research exam 3: independent study; process of conducting systematic reviews and introductory challenge

-___is the internet-based repository for Cochrane's documents and contact details. It contains the working versions of all Cochrane Reviews, as well as information about the people and other documents. -You can use your Cochrane login account to access your draft review and work on it in Review Manager (RevMan), which is the main software used for preparing Cochrane Reviews.

Archie

-As a systematic review author, you are not alone. You're supported by your ___, and by ___ and other users that you can engage in the review process. -Your Cochrane Review Group (CRG) may have minimum criteria for the ___ and ___ of members of your review team.

co-authors, consumers skills experience

What is a key feature of a systematic review?

comprehensive and repeatable search strategy

planning a review: -plan the criteria you are going to use to decide whether a piece of research is eligible for ___ in your review. -Also plan which ___ you will use to conduct the review

inclusion methods

The first step is to select, and define your ___. At this stage, you should also be planning the logistics of your review, such as: -members of the ___ team; -___ that are available to you; -estimated ___; -any ___

question review resources time frame conflict of interest

Conducting a good practice systematic review follows a very particular series of steps, including the ___ itself, ___ review, and ___.

review, editorial, publishing

Perspectives -It is important to consider the perspectives of people from different ___ in which the health issue or intervention occurs. -For example, reviews of malaria should be informed by the perspective of people living and working in the affected low- and middle-income countries. Even interventions that are not specific to resource-poor settings should also consider the different access, delivery, and outcome challenges in those areas

settings

expertise and access to literature: You will need some expert advice, particularly around ___ analysis, and ___ searching. Also, you will have to obtain ___ articles of all the studies included in your review

statistical literature full text

-RevMan is the main software used for preparing Cochrane Protocols and Reviews. It allows you to prepare the ___, build ___showing the characteristics of studies and the comparisons in the review, and add study ___. -It can perform ___, and present the results graphically. Cochrane authors must prepare their reviews using RevMan in order to ___ in the Cochrane Library.

text, tables, data meta-analyses publish

___ (yours and your co-authors') is your most important resource.

time

Why are rigorous methods of systematic review important?

to reduce bias in the selection and comparison process

It's important to consider the ___ of your review from the beginning of this process. You can involve users in your ___ team, or consult them ___ the review process (informally, or by setting up a reference group).

users author during

7 components of conducting a review?

-search for studies -apply eligibility criteria -collect data -assess studies for risk of bias -analyze and present results -interpret results and draw conclusions -review write-up

-The median time between protocol publication and new review publication is about ___ (as of August 2016). Of course, this time can vary quite a lot, and will depend on the amount of time the members of team have available (is this review part of your job, or are you working in your spare time?), and the ___ and ___ of the review. -Consider mapping out a(n) ___ of tasks, with ___ dates, and get a clear picture from each of your co-authors of the amount of time they have available to work on the review. -___ may be available to support priority systematic reviews from the various organizations that fund health research, such as service providers, policy agencies, guideline developers, etc. Most Cochrane authors, however, provide their time ___.

30 months scope, complexity time chart, target funding voluntarily

Authors: -You'll need co-authors. The median number is ___ authors -Many author teams include people from different countries, or even continents, so communication between the authors will need to be carefully managed, and supported by ___. -You'll also need some office supplies and technology - computers and ___ access for writing and submitting your review; any resources you need to ensure that the members of your team are communicating regularly, such as by ___ if you're not all in the same place; and some basics, like printing and photocopying.

5 technology internet teleconference

Expertise and access to literature: -The median number of studies included in a review is ___. -Note that during your searching stage you will actually need to obtain many ___ full text articles than the number of included studies, as you will also have to check the full text of studies that will eventually be excluded from the review. -Your local library (preferably a university or hospital library) will also be important in providing access to ___ literature databases for searching, and for obtaining copies of journal articles once your search has been run.

9 more electronic

Which of the following questions could be addressed by a systematic review of interventions?

Can repetitive task training improve functional ability in patients recovering from stroke?

Authors of Cochrane Reviews are required to register their title at this stage with a(n) ___. This prevents ___, so that no one else is working on the same topic. It also allows the CRG to provide you with ongoing ___, and expert ___ throughout the review process.

Cochrane Review Group (CRG) duplication support, advice

___ is software that complements RevMan, which is the main software used for preparing Cochrane Reviews. This software allows you to collaborate online with your co-authors on tasks such as uploading and sharing search results, screening and selecting studies, data collection, and risk of bias assessment.

Convidence

Which of the following is a required step in conducting a systematic review?

Criteria for inclusion and exclusion of studies (also called eligibility criteria) must be explicit and planned in advance - ideally in a published protocol.

-___ is an alternative tool for authoring systematic reviews that can complement RevMan, which is the main software used for preparing Cochrane Reviews.This tool can be used as a stand-alone authoring tool for non-Cochrane Reviews, and can be used by Cochrane authors to complement RevMan. -This tool is especially appropriate for ___ systematic reviews, and has advanced features for screening, data collection, qualitative and quantitative ___ , text ___ for study identification, and automatic text ___.

EPPI-Reviewer complex analysis, mining translation

___ is software that complements RevMan, which is the main software used for preparing Cochrane Reviews. This software is used to create 'Summary of findings' tables in Cochrane Reviews. You can use it to import data from RevMan, perform calculations to present the key findings of your review, and conduct a GRADE assessment of the quality of the evidence.

GRADEpro

what is Cochrane's main software for producing systematic reviews?

RevMan

logistics: ___, ___, ___, and ___ are the main resources you need in conducting a systematic review.

Time, expertise, access to scientific literature, office technology

A consumer's voice video: The other thing, of course, is ___. And also ___. And those three things were the three major primary outcomes for our review. And they still are in a lot of the trials that are done. But, also, what patients want is for this thing to stop spreading. It's taking over your body and it's galloping away, and you might get one patch repigmented and it's still coming out somewhere else. So, that is also something that we looked at. And ____ help is important, because you have to live with it. If you can't cure it, you have to find a way of coping with it.

adverse effects quality of life psychological

A consumer's voice video: -I think, actually, that ___aspects (of a systematic review) benefit from (consumer) involvement, in a way. And the bit that I thought for me was important was ___. You know, that the patient perspective of what is a good result of treatment doesn't always ___to what the researcher or the doctor thinks. And it's a case in point for the review that when we sat down to plan the review and write it, we had to have a look at outcomes. And at a meeting once with doctors for a guideline, I was asked what the outcomes should be measured in vitiligo. What should be the ones... and 50% repigmentation - was that a good outcome? And I said no! It certainly is not. From the patient perspective what we do want is a 100%, but we can't get it. So we need to have a compromise. And in the end we settled at 75% repigmentation.

all outcomes correspond

Steps that review authors follow in completing a Cochrane Review: (8)

define question register title plan review publish protocol conduct review publish review improve and update review publish updated review

of the steps that review authors follow in completing a Cochrane Review, which are steps in conducting a systematic review? (4) steps in the editorial process? (4)

define question, plan review, conduct review, improve and update review register title, publish protocol, publish review, publish updated review

Role of consumers in disseminating the results of review: -Consumers can play a very big role in ___the results of reviews. I think that when you do a review, you can't just leave it - you need to tell people about it. And about what you've found, and get their ___, actually. So, what I did was I gave talks to the Vitiligo Society, which is a charity. I wrote stuff for their newsletter. And other organisations, you know, that asked me to speak from time to time about vitiligo, I always included stuff from the review. The findings, and how bad things were for patients, and how the review might help to change that. Which it is in fact doing. So, dissemination is crucial, there's no point doing something as big as a review and just leaving it lying in the library. You've got to just tell people about it.

disseminating feedback

3 purposes of author teams:

double checking different perspectives experience

Different perspectives: Multiple authors can provide different perspectives and different areas of ___, which can improve the ___of your review. You may have authors from different ___, or different ___settings.

expertise quality disciplines, geographical

Double-checking: There are some points in the review process where work should be double-checked, such as the ___ decisions about including studies in the review, checking for ___ in data collection and entry, and any ___ decisions, such as those about the risk of ___ of your included studies.

final errors subjective, bias

experience: -___-time review authors are encouraged to work with others who are experienced, and having someone on the team with ___ expertise is always an advantage. -Many author teams will also need to consult ___with specific skills, such as an Information Specialist (see module 3: Searching for studies) or a(n) ___.

first methods experts statistician

Roles -Users of your review include ___ professionals, ___ makers, and ___. ___ or ___ are of particular importance, given they are affected by the conditions and outcomes you are exploring. -Users can be involved in different ways throughout the process. They can help to identify important research ___ that should be addressed by a systematic review. They can help to ensure your review considers the outcomes and implementation factors that are important in ___. They can also help to ensure your review is clearly ___ and easy to ___. The ___ resource provides helpful learning and resources to support authors in involving consumers with their reviews.

health, policy, consumers consumers, patients questions, practice written, understand Involving People

publishing updated review: Cochrane aims to keep all its published reviews up to date, to include the findings of ___ published studies. Some reviews should be updated ___ frequently than others, if the literature is fast-moving, and many new studies are published. Some are updated ___ frequently, if there are few new studies, or the findings of the review are very conclusive. The process of updating the review can include some, or all of the steps in the conduct of the new review.

newly more less

2 components of planning a review:

plan eligibility criteria plan methods

Write down the PICO elements in this clinical question: "In children with obstructive-sleep disordered breathing, how effective is tonsillectomy compared to non-surgical management in improving school performance?"

population: children with obstructive-sleep disordered breathing intervention: tonsillectomy comparison: non-surgical mgmt outcome: school performance

conducting a review: Only after the ___ is finalized do you proceed with the review: running a(n) ___ search to identify all the included studies, collecting ___ from each study, assessing each study for ___, and ___ and ___ their results. As you are progressing through the process, you will be writing up specific sections of the review, including the ___ versions.

protocol systematic, information, bias, analyzing, interpreting summary

publishing a review: Finally on completion, the review is submitted for ____. At this stage, your review will go through ___, and ___ review. For Cochrane Reviews, this process is managed by your ___, and reviews are published in the ___. As for any journal, your review may not be accepted for publication if it doesn't meet Cochrane's standards of ___

publication editorial, peer CRG Cochrane Library quality

A(n) ___ protocol is good practice for any piece of research. Protocols for systematic reviews can be registered with the ___ register of systematic review protocols (similar to a clinical trials register). Cochrane Protocols are ___ registered with this.

published PROSPERO automatically