -Attaching personal meanings of the research to subjects' responses -Creating empathetic and honest relationships with study subjects.

-Creating empathetic and honest relationships with study subjects.

A researcher identifies a socioeconomic group of people to study. After developing a rapport with key members of the group, getting information about group members from the key members, and spending time working among group members, the researcher prepares a written report about the group based on this experience. Which type of qualitative research does this represent? -Ethnographic -Grounded Theory -Historical -Phenomenological

-Ethnographic

What type of qualitative research method would be used to describe and interpret a culture and cultural behavior? -Grounded theory -Ethnographic research -Exploratory-descriptive -Phenomenological

-Ethnographic research

Which is true about a conceptual definition in a research study? -It defines how a concept can be manipulated in a study. -It describes how a concept may be measured in a study. -It is comprehensive and includes associative meanings. -It is more specific than a dictionary definition.

-It is comprehensive and includes associative meanings.

Which is true about a correlational analysis technique? -It measures the relationship among variables -It is most desirable for small samples with homogenous scores -It usually involves comparing data from two subjects -It is used to determine cause and effect among sets of variables

-It measures the relationship among variables

Which of the following statements is false regarding limitaitons tin research? -Limitations are restrictions or problems in a study that may decrease the generalizability of the findings -Study limitations can often include methodological limitations such as weak designs, nonrepresentative samples, and limited control. -Most researchers identify the limitations of their study in the research report and explain how this may have impacted their study findings. -LImitations synthesize the findings and methodology

-LImitations synthesize the findings and methodology

The following are true statements regarding PRISMA, except... -It upholds rigorous research methodology to promote the accuracy of findings and minimize the reviewers' bias. -Nurse researchers should not be concerned with the PRISMA checklist and instructions. -It was created in 2009 by an international group of expert researchers and clinicians -It provides you with steps to critically appraise systematic reviews and meta-analyses.

-Nurse researchers should not be concerned with the PRISMA checklist and instructions.

Which of the following statements about Outcomes research is false? -Outcomes research is a rigorous scientific method that is focused on the end results of patinet care -Outcomes research cannot be used for patients with chronic conditions -Outcomes reserach for individuals with chronic conditions includes aspects of quality of care, functioning, symptom management, and mortality -Outcomes reserach is concerned with the effectiveness of healthcare interventions and health services.

-Outcomes research cannot be used for patients with chronic conditions

Relational statement:

Clarifies the type of relationship that exists between or among concepts

A nurse conducts a study to examine the effects of a new intervention on FEV1 levels in patients with COPD and uses all patients admitted to a hospital during a 2-month period. This is an example of which type of sampling method? Convenience Network Quota Random

Convenience

T or F: Using the PICO format to develop your clinical question will make it more difficult to conduct a successful literature review.

F

T or F: All significant results are considered clinically important.

False

T or F: The process of acquiring study participants and collecting the data for a study is observational measurement.

False

What role does qualitative research play in evidence-based practice (EBP)? -Because it does not involve random-controlled trials (RCTs), it does not contribute directly to EBP. -It offers a systematic approach for yielding insights into human experience and behavior. -It provides the basis for most EBP guidelines and patient care protocols. -It provides a way to measure and evaluate quality outcomes that affect patient care.

It offers a systematic approach for yielding insights into human experience and behavior.

What Are Middle-Range Theories?

Less abstract and narrower in scope than conceptual models Emerge from review of studies to build evidence-based practice related to a clinical problem

Conceptual definition:

More comprehensive than a dictionary definition; includes associated meanings a word may have

Examples of nursing-sensitive patient outcomes include which of the following (select all that apply) Pain Case management Self-care Religous Beliefs Functional status

Pain Self-care Functional status

What does PRISMA stand for?

Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses

A Likert Scale includes all of the following EXCEPT: -Designed to determine the opinions or attitudes of study subjects -Usually addresses agreement, evaluation, or frequency -Most commonly used scaling technique in research -Provides a measure of control to the research design

Provides a measure of control to the research design

Which are types of probability sampling? Network Stratified random Convenience Cluster Simple random

Stratified random Cluster Simple random

Why Are Conceptual Models Important?

These are more abstract than theories. They explain phenomena of interest and reflect a philosophical stance. They cannot be tested via research. They may guide further qualitative studies. Operational definitions are often found in these models.

T or F: Evidence-based practice (EBP) is the conscientious integration of best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient circumstances and values in the delivery of quality, safe, cost-effective health care.

True

T or F: Mixed methods research utilizes both qualitative and quantitative methods in the same study.

True

______________ occurs when the researcher rejects the null hypothesis when it is true.

Type I error

_____________ occurs when the researcher regards the null hypothesis as true but it is false.

Type II error

Qualitative data utilizes the following: Questionnaires Unstructured observations Randomized Control Trial Likert Scale

Unstructured observations

What does a study framework reflect? a.Blueprint for the study b.Data analysis strategy c.Researcher's "theory" or idea about the study d.Specific plan for data collection

c.Researcher's "theory" or idea about the study

In a study of patients who have dementia, a researcher wishes to examine the effects of moderate exercise on patients' abilities to perform self-care. The researcher decides to use subjects between 70 to 80 years of age who have been diagnosed with dementia for less than 1 year. A patient who is 65 years old meets exclusion criteria sampling criteria inclusion criteria eligibility criteria

exclusion criteria

A __________ is a brief explanation of a theory or portions of a theory to be tested in a study.

framework

When a researcher concludes that study findings are applicable to the total population, this is an example of

generalization

Positive z-score

giraffe is higher than the mean

Which of the following is true about theoretical frameworks used in research? a.Theories are constructed by people and are tentative in nature. b.Theories offer precise guidance in all situations. c.Theories represent ultimate truth. d.Theories are congruent with reality.

a.Theories are constructed by people and are tentative in nature.

Empirical Generalizations

•Are based on accumulated evidence from many studies •Are important for verification of theoretical statements or for development of new theory

Factor Analysis

•Examines relationships among large numbers of variables •Disentangles those relationships to identify clusters of variables most closely linked

inferential statistics

•Infer or address objectives, questions, and hypotheses •Assist in: •Identifying relationships •Examining predictions •Determining group differences in studies

T Test

•Tests for significant differences between two samples •Most commonly used test of differences

Pearson Product-Moment Correlation

•Tests for the presence of a relationship between two variables •Called bivariate correlation •Types of correlation are available for all levels of data. Best results are obtained using interval data.

What Is the Cronbach's Alpha Coefficient?

•Tests internal consistency of measurement scale •To what extent is the measure a true reflection of a subject's responses?

Regression Analysis

•Used when one wishes to predict the value of one variable based on the value of one or more other variables

Chi-Square Test of Independence

•Used with nominal or ordinal data •Tests for differences between expected frequencies if groups are alike and frequencies actually observed in the data

descriptive statistics

Describe or summarize the sample and variables

Negative z-score

- giraffe is less than the mean

Which of the following are true statements about qualitative research? Select all that apply. -Qualitative research is a systematic approach used to describe experiences and situations from the perspective of persons in the situation. -Qualitative research findings make an indistinct contribution to evidence-based practice. -Qualitative research can generate rich descriptions of the experiences of the participants. -Qualitative research is conducted in controlled settings to learn about a topic from the perspectives of the participants. -Qualitative research process follows the same general steps as the quantitative research process, and is based on the same philosophical values and assumptions.

-Qualitative research is a systematic approach used to describe experiences and situations from the perspective of persons in the situation. -Qualitative research can generate rich descriptions of the experiences of the participants.

Which statement is true about using a questionnaire to collect data? -Questions are presented consistently with less chance for bias than with an interview. -Subjects usually give more in-depth answers when responding to questionnaires. -Questionnaires are generally more expensive than interviewing techniques. -The response rate is generally higher than when using interviews to collect data.

-Questions are presented consistently with less chance for bias than with an interview.

What is true about grounded theory research? -It is used to futher research in areas where much concrete data is already known. -Theory is developed from the data collected during the research -Study designs use a theoretical basis to develop the research questions. -It is a method used to quantify theoretical constructs in theory development.

-Theory is developed from the data collected during the research

What is the purpose of qualitative research? -To establish causal relationships among subjective data -To allow researchers to interject their own values into studies -To describe data that cannot be measured or quantified -To describe experiences and insight from the subject's perspective

-To describe experiences and insight from the subject's perspective

How are study results utilized to develop evidence for practice? -a description of the study design and sampling methods. -the limitations and generalizations of the study. -tables and figures representing study results. -the framework and definitions of study variables.

-a description of the study design and sampling methods.

A parameter is a characteristic of -a population. -a frequency distribution. -a sample. -a normal curve.

-a population.

A theory is defined as: -a set of concepts and statements that present a view of a phenomenon. -description of how the operational variables are measured -the conscious awareness of a lived experience -terms that abstractly describe and name an object or idea

-a set of concepts and statements that present a view of a phenomenon.

The goal of appropriate sampling in research is to -accurately reflect the characteristics of the target population. -completely define the traits of the accessible population. -identify all attributes of the sample population. -study an entire population.

-accurately reflect the characteristics of the target population

A researcher conducting a qualitative study knows that saturation of information has occurred when -additional sampling reveals redundant information. -data collected confirms theoretical models. -subjects participating are representative of the general population. -the desired sample size has been reached.

-additional sampling reveals redundant information.

A researcher classifies words and phrases that occur in data collected in a qualitative study. This process is called: -coding the data -describing the data -interpreting the data -dwelling with the data

-coding the data

The goal of a critical appraisal should be to -determine where faults exist in the study design. -evaluate whether a proposed study is feasible. -identify the meaning and credibility of the study. -review the credentials and expertise of the researcher.

-identify the meaning and credibility of the study.

It is important to know the demographic variables among study subjects to -calculate central tendency and standard deviation of study scores. -ensure that control and experimental subjects are different. -ensure that outcomes are not caused by independent variables. -understand how well the sample represents the target population.

-understand how well the sample represents the target population.

A common method of measurement used in qualitative research is -scales. -physiological measures. -unstructured interviews. -questionnaires.

-unstructured interviews.

The level of statistical significance often used in nursing studies is:

0.05

Stages of Data Analysis

1. Prepare data for analysis. 2. Describe the sample. 3. Test reliability of measurement methods. 4. Conduct exploratory analysis. 5. Conduct confirmatory analysis guided by hypotheses, questions, or objectives. 6. Conduct post hoc analyses.

types of descriptive statistics

1.Frequency distributions •Ungrouped frequency distributions •Grouped frequency distributions •Percentage distributions 2.Measures of central tendency 3.Measures of dispersion

Concepts

Abstractly describe and name an object, idea, or phenomenon, thus providing it with a separate identity or meaning

Decision Theroy

Assumes that all the groups in a study used to test a hypothesis are components of the same population relative to the variables under study

Which type of variable is used in a summary of sample characteristics?

Demographic variables

Among subjects with coronary artery disease, a researcher identifies three levels of symptoms which can be categorized by severity (mild, moderate, and severe) . This represents which level of measurement? Interval Nominal Ordinal Ratio

Ordinal

Among subjects with coronary artery disease, a researcher identifies three levels of symptoms which can be categorized by severity. This represents which level of measurement? Interval Nominal Ordinal Ratio

Ordinal

A study measuring the effects of a new diuretic medication records hourly urine output of subjects. This measure represents which level of measurement? Interval Nominal Ordinal Ratio

Ratio

Z Score

a measure of how many standard deviations you are away from the norm (average or mean)

A researcher wishes to study the effects of a nursing intervention on children with cancer and obtains a sample of school-age children hospitalized for cancer treatment in a local hospital. This sample represents the accessible population. general population. target population. theoretical population.

accessible population.

A researcher begins a study with 250 subjects, and 50 subjects drop out before the study is concluded. The researcher will declare 20% as the sample acceptance rate. attrition rate. refusal rate. retention rate.

attrition rate.

A researcher wishes to conduct a survey of attitudes about illness among young adults with cystic fibrosis. The researcher contacts a nearby regional medical cystic fibrosis clinic, where 250 young adults who have cystic fibrosis are seen. A group of 50 young adults are selected to complete the survey. These 50 people are the accessible population. elements of the population. sample population. target population.

sample population.

During a qualitative research study, a researcher asks subjects a fixed set of questions to which the participants respond freely. This is an example of a(n) open-ended interview. semi-structured interview. structured interview. unstructured interview.

semi-structured interview.

A researcher enters a list of subjects from a sampling frame into a computer and the computer randomly assigns subjects to control or treatment groups. This is an example of cluster sampling. simple random sampling. stratified random sampling. systematic sampling.

simple random sampling.