Research final
Studies with non-significant statistical results are clinically meaningless. True False
F
A clinical review article is basically an update for practitioners that is used to refresh or update information about clinical problems they may encounter in practice. True False
a
A research project can have qualitative and quantitative data and elements. True False
a
An Absolute Risk Reduction (ARR) refers to the decrease of a bad event as the result of the intervention. True False
a
Clinical significance has little to do with statistics and is a matter of judgment. Clinical significance often depends on the magnitude of the effect being studied. It answers the question "Is the difference between groups large enough to be worth achieving?" Studies can be statistically significant yet clinically insignificant. True False
a
Demographic data is often presented as: Percentages Continuous Qualitative None of the above
a
If the study represents the realities found in the general population, then it is considered externally valid. True False
a
In which of the following is statistical significance more likely to be found? When using a one-tailed test When the differences in two means are small When sample sizes are small When variances are large
a
The TRIP Database searches across multiple internet sites for evidence-based content. It covers key medical journals, Cochrane Systematic reviews, clinical guidelines, and other highly relevant websites to help health professionals find high quality clinical evidence for clinical practice. True False
a
What does the 95% confidence interval represent? The range of values that includes the true population value The range that includes 95% of the sample's raw scores A 95% chance of obtaining a statistically significant value The level of certainty the investigator has in the sample mean
a
What is the best source of information about the value of inhaled corticosteroids in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? Cochrane's Database Expert Opinion of a Pulmonologist Harrison's Textbook of Medicine Online Monograph sponsored by Glaxo Smith Kline
a
What is the key to meta-analysis? Conversion of different reported statistics to a common value Rejecting a null hypothesis when it is actually true Using nonparametric procedures to replace parametric procedures Comparing the results of multiple studies using their original raw data
a
What is the name of the literature that is not published but may be included in a systematic review? Gray Abstracts Collaborative Sourced
a
Which of the following calculations derived from the same data set will sound most impressive? Relative Risk Reduction (RRR) Absolute Risk Reduction (ARR) Number Needed to Treat (NNT) No difference
a
Which of the following community-based participatory research is an example of action-oriented community diagnosis? Windshield tour Photo-taking Focus groups Theory-driven assessment
a
Which of the following databases contains dissertations and theses? Proquest MEDLINE Google Books Web of Science
a
Which of the following has the highest perceived value and importance in peer-reviewed publications? Abstract Case report Original article Clinical review article
a
Which of the following is a pitfall of large sample size? Missing a pertinent finding in a subgroup Overestimating the importance of a finding Failing to reject the null hypothesis Too much variability in the data
a
Which of the following is an observed test statistic? F ratio P value Beta value Mean
a
Which of the following is the effect size measurement for a t-test? Cohen's d Eta squared Omege squared Mahalanobis distance
a
Which of the following is the most frequently used statistic to report variability? Standard deviation Square root Interquartile range Complete range
a
Which of the following statements about p-values is true? p-values help with random error but not systematic error variance plays no role in calculting p-values a p-value dof 0.001 is more clinically meaningful than a p-value of 0.05 p-values are not influence by the number of observations
a
Which of the following tests hypotheses using nominal (categorical) data? Chi square t-Test Mean comparisons Correlation
a
Which of the following is a secondary source? Article printed in the journal of the American Medical Association A published conference proceeding A discussion with an expert about his or her research findings A section in the health professional journal that summarizes the findings of a recently published research article
a section
A person who only performs the statistical analysis for a medical manuscript and does no actual writing does not meet the criteria for authorship. True False
b
All medical journals use a blinded peer-review process to keep the decision-making process fair. True False
b
All parts of a peer-reviewed journal have been peer-reviewed. True False
b
Hotelling's T squared can be used when more than one variable is compared between three or more groups.
b
In a double blind study only the researcher knows who is randomized--the patients and staff remain unaware of group assignment. True False
b
Individuals who are bad writers simply have no natural talent for it. True False
b
Posters are not generally considered legitimate forms of academic scholarship. True False
b
Qualitative researchers must develop a-prior research hypotheses that can be tested. True False
b
Regardless of the statistical significance of a study's findings, two additional aspects of the work must be addressed, pertaining to: Biological importance and feasiblity of application Biological importance and clinical significance Sample size and type II error None of the above
b
To get published, it is best to submit the manuscript to multiple journals concurrently. True False
b
What is examined if there is a significant interaction found using factorial ANOVA? Saparate effects Simple main effects No effects All effects
b
What is meant by the term "etic" perspective in community-based participatory research? Insider Outsider Shared Universal
b
What is the best approach to use when searching medical databases? List and combine as many terms as possible in the initial keyword search Search each term separately and then combine them with Boolean operators Copy and paste the entire abstract from a relevant sentinel source into the search box Search each index field separately
b
What is the purpose of the conclusion subsection? To allow the author to present a personal opinion about the study results To contrast and compare the results with the prior literature To explore the meaning of the research results To allow the author to state reservations about the study's findings
b
When it comes to the discussion section, where should an author present subjective thoughts and insights resulting from the study? In Iimplications In discussions In limitations In recommendations
b
When using a t-test, what is the suggested minimum number of individuals per group? 5 15 30 50
b
Which of the following descriptive statistics is a population (not sample) statistic? Standard deviation (SD) Standard error of the mean (SEM) Square root of the variance Variance
b
Which of the following effects results when participants change their normal behavior because they are aware that they are being studied? Williamson Hawthorn Rosenthal Kruskal
b
Which of the following is a study conducted to work out methodological problems prior to large scale investigations? Cohort Pilot Quasi-experimental Single-case
b
Which of the following is an example of an implication? A measured difference between study groups A call to replicate the study Explanation of problems during the study An author revealed bias
b
Which of the following is required when performing an ANOVA? Unequal variance Normal distribution Paired data Ordinal scale
b
Which of the following is the best measure of central tendency when evaluating ordinal data? Mean Median Mode None of the above
b
Which of the following is the most frequently used statistic to report variability? True False
b
Which of the following is used when comparing the results of two groups? Histogram Bar Chart Line Graph Bubble Chart
b
Which of the following procedures adjusts the p value by dividing it by the number of comparisons to avoid p value inflation? Wilcoxon Bonferroni correction Hotelling Rasch
b
Which of the following requires nonparametric analysis? Normally distributed data Unequal variance Ratio scaled data Interval scaled data
b
Which of the following survey methodologies is most costly? Telephone Interview Mail Internet
b
Which of the following terms is used when the plagiarist intertwines ideas with the original author's words? Direct plagiarism Mosiac Paraphrase Insufficient acknowledgement
b
Which of the following tests should be used to compare two independent groups using one categorical independent variable and one continuous dependent variable? Paired t-test Independent samples t-test One-way ANOVA Chi square
b
After a significant ANOVA, the authors of a study report the Eta squared value as 0.25. What is the corresponding effect size? No effect Small effect Medium effect Large effect
c
An odds ratio can tell us __________________. Ratios, not absolute differences A ratio of odds between two groups Both A & B None of the above
c
Investigators conducted a 5-year study to detect the incidence of neuropathy in diabetics treated with intensive insulin compared to the usual regimen of insulin. The absolute risk reduction was 6.8%. Which of the following is the correct number of patients that must be treated with intensive insulin to prevent one case of neuropathy in 5 years? 1 8 15 711
c
Of the following types of research, which is best for determining cause and effect? Retrospective population cohort study Limited time trial for outcomes Randomized controlled trial Matched case-control study
c
What is the result obtained by dividing mean squares between groups by the mean squares within groups? A ratio B ratio F ratio T ratio
c
What organization produces the "Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals"? a)American Medical Association b) American Medical Writers Association c) International Committee of Medical Journal Editors d)The National Library of Medicine and Science
c
What type of research evaluates therapeutic results? Pure Experimental Clinical Applied
c
What type of validity is in question when a reader just feels something does not seem right about the study? Instrument Validity Construct Validity Face Validity Temporal Validity
c
Which database is limited to allied health and nursing? Medline Proquest CINAHL PsycINFO
c
Which of the following has the highest perceived value and importance in peer-reviewed publications? Abstract Case report Original article Clinical review article
c
Which of the following is considered a mistake when creating the results section? Summarizing the findings of the study Presenting tables and graphs Providing raw data Reviewing demographic data
c
Which of the following is used to show the relationship between two variables for multiple participants? Histogram Bar Chart Line Graph Bubble Chart
c
Which of the following procedures partitions the variability into three distinct parts on the ANOVA table? one-way ANOVA factorial ANOVA repeated measures ANOVA
c
Which of the following requires post-hoc testing? significant paired t-test simple linear regression significant ANOVA Chi-square table
c
Which of the following test should be used when more than two groups are categorized using more than one independent variable? Paired t-test One-way ANOVA Factorial ANOVA Hotelling's T squared
c
Which of the following variables is manipulated by the researcher? Dependent Primary Outcomes Independent Secondary Outcomes
c
Which test is used to compare the results of multiple related groups? Chi-square Wilcoxen matched pairs Repeated measures ANOVA Standard multiple linear regression
c
Whish diagram best represents a pre-test-post-test control group design? O X O R O O R O X O X1 O X2 O X3 O
c
Given the following: Baseline Treatment Novel Treatment Event a b Non-Event c d Totals a+c b+d What is a/(a+c)? Experimental Event Rate (EER) Control Event Rate (CER) Absolute Risk Reduction (ARR) Relative Risk Reduction (RRR)
control even
Confidence Intervals (CIs) represent ______________________. The probability you would obtain the results you got if the null hypothesis were true The probability you would obtain the results you got if the alternative hypothesis were true The ability to detect a significant difference between two or more groups if such a difference actually exists The probability that the true answer/value would fall within a stated range of values
d
What calculation should be performed when analyzing the clinical importance of dichotomous outcomes? 95% Confidence Interval Standard Error Effect Size Number Needed to Treat (NNT)
d
What is the primary tool used to insure research subject autonomy? Ethical Research Design Peer review of results Trusthworthy investigators Informed Consent
d
What type of data is visual acuity? Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio
d
What value is derived from 1/(CER-EER)? Risk Ratio Relative Risk Reduction (RRR) Aboslute Risk Reduction (ARR) Number Needed to Treat (NNT)
d
Which database is limited to allied health and nursing? MEDLINE Proquest PsycINFO CINAH
d
Which of the following is a secondary source? Article printed in the journal of the American Medical Association A published conference proceeding A discussion with an expert about his or her research findings A section in the health professional journal that summarizes the findings of a recently published research article
d
Which of the following is considered the "heart" of research writing? Assertions Data and facts Abductive reasoning Critical Argument
d
Which of the following is generally considered "secondary source"? Journal Articles Dissertations Conference Presentations Newspapers
d
Which of the following is used to combine searches in a database? Wildcards Limiters Truncations Operators
d
Which of the following is used to plot frequency distributions? Tables Pie Charts Bar graphs Histograms
d
Which of the following presents the value of an experimental outcome while controlling for similar baseline outcomes in the control group? Experimental Event Rate (EER) Control Event Rate (CER) Relative Risk Reduction (RRR) Absolute Risk Reduction (ARR)
d
Which of the following represents the highest level of evidence? Epidemiologic Study Retrospective Study Expert Opinion Randomized Controlled Trial
d
Which of the following tests can be used with ordinal data? Tukey ANOVA Regression Mann-Whitney U-Test
d
Which statement(s) is/are true about correlation tests: a. Assess a relationship between 2 variables and whether or not that relationship can be predictive b. With a positive correlation, both variables increase together c. With a negative correlation, one variable increases as the other decreases All of the above
d
Which type of systematic review bias can be evaluated by a funnel plot? Time lag Duplication Citation Publication
d
"Fair use" of printed materials includes reproducing all of the images from an anatomy book, as long as each image is used separately and for patient education only. True False
f
A writer should always present a complete written explanation for the tables provided in the results section. True False
f
Authors should provide as many recommendations as possible to guide future researchers. True False
f
General background knowledge from the field should always include a citation. True False
f
Nonparametric variables follow a normal distribution. True False
f
The conclusion is generally the longest subsection of a research report. True False
f
The fair use provision of the copyright act means that government publications can be used without including them in the reference list. True False
f
The results section of a research report typically includes the researchers conclusions about the meaning of the findings. True False
f
A major pitfall of the discussion section is the formulation of implications that cannot be clearly supported by the research findings. True False
t
Google Scholar limits web searches to scientific and research writing. True False
t
Primary comparisons in tables should be presented horizontally, not vertically. True False
t
Statistics help us understand the role of chance in our results. True False
t