Research final

If participants find themselves performing tasks like those encountered in ordinary daily living, then they are considered to be:

at minimal risk

In a simple random sample:

each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected as a member of the sample

The Institutional Review Board is a university or college committee that:

evaluates the ethical soundness of research proposals

Which of the following is a survey question that might be subject to a social desirability bias?

All of these

In terms of the current ethics code, Milgram's obedience research is most questionable with respect to which issue?

Allowing participants to quit any time in the procedure

Some of the challenges with observational research methods include the absence of control, observer bias, participant reactivty and ethics.

True

Time and event sampling are procedures used in naturalist observation studies rather than survey research.

True

To determine if there are main effects in a factorial design, it is important to look at column means and row means.

True

When researchers include questions in their surveys asking about age, gender, ethnicity and socioeconomic status, these questions are considered demographic information survey items.

True

A dependent-samples t-test would be used under which of the following conditions?

a single-factor, two-level matched groups design and repeated measures design

In a single-factor design, the independent variable has 1 level, by definition.

False

In an example P X E factorial design, speed of stimulus presentation (high, low) would be the 'P' variable and gender (male, female) would be the 'E' variable.

False

Response acquiescence occurs when participants tend to disagree with the items in a survey.

False

When creating a new survey, it is critical to include double-barelled questions.

False

A 3 x 4 factorial design has how many conditions?

12 conditions

Which of the following is an accurate description of a 2 x 6 factorial design?

2 independent variables; the first variable has 2 levels and the 2nd variable has 6 levels

Dr. Pinkman designs a research study in which there are three independent variables. The first independent variable is gender: participants are either male or female. The second independent variable is ariable is drug condition: participants are dosed with either 4 mg of methamphetamine or 4 mg of a placebo drug. The third independent variable is stress condition: participants are placed in a situation that will cause either low, moderate, or high stress. Dr. Pinkman will evaluate the adrenaline response as his dependent variable. Which of the following is the correct description of Dr. Pinkman's research study design?

A 2 x 2 x 3 factorial design

If a researcher wants to graph the results of her experiment and her independent variable is discrete, how should she present this data?

A bar graph

If the variable of interest is a continuous variable, what is the most appropriate way to present the data?

A line graph

All of the following are included in the APA ethics code for research with animals except:

A prohibition against the use of animals for mere educational use

Which of the following is an example of a survey that might be open to a self-selection bias?

All of the above

What is the name for an experimental design with a single variable that has three or more levels?

A single factor multilevel design

What term best describes a structured set of questions or statements given to participants in an attempt to assess their attitudes, beliefs, values or tendencies to behave?

A survey

What was the "critical incidents" technique?

A survey procedure used to elicit examples of unethical conduct by psychologist

Which of the following statements best describes the debriefing process?

After the experiment the researcher explains the purpose of the experiment to the participant and answers any questions they might have

What statistical test is used to analyze the differences between two conditions of a single-factor, two-level experiment with either an independent groups design or an ex post facto design?

An independent sample t test

Which of the following is true about the use of animals in psychological research?

Animals are used in 8% psyc research

The most recent APA code (2002) includes 5 general principles and 89 standards. One of the general principles obligates researchers to continually weight the profit and the cost of the research they complete. Which general principle is this?

Beneficence and non malfeasance

What did the Willowbrook and Tuskegee studies have in common?

Both used questionable informed consent procedures

In a One-way ANOVA, the ANOVA refers to the analysis of variance and the "one-way" refers to the single-level of the independent variable.

False

Dr. Elvira conducts a 2 x 2 research study to examine the effects of gender and type of therapy on reduction of fear of bats. Her first variable is gender; participants categorize themselves as either male or female. Her second variable is therapy type, and participants are either assigned to cognitive behavioral therapy sessions or exposure therapy sessions. Dr. Elvira finds that there is no effect of gender on the dependent variable (reduction of fear). Dr. Elvira finds that there is an effect of therapy on reduction in fear of bats; participants in the exposure therapy group experienced greater reduction in symptoms than participants in the CBT therapy group, regardless of their gender. Which of the following statements are true concerning Dr. Elvira's findings.

Dr Elvira found that there was a main effect of therapy type on reduction of fear but no main effect of gender on reduction of fear

Imagine Dr. Jack O'Lantern finds out that the effect of group size on how much someone enjoys visiting a haunted house depends on the anxiety level of the participants. Knowing only this information, how would you best characterize his finding?

Dr Jack o lantern found an interaction between group size and anxiety level on haunted house liking

In a 2 x 2 factorial design, how many possible patterns of results exist? In other words, how many possible combinations of main effects and interactions are possible?

Eight

Dehoaxing is to desensitizing as _______ is to ________.

Explanation;stress reduction

A placebo group is defined as (a) a group that receives no treatment and (b) a group whose members are aware that they are not receiving treatment.

False

Cluster sampling is used when a researcher does not care about effectively sampling from a huge population.

False

For most presentation of experimental data, line graphs can be used for both continuous and discrete data.

False

If a researcher conducts a study in which one of the independent variables is within-subjects and one of the variables is between-subjects, this is referred to as a between-subjects factorial design.

False

In a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design, if a researcher discovers three main effects, then this means that there must also be an interaction between the independent variables.

False

In a 3 x 4 x 5 design, there are five independent variables.

False

In a 5 x 5 factorial design, there are ten total conditions.

False

Dennis studied a pair of female twins. What was true about his study?

He was interested in whether environmental deprivation would affect development

Which of the following is true about falsified data?

It might go undetected if it is consistent with results from other laboratories

In a within-subjects single-factor design, the independent variable, by definition, must be:

Manipulated

In a single-factor study with a between-subjects variable, what do we call a design in which we form equivalent groups using matching?

Matched Groups 1 factor design

One issue in survey research arises when participants who complete and return the survey to the researchers differ in some meaningful way from participants who do not return the survey. This is referred to as what?

Nonresponse bias

When a researcher is studying a group of individuals, and they join the group that they are observing and/or annouce their presence to the research participants, this is referred to as what?

Participant Observation

Milgram's participants thought they were in a study about _______ when in fact they were in a study about _________.

Punishment and learning; obedience

In probability sampling, each member of the population has a definable probaility of being selected for the sample of the study

True

Which of the following is NOT part of the APA's ethics code for humans?

People may or may not decide to participate but once they start a study they are obligated to finish it

It is possible for an interaction between two independent variables to cause the main effects of each indpendent variable to be practically meaningless.

True

What is an advantage of using a multilevel design over a two-level design (in a single-factor experiment)?

Researchers can discover nonlinear effects using a multilevel design

It is possible that in a factorial design, a researcher could find an interaction between two independent variables but no main effects for either of the variables.

True

When describing telemarketing phone surveys, 'sugging' stands for what?

Selling under the guise of a survey

Researchers use t-tests to examine the difference between two levels of a single-factor experiment when their data is either interval scale or ratio scale data.

True

Dr. Walter White wants to study the self-esteem of young men who describes themselves as having an addiction to methamphetamine. As it can be hard to find these individuals (based on the illegal nature of their drug of choice), Dr. White decides to ask his first research participan, Jesse Pinkman, to recruit additional participants through his networks and friendships. What kind of sampling is Dr. White using?

Snowball sampling

Which of the following sample best describes a situation in which the proportions of important subgroups in the population are represented precisely in the sample.

Stratified sample

The goal of naturalistic observation is to:

Study the behaviors of people or animals in their everday natural environments

In a single factor ex post facto design, participants are placed into groups based on:

Subject characteristics

In factorial designs, an interaction occurs when which of the following happens?

The effect of one independent variable depends on the level of another independent variable

In factorial designs, what does 'main effect' refer to?

The overall effect of a single variable on variable

If each participant is exposed to all levels of the independent variable, this means that the independent variable must be manipulated.

True

Imagine you're walking around at a Cognitive Psychology conference. As you approach a pair of researchers, you overhear one of them say "Well, I showed that the effect of stimulus presentation rate on memory for the items depended on the serial order of the item in a list." If this is all you hear, you can likely conclude which of the following statements is true?

The researchers found an interaction between presentation rate and serial order on memory

Which of the following problems is unique to electronic research?

There is no way to insure that a participant is age 18 or older

Which of the following is true of the Tuskegee syphilis study?

There was a complete absence of informed consent

In a 2 x 3 x 7 design, one of the three variables has seven levels.

True

How did Watson and Rayner justify doing the Little Albert study?

They thought he was strong and healthy and would not be harmed by the procedure

"Don't you agree that Obama is a great president" is an example of a leading question, which is a type of question that we should avoid when creating surveys.

True

A dependent samples t test and a paired samples t test are the same statistical test.

True

A one-way ANOVA for repeated measures can be used to analyze the data for multilevel matched group designs and multilevel repeated-measures designs.

True

A researcher can use a bar graph to represent both discrete and continuous data.

True

Dr. Chapman conducts a research study in which one of her variables is age of the participants (children that participate are either 3-years old or 4-years old) and the second variable is type of story read to them (real story or fictitious story). One could say that Dr. Chapman is using a P X E factorial design.

True

Dr. Chapman conducts studies using the University of Arkansas psychology subject pool. This is an example of a convenience sample.

True

If a researcher wants to investigate the possibility of a non-linear effect, it is critical that they use an independent variable with more than two levels.

True

What is the minimum number of levels of the independent variable in a single-factor design?

Two

According to the APA's ethics code for humans, those who volunteer for a study:

can quit at any time, without penalty

When a participant in a naturalistic observation study knows that they are being observed, this is referred to as covert participant observation

false

By definition, a study using a factorial design includes:

more than one independent variable

In a study using prisoners, special care must be taken to insure that:

prisoners don't feel coerced into participating

Researchers believe that some degree of deception in research is sometimes warranted because:

without it participant might not behave naturally